MATHS

1. N umber System :
(i) Natural Numbers
The set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, ... } are called natural numbers, and is denoted by N.
i.e., N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ... }
(ii) Integers
The set of numbers {..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} are called integers and the set is denoted by
I or Z.
Where we represent;
 Positive integers by I + = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} = Natural numbers.
 Negative integers by I – = {..., – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1}
 Nonnegative integers I 0+ (or N0 ) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} = Whole numbers
 Nonpositive integers I 0– = {..., –3, –2, –1, 0}

(iii) Rational Numbers

p
A number which can be written as , where p and q are integers, q  0 and ‘p’ and ‘q’ are coprime
q
numbers means highest common factor of p and q is 1, is called a rational number and their set is
denoted by Q.
p
i.e., Q= such that p , q  I and q  0 and H.C.F. of p, q is 1.
q

p
 Every integer is a rational number as it could be written as Q = (where q = 1)
q
 All recurring decimals are rational numbers.
22
e.g., Q = 3.142857142857... =
7

(iv) Irrational Numbers

Those values which neither terminate nor could be expressed as recurring decimals are irrational
p
numbers. (i.e., it can not be expressed as form) , their set is denoted by
q
Q c ( i.e., complement of Q ).
 3 ,  , e ... etc.
e.g., 2 ,
2

(v) Real Numbers

The set which contain both rational and irrational are called real number and is denoted by R.
i.e., R = Q  Qc (–  , )
 MATHS

2 . I ntervals :
The set of numbers between any two real numbers is called interval. The following are the types of
interval.
 Closed Interval : [a , b] = { x : a  x  b }
 Open Interval : (a , b) or ]a , b[ = { x : a < x < b }
 Semi open or semi closed interval : [a , b[ or [a , b) = { x : a  x < b }
]a , b] or (a , b] = { x : a < x  b }

3 . Sign Scheme ( Wavy curve method) :

This method is used to find the interval where the expression is positive and negative. Consider the
expression, (x – C1) (x – C2) (x – C3) ... (x – Cn) where C1 < C2 < C3 < ... Cn .
Now :
Step I : Find the domain of the expression.
Step II : Find all the critical points of the expression.
Step III : Plot these points on the number line in increasing order.
Step IV : Check the coefficient of ‘x’ and make them positive.
Step V : Start the number line from right to left, taking sign of expression.
Step VI : Check your answer, should not contain a point for which function does not exist.

+ – + – + – + – +
C1 C2 C3 Cn

Illustration 1 :

Find the interval in which f(x) is positive or negative.

f (x) = (x – 1)3 (x – 2) 9 (x – 3) 5 .
Solution :
Here f (x) = (x – 1)3 (x – 2) 9 (x – 3)5 has all factors.
– + – +
i.e. x – 1 = 0, x – 2 = 0, x – 3 = 0, we get x = 1 , 2 , 3
Plotting on number line we get, 1 2 3

f (x) > 0 where 1 < x < 2 and x > 3

f (x) < 0 where x < 1 and 2 < x < 3.

Illustration 2 :

( x  1) (2  x )
Solve f (x) = 0
( x  3)
Solution : – + – +
1 2 3
( x  1) (2  x )
Here , f (x) =  0
( x  3)

( x  1) (2  x )
or f (x) = which gives x–30 or x3
( x  3)

( x  1) ( x  2)
f (x) =  0 i.e. x  (–  , 1]  [2 , 3) (as x  3)
( x  3)
 MATHS

Practice Problems # 01
Solve the following for value of ‘x’ :

30 x  9
1.  25 (x + 2)
x2

7 9
2. + +1<0
( x  2) ( x  3 ) ( x  3)

3. f  (x)  g  (x) , if f (x) = 10 x3 – 13 x2 + 7 x

g (x) = 11 x3 – 15 x2 – 3

( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)
4. >1
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)

3 x2  7 x  8
5. 1< 2
x2  1

a
x2  2 x  2
6. > 0 , where ‘a’ is parameter..
x 2  a2

4 . The Absolute Value of a Real N umber :

The absolute value or modulus of a real number ‘a’ is a non negative real number that satisfies
the condition.
 a if a  0
a = 
 a if a  0
Example : 2 = 2 , – 5 = 5 , 0 = 0
From the above result it implies that a  a holds for any ‘a’.
The properties of modulus are :
 the inequality a means that –   a  ; if  > 0
 the inequality a means that a   or a  – ; if  > 0
 a ± b a + b
 a ± b  a – b
 a b = a b

a a

b
=
b
(b  0)

 a1 + a2 + a3 + ... an  a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an

 a1 + a2 + a3 + ... an = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + anis possible if an only if all numbers are
either nonpositive or nonnegative.

Illustration 3 :
Solve x – 1  2
Solution : x – 1  2
 –2x–12
 –2+1x2+1
 –1x3
 x  [– 1 , 3]
 MATHS

Illustration 4 :

 
If x2   sin x  2 = x2 – 2 + sin x + , then find the interval where ‘x’ can lie.
4 4
Solution : We know  x1 + x2 + x3 =  x1+  x2+  x3
when x1 , x2 and x3 all are either non-negative or non-positive
 
x 2  2  sin x  = x2 – 2 + sin x + 
4 4
x2 – 2 and sin x both are non-positive.
Here x2 – 2  0
 – 2 x 2 and sin x  0
  2n    , 2n   2   and  2, 2    2 ,0 

Practice Problems # 02
Solve the following for value of ‘x’.
1. Find the least positive integer ‘x’ which satisfy the inequality x + 1 + x – 4 > 7.

x2  5 x  4
2. Solve the inequation : 1
x2  4

3. Solve the equation : x  3 4 x 1 + x  8 6 x 1 = 1

4. Solve the equation : 2x + 1 – 2x = 2x – 1 + 1

5. For x  R , x is defined as follows :

 x 1 , 0x2
x =  x4 , 2x

2
Then solve the equation : x +x= x + x2 .

a
6. Solve the inequation : x < , where ‘a’ is constant .
x

5 . Inequalities :
The following are some very useful points to remember:
 pq  either p < q or p = q
 p < q and q < r  p<r
 p<q  –p>–q
i.e., inequality sign reverses if both sides are multiplied by a negative number
 p < q and r < s  p + r < q + s and p – s < q – r  r  R
 p<q  mp < mq if m > 0 and mp > mq if m < 0
 0<p<q  pr < qr if r > 0 and pr > qr if r < 0
 1
  p  p   2 for p > 0 and equality holds for p = 1
 

 1
  p    – 2 for p < 0 and equality holds for p = – 1
 p 
 MATHS

6 . Logarithmic Equations and Inequations :

The logarithm of a positive number ‘x’ to the base a (a > 0 ; a  1) is a number equal to the power
to which ‘a’ must be raised in order to obtain ‘x’.
When solving logarithmic inequations it is necessary to remember that the function , y = loga x
(a > 0 , a  1 , x > 0) is decreasing if 0 < a < 1 and increasing if a > 1 .

Properties of Logarithm :
 loga xy = loga x + loga y , x y > 0
x
 loga = loga x – loga y , x y > 0
y
 loga x =  . loga x , x > 0

 loga x2m = 2 m loga x , x  0 , a > 0 , a  1 mN

log x b
 loga b = , x>0, x1, a>0,a1,b>0,
log x a

1
 loga b = , b>0, b1,a>0,a1
logb a

 logah xh = loga x , x > 0 , h  R , h  0 , a > 0 , a  1

m
 logak x m = loga x , x > 0 , m , k  R , k  0 , a > 0 , a  1
k

 aloga x = x , x > 0 , a > 0 , a  1

log x
 x loga y = y a , x > 0 , a > 0 , a  1 , y > 0
Graph :

y y

0 (1 , 0) x 0 (1 , 0) x
y = loga x (a > 1)
y = loga x (0 < a < 1)

Anti logarithm :
Let loga x = y , where (a > 0 , a  1 , x > 0) , then antilog represented by x = ay .
Now consider loga x > y , where (a > 0 , a  1 , x > 0) , then
x > ay if a>1
0 < x < ay if 0<a<1
 MATHS

Illustration 5 :

( x  3) ( x  3)
2 log3 + 1 = log3
x7 x 1
2
x  3  x  3
Solution : log3   + log33 = log3   Domain = (– , 1)  (7 , )
x  7  x  1

2
x  3  x  3
 log3 3 .   = log3  
x  7  x  1

2
x  3 x3
 3   =
x  7 x 1

3x9 1 
 (x – 3)    =0
 x  7 x  1

 3 x2  3 x  9 x  9  x  7 
 (x – 3)  
 ( x  1) ( x  7) 

 3 x 2  13 x  15 
 (x – 3)  
 ( x  1) ( x  7) 

2
x  3 x3
 3   =
x  7 x 1
 (x – 3) (x2 + x – 20) = 0
 x = 3 , x = 4 , x = – 5. Now taking intersection with domain we get x = – 5

Illustration 6 :

Solve , log 22 x + 2 log2 x –2=0

Solution : log 22 x + 2 log2 x1/2 – 2 = 0 Domain = (0 , )

 log 22 x + log2 x – 2 = 0
 (log2 x + 2) (log2 x – 1) = 0
 log2 x = – 2 and log2 x = 1
 x = 2–2 and x = 21
MATHS

Practice Problems # 03
Solve the following for value of ‘x’ :
log x ( x 2  4 x  3)
1. Find the number of values of ‘x’ for the equation , x = 8.

2. Solve the equation : log2 x + 3 (6 x2 + 23 x + 21) = 4 – log3 x + 7 (4 x2 + 12 x + 9) .

3. Solve the equation : log10 (2x + 1) + x = log10 6 + x log10 5 .

1
4. Solve the equation : log 2  2 x 2 (2 – x2 – x 4) = 2 –
log4 / 3 (2  2 x 2 )

3
3 log10 x  2 log10 x
5. Solve the equation : x 3 = 100 3 10

2
log10 x  log10 x 2 3
6. Solve the equation : x 1 = x 1

7 . Exponential Function :
If a > 0 , then the function defined by f (x) = ax , x  R is called an Exponential Function with
base ‘a’ .

Y–
y = ax

a>1
(0 , 1)

Case I : When a > 1 O X

Y
x
y=a

(0 , 1)
a<1

Case II : When 0 < a < 1 O X

a=1

Case III : When a = 1 O X

 Exponential functions always gives positive values .

 MATHS

Illustration 7 :
Solve for ‘x’ , 32 x + 5 = 3x + 2 + 2 .
Solution : 32 x . 243 – 9 . 3x – 2 = 0

3x 2
 32 x – – =0
27 243

 x 1  x 2 
 3   3   =0
 9   27 

1 2
 3x = 3x = – not possible
9 27
 3x = 3–2  x=–2

Illustration 8 :
Solve for ‘x’ , 9x – 2x + 0.5 = 2x + 3.5 – 32 x – 1

32 x
Solution : 32 x + = 2x + 7/2 + 2x + 1/2
3


4

32x   = 2x 27 / 2  21/ 2
3

32 x 21/ 2 (23  1)
 = 3
2x 4

32 x 33 3
 x = 3/2  x=
2 2 2

Practice Problems # 04
1. Find the value of ‘x’ for the equation , 6.(9)0.5x–2 + 2.(3) x–6 = 56.

6  5x
 2  2  5x 25
2. Solve the inequation :   <
5 4

21 x  2 x  1
3 Solve the inequation : 0
2x  1

4. Solve the equation : 4x + 1 . 5 + 9x + 0 . 5 = 10 . 6x

5. Solve the equation : (18)8 – 4 x = 54 2  3 x  2

6. Solve the equation :  3  12 x +  3  12 x = 2 3x
.
 MATHS

8 . Definition of Function :
Let P and Q be two nonempty sets. Then a function ‘f ’ from set P to set Q is a rule which
associates elements of set P to elements of set Q such that an element of set P are associated to
a unique element in set Q and all elements of set P are associated to element in set Q.
Terms such as “map” (or mapping), “correspondence” are used as synonyms for function. If ‘f’ is a
f
function from a set P to set Q, then we write f : P  Q or P  Q . which is read as f is a
function from P to Q or f maps P to Q.
Example 1 :
Let P = {a, b, c, d} and Q = {p, q, r, s} be two sets and let f 1 , f 2 , f3 and f 4 be rules associating
elements of P to elements of Q as shown in the following figures.

a f1 p f2
a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s

f3 p
f4
a a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s

Now see that f 1 is not function from set P to set Q, since there is an element c  P which is not
associated to any element of Q, but f2 and f 3 are the function from P to Q, because under f 2 and f 3
each elements in P is associated to a unique element in Q. But f 4 is not function from P to Q
because an elements d  P is associated to two elements r and s in Q.
Graphical method of checking functions : To check whether the given expression is function or
not, first we have to draw a curve of given expression. Then draw the lines parallel to yaxis
If these lines cuts the curve only at one point, then it is a function. But if it cuts the curve more than
one times, then it is not a function.

9 . Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Function :

Let f : P  Q , then the set P is known as the domain of ‘ f ’ and the set Q is known as codomain
‘ f ’ . The set of all ‘ f ’ images of elements of P is known as the range of ‘ f ’ . Then :
Domain of ‘ f ’ = { a  a  P , (a , f (a))  f }
Range of ‘ f ’ = { f (a)  a  P , f (a)  Q }
If only the rule of function is given, then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers,
when function is defined. For a continuous function, for interval from minimum to maximum value of
a function given the range.

 The range is a subset of codomain.

 Real Valued Function : All those functions of which domain and CoDomain are subsets
of R are called real valued functions. In this case for a given function we have to find domain
and Range.
 Bounded Function : A function is said to be bounded if f (x) m , where ‘m’ is a finite
quantity.
 MATHS

Illustration 9 :
Find the Domain and Range of the function , f(x) = sin [ln (5x2 – 8x + 4)]
Solution :
Df : 5(x – 4/5) 2 + 4/5 > 0: always true.
 ln (5x2  8x + 4) defined for x  (–, ) = Df

  4 4
2
 n  5 x    has umin = ln 4/5
  5  5 
Rf : y = f(x) = sin u, where u =

4
min. for x =
5
ie., ln 4/5  u <  . . . (i)
For u  [ln 4/5, ), sin u assumes all values between – 1 and 1.
–1  y  1, y  [ 1, 1] = Rf

Illustration 10 :

 sin x  cos x  3 2 
Find the Domain and Range of the function , f(x) = log2  

 2 
Solution :
sin x  cos x
Let u =  3  sin

x  
 / 4 + 3  2  u  4 :
2 1. . . . .1
log2 u is defined for x  ( , ) = Df
Rf : y = log2 u, 2  u  4: log22  y  log2 4
 1  y  2 : y  [1, 2] = Rf

Practice Problems # 05
Find the domain of the real valued function :

1  x  3 
1. f (x) = sin    log10 ( 4  x)
 2 

 3  2x 
2. f (x) = 3  x  cos 1   
  log 6 2 x  3  sin 1 log 2 x 
 5 

1
3. f (x)  x 2  x 
9  x2

(3  x ) ( x  2)
4. f (x) = log10 .
( x  4 ) ( x  4)

5. 4f (x) + 41 – f (x) = 4x .

 
 3 
6. f (x) = log10 [1  log7 (x 2  5 x + 13)] + cos 1  
 2  sin 9  x 
 2 
 MATHS

Practice Problems # 06
Find the range of the real valued functions :

x2  3 x  2 x2  3 x  4
1. f (x) = 2. f (x) = .
x2  3 x  2 ( x  4 ) ( x  1)

3. f (x) = x – 4 + x – 3 + x – 2 + x – 1

4. f (x) = log10 (3 x2 – 4 x + 5) 5. f (x) = 2  x  1 x

6. f (x) = cot 1(2x  x²)

1 0 . Equality of two Functions :

Two function f (x) and g (x) are said to be equal functions, if and only if
 domain of f (x) = domain of g (x)
 codomain of f (x) = codomain of g (x)
 f (x) = g (x)  x  their domain

Illustration 11 :

1 1
If A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 1/2}, f : A B, f (x) = and g : A B, g (x) = ,
x ( x  1)2  1
then f (x) = g (x) because domains and codomains of both f (x) and g (x) are same also
f (1) = 1 = g(1) ; f (2) = 1/2 = g (2)

Illustration 12 :
Find the interval where f (x) = cos–1 (cos x) and g (x) = sin–1 (sin x) are equal.
Solution :
y

/2
x
2

+
y=

2
x-
y=
x
-(

=
y=
y
+

-

y
x)

- /2 450 3 /2

g (x) = sin–1 (sin x) -2  -3  / 2 - O /2  2
x

-/2

y


y= x y=
y= 2
2

–x  x
x+
y=

f (x) = cos–1 (cos x)

–2 – O  2 x

 
For f (x) = g (x) = x  x  0 , 
 2
 MATHS

1 1 . Algebra of Functions :
Given function f : P 1  R and g : P 2  R, we describe function f (x) + g (x), f (x) – g (x), f (x) g (x) and
f (x)
as follows
g(x)
 f (x) + g (x) : D  R is a function defined by (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x),
 f (x) – g (x) : D  R is a function defined by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x)
 f (x) g (x) : D  R is a function defined by (f g) (x) = f(x) g (x)
f (x) f f (x)
 : D – C  R is a function defined by   (x) = , g (x)  0,
g (x) g
  g (x)

where D = P1  P2 and C = {x : g (x) = 0} .

1 2 . Types of Functions :
(a) Constant function :
y
k
f (x) = k
Domain = R
x Range = (k)

(b) Identity function :

y

f (x) = x
Domain = R
) 45º
x
Range = R

(c) Polynomial Function :

If a function is defined by f(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn  1 + a2 xn  2 + ..........+ an 1 x + an , where n is a non
negative integer and a0, a1, a2, .........an are real numbers and a0  0 , then ‘ f ‘ is called a polynomial
function of degree n.

 A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function. i.e.
f (x) = a x, a  0.
 There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation; f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are
(i) f (x) = xn + 1 (ii) f (x) = 1 – xn , where n is a positive integer
 f (x) = c and c  0 is a polynomial of degree zero.
 f (x) = 0 is a polynomial but degree not defined.
 Function given in previous two points are also called constant function.

(d) Rational Function

The function which can be written as the quotient of two polynomial function is said to be a
rational function .
If A (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + anxn ; B (x) = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + . . . + bmxm
be two polynomial functions then a function ‘ f ‘ defined by
A (x)
f (x) = is a rational function of ‘x’ .
B (x)
 MATHS
(e) Algebraic Function :
‘y’ is an algebraic function of ‘x’ , if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form ,
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn – 1 + ... + Pn – 1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 , where ‘n’ is a positive integer and
P0 (x) , P 1 (x) , ... are Polynomials in ‘x’ .
e.g. y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y2 – x2 = 0.

All polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not algebraic is
called Transcendental Function.

(f) General Exponential Function

If a > 0 , a  1 then the function defined by f (x) = ax , x  R is called an Exponential Function with
base ‘a’ .

–x
Y–
y=4 x

y = 2–x y = 10–x y = 10x y = 4 y = 2x

a>1

Domain : R
0<x<1 +
Range : R
Nature : one-one
O X

(g) Logarithmic Function

If a > 0, a  1, then the function y = loga x , x  R+ (set of positive real numbers) is called the
logarithmic Function with base ‘a’.

Y y = log2x
y = log4x
y = log10x

Domain : R+
X Range : R
O
Nature : one-one
y = log1/10x
y = log1/4x
y = log1/2x

(h) Modulus Function x

 x , x0
f (x) = x = 
x , x0

y=–x, x<0 y y=x, x>0

Domain : R
Range :
Nature : It is an even continuous
x O x and many-one function.
Graph is symmetrical
with respect to y-axis.
y
 MATHS
(i) Signum Function (sgn (x) )

 1 , x0

f (x) =  0 , x  0
 1 , x  0


Domain : R
y = 1, x > 0
Range : {– 1 , 0 , 1}
O x
x Nature : Many-one and
discontinuous function
y = –1, x > 0
y

(j) Greatest Integer Function (Step Function [ x ])

If f (x) = k  x  [ k , k  1) , where k is any integer, then f is called greatest integer function usually
denoted by f(x) = [x]
y
3 Domain : R
Range : I
2 Nature : many-one
1
x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3

Examples :
[3 . 7] = 3 , [– 3  2] = – 4 , [5] = 5 etc.
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
 x – 1 < [x]  x
 [x + n] = [x] + n, where n  I
 0 , x I
 [x] + [– x] = 
 1 , x  I
 [x] = n  nx<n+1
[x]  n  x  n , n  I
[x]  n  x < n + 1, n  I
 [x + y]  [ x ] + [ y ]
 If [  (x) ]  1 then ,  (x)  I
 If [  (x) ]  1 then ,  (x) < I + 1
 [ – x ] = – [ x ] if x  integer
 [ – x ] = – [ x ] – 1 if x  integer
 [ x + y ] = [ x ] + [ y + x – [ x ] ] for all x , y  R
 1  2  n  1
 [x] + x   +  x   + ... +  x  = [nx] , n  N
 n  n  n 
 MATHS
(k) Fractional Part of X ({x})
 x 1 , x  [  1 , 0)

 x , x  [0 , 1)
f (x) = x – [x], x  R i.e., f(x) = {x} = 
 x 1 , x  [1 , 2)
 0 , xZ

y
(0 , 1) Domain : R
Range : [0 , 1)
Nature : many-one
x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3

This is a periodic function with period 1. It is discontinuous for all integers.

Properties of Fractional Part of x :

 x = [x] + {x} where [.] and {.} denotes the integral and fractional part of x respectively.
0 , x I
 { x } + {– x} = 
 1 , x I

Illustration 13 :

2 2 1  2 2  2 99 
Find the value of ,   +    +  5  100  + ... +  5  100 
5
   5 100     

2 2 1  2 59  2 60  2 99 
Solution :  5  +  5  100  + ... +  5  100  +  5  100  + ... +  5  100 
         


 0.4   ...   0.99  +
1.0   ...  1.39 
60 terms are zero 40 terms are each equal to 1
 40

Illustration 14 :
Given : y = 2 [ x ] + 3 and y = 3 [ x – 2 ] + 5 , then find the value of [x + y] .
Solution : 2 [x] + 3 = 3 [x – 2] + 5
 2 [x] + 3 = 3 [x] – 6 + 5
 [x] = 4  4x<5
 x=4+f {f  fraction}
 y = 2 [ x ] + 3 = 11
Hence , [x + y] = [ 4 + f + 11 ] = [ 15 + f ] = 15
 MATHS

Practice Problems # 07
 1  1
1. Let f (x) be a polynomial function satisfying f (x) . f   = f (x) + f   and f (4) = 65 ,
x
  x
then find f (6) .
2. Solve for ‘ x ’ : [3 – 2 x] = – 4.
3. Define and draw the graph of [sin x] .
4. Solve for ‘ x ‘ :
 3x 
(i)  2  + [x] = 5 (ii) [x] + [–x] = –1
 

5. Solve for ‘ x ’ :
(i) [x] + [2x] < – 3 (ii) [x + 1] + [2x + 3] > –

6. (i) Find the interval where the function , f (x) = x x  1 and  (x) = x ( x  1)
are identical

(ii) Find the interval where the function , f (x) = cos–1 1  x 2 and g (x) = sin–1 x .

1 3 . Classification of Function :
The following are the kinds of function :
(i) OneOne Function (Injective Mapping) :
If each element in the domain of a function has a distinct image in the codomain the function is
said to be oneone function and is also known as Injective Function.
f : A  B is one  one
 ab  f (a)  f (b) for all a, b  A
 f (a) = f (b)  a = b for all a, b  A
A B A B

OR

 Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then f (x) is
oneone.

(ii) ManyOne Function :

If there are two or more than two elements of domain having the same image then f (x) is called
ManyOne function.
If the graph of y = f (x) is given and the line parallel to xaxis cuts the curve at more than one point
then function is many one.
f : A  B is a manyone function, if there exist x , y  A such that x  y but f (x) = f (y).
A B A B
x1 x1
x2 OR x2
 MATHS

 If many to one function has only one element in the range , then it is known as constant
function.
dy
 If domain of f (x) is continuous and d x > 0 ,  x in domain then f is OneOne
 If a continuous function f (x) which has either local minima or local maxima or both then
f (x) will be ManyOne

** Testing of I njectivity :
Method I : If f ( x 1) = f ( x 2)
 x1 = x2  x1 , x2  D
Method II : Graphical testing of Injectivity : If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the
function, atmost at one point, then the function is oneone.
dy
Method III : If domain of f (x) is continuous and d x > 0 ,  x in domain then f is OneOne

dy
If domain of f(x) is continuous and d x < 0 ,  x in domain then f is OneOne

dy
If d x takes both positive and negative signs, then the function is increasing as well
as decreasing. So either we get a maximum value or a minimum value in the given
domain. Hence function is many to one.
Example f (x) = x2 + 3 x + 2
Method I : Let two points in domain are x1 and x2 .
f ( x 1) = f ( x 2)
x 12 + 3 x 1 + 2 = x 22 + 3 x 2 + 2
 x1 = x2 and x1 + x2 = – 3
It does not imply only x1 = x2 .
Hence f (x) is many to one function.

Method II : Graph of y = x 2 + 3 x + 2 ,

line parallel to xaxis , cuts the curve more

than one point hence it is many to one function.

dy
Method III : d x = 2 x + 3 , which takes both the values .

(iii) Onto Function (Surjective Mapping) :

Let f : A  B be a function. If each element in the codomain B has at least one preimage in the

domain A i.e. Range of f = Co-domain , then ‘ f ’ is called onto.

Onto function are also called surjective and if function be both oneone and onto then function is
called Bijective.
f : A  B is a surjection iff for each b  B  a  A such that f (a) = b .
A B A B

OR
 MATHS
(iv) Into Function :
If there exist one or more than one element in the Codomain B which is not an image of any
element in the domain A. Then ‘ f ’ is into.
In other words f : A  B is an into function if it is not an onto function.
A B A B

OR

 Every even function is ManyOne

 Every periodic function is ManyOne
A function can be one of these four types :

 oneone onto (injective and surjective)

(bijective functions)

 oneone into (injective but not surjective)

 manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

 manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

 If ‘ f ‘ is both injective and surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.

The bijective functions are also names as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
 If a set A contains a distinct elements, then the number of different functions defined from
A  A is nn and out of it n ! are oneone.
f:x y
Number of Function : x1 y1
Let X = {x1, x2, x3, .......... xn} (i.e. n elements) x2 f (x) y2
. .
and Y = {y1, y2, y3 ........... yr} (i.e. r elements) . .
. .
xn yr

 Total number of functions = rn = (Number of elements in codomain)number of elements in domain

 r C . n! r  n
 Total number of one to one function =  n
 0 rn

 r n  r C . n! r  n
n
 Total number of manyone function =  n
 r rn
 Total number of constant function = r

 r n  r C (r  1)n  r C (r  2)n  r C (r  3)n  ... , r  n

1 2 3

 Total number of onto function =  r ! , r n
0 , r n


 r C1 (r  1)n  r C2 (r  2)n  r C3 (r  3)n  ... , r  n

 Total number of into function =  n
 r , r n
 MATHS

Illustration 15 :
Let A = { x : – 1  x  1} = B be a mapping f : A  B . For each of the following functions from
A to B , find whether it is surjective or bijective.
(a) f (x) = x (b) f (x) = xx (c) f (x) = x3
x
(d) f (x) = [ x ] (e) f (x) = sin
2
Solution :
(a) f (x) = x
Graphically ;

which shows many one , as the straight line is parallel to xaxis

and cuts at two points.
Here range for f (x)  [0 , 1] which is clearly subset of codomain ,
i.e. [ 0 , 1 ]  (– 1 , 1]
Thus , into ,
Hence function is manyoneinto . Thus neither injective nor surjective

(b) f (x) = xx

Graphically ;

The graph shows f (x) is oneone , as the straight line parallel to

xaxis cuts only at one point.
Here , range f (x)  [– 1 , 1]
Thus , range = codomain
Hence , onto . Thus f (x) is oneone onto or bijective .

(c) f (x) = x3
Graphically ;

Graph shows f (x) is oneone onto (i.e. bijective)

[ as explained in above example ]

(d) f (x) = [ x ]
Graphically ;

which shows f (x) is manyone , as the straight line parallel to

xaxis meets at more than one point.
Here , range f (x)  {– 1 , 0 , 1} which shows into as range  codomain.
Thus manyoneinto

x
(e) f (x) = sin
2
Graphically ;

which shows f (x) is oneone and onto as range = codomain.

Thus f (x) is bijective .
 MATHS

Illustration 16 :
If X = {p, q, r, s } and Y = {a, b, c, d, e} and f : X Y, then find the total number of
(a) Functions (b) One to one function
(c) Manyone function (d) Constant function
(e) Onto function (f) Into function
Solution :
(a) Total number of functions = 54 = 625
(b) Total number of one to one function = 5C4 . 4 ! = 5 ! = 120
(c) Total number of manyone function = 54 – 5 ! = 505
(d) Total number of constant function = 5
(e) Total number of onto function = 0 (as r > n)
(f) Total number of into function = 54 = 625

Practice Problems # 08
1. Classify the functions as injective, surjective both or none :
f : R  R , f (x) = x3 – 6 x2 + 13 x – 6 .

x 2  8 x  18
2. Verify if f (x) = is an oneone function .
x 2  4 x  30

3. If the function f [2 ,  )  Y be bijective , where f (x) = 5 – 4 x + x2 .

Find the range of ‘ Y ’ .
4. Prove that the function f(x) = x 3 + 3x2 + 9x + sin x is oneone and onto.

x
e  e x
5. Let f : R  R , be a function defined by f (x) = , then classify the
ex  e x
functions as injective, surjective both or none :

 x 1  x  0
1 x
6. Prove that , f : (– 1 , 1)  R defined by f (x) =  x is a bijective
1 x 0 x 1

function .

1 4 . I nverse Function :
If f : X  Y be a function defined by y = f (x) such that ‘ f ‘ is both oneone and onto (bijective
function), then there exists a unique function g : Y  X such that for each y  Y , g (y) = x . The
function g (x) so defined is called the inverse of ‘ f ‘ and denoted by f–1. Also ‘ f ‘ is the inverse of ‘ g ‘ and
the two functions f (x) and g (x) are said to be inverse of each other.
f (f –1 (x)) = x ,  x  Y and
f –1 (f (x)) = x ,  x  X

 f (x) and f –1 (x) are symmetric about the line y = x.

 MATHS
METHOD OF FINDING INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
 If you are asked to check whether the given function y = f(x) is invertible, you need to check
that y = f (x) is oneone and onto.
 If you are asked to find the inverse of a bijective function f(x), you do the following :
if f–1 be the inverse of ‘ f ’ , then f (f –1(x)) = x . Apply the formula of f on f 1(x) and use of the
above identity to solve for f –1(x).
Some standard functions given below along with their inverse functions
FUNCTION INVERSE FUNCTION
(i) f : [0,  )  [0,  ) f –1 : [0,  )  [0, )
defined by f(x) = x2 defined by f –1 (x) = x
     
(ii) f :   ,   [–1, 1] f [–1, 1]    , 
–1

 2 2  2 2
defined by f(x) = sinx defined by f (x) = sin–1x
–1

(iii) f : [0, ]  [–1, 1] f –1 : [–1, 1]  [0, ]

defined by f (x) = cos x defined by f –1 (x) = cos –1x

Properties of Inverse Function :

(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection and g : B  A is the inverse of ‘ f ‘ , then fog = IB and gof = IA ,
where I A and IB are identity functions on the sets A and B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f (x) and g (x) are the mirror images of each other in the line
y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x , y) corresponding to y = x2 (x  0)

changes to (y , x) corresponding to y = + x , the changed form of x = y

y y y
x= y y= x
2
y=x
2
y=x

0 x 0 x 0 x
figure 1 figure 2 figure 3
(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
(iv) If f and g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C , then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)–1 = f–1 o g–1.

Illustration 17 :

x
Find the inverse of function , f (x) = sin–1   , x  [– 3 , 3]
3
Solution : Let y = f (x)
x
y = sin–1  
3
 x = 3 sin y
 f –1 (y) = 3 sin y [ as y = f (x)  x = f–1 (y) ]
 f –1 (x) = 3 sin x
 MATHS

Illustration 18 :
Find the inverse of function , f (x) = l n (x2 + 3 x + 1) , x  [1 , 3]
Solution : Let f (x) = y
 y = l n ( x 2 + 3 x + 1)
 y = loge (x2 + 3 x + 1)
 x 2 + 3 x + 1 = ey
 x2 + 3 x + (1 – ey) = 0

 x=
3  
9  4 1  ey 
2

3  5  4 ey
 x=
2

 3  5  4 ey
 f –1 (y) =
2

 3  5  4 ey
Hence f –1 (y) =
2

Practice Problems # 09
1. f : [2 , )  [–  , 4) , where f (x) = x (4 – x) then find f–1(x) and solve the equation ,
f –1(x) = f (x) .
2. Prove that the inverse of the fractional function ,
 d a ax  b
f : R –     R –   , f (x) = .
 c c cx  d
(where ad – bc  0) is also a linear fractional function. Under what condition f (x)
coincide with its inverse.
2
1
3. Find the inverse of f : [0 , )  [2 , ) , f (x) = 2 x .

 2 
4. f (x) = loge  x  x  1 
 
Check whether ‘ f ’ is invertible or not. If yes, find it's inverse .

 1 , x0

5. If f (x) =  0 , x  0 and g (x) = (1 + x 2) f (x) , then find the inverse function of g (x) .
 1 , x  0


 3x  4 ,   x  4

6. If f : R  R , f (x) =  log2 x   14 , 4  x  8 ,
 x 2  8 x  17 , 8  x  

Check whether ‘ f ’ is invertible or not. If yes, find it's inverse .
 MATHS

1 5 . Even and O dd Function :

If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .

(a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric
about the origin .
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.

f (x) + f (– x) f (x) – f (– x)
e.g. f (x) = +
2 2
EVEN ODD
(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line and is even and odd at the same
time is f (x) = 0 .
(g) If f (x) and g (x) both are even or both are odd then the function f (x) . g (x) will be even but
if any one of them is odd then f (x) . g (x) will be odd.
(h) A nonzero constant function is an even function.
(i) Derivative of an even function is an odd function.
(j) Derivative of an odd function is an even function.
(k) One of the integration of an even function is an odd function when integration constant is
zero all other integrations are neither even nor odd.

Even/Odd of composite functions :

I If f (x) and g (x) both are even function , then f (f (x)) , g (g (x)) , f (g (x)) and g (f (x)) are also
even functions.
II If f (x) and g (x) both are odd function , then f (f (x)) , g (g (x)) , f (g (x)) and g (f (x)) are also odd
functions.
III If f (x) is an even function and g (x) is an odd function , then f (f (x) ) , f (g (x) ) and g (f (x)) are
even functions and g (g (x)) is an odd function.
IV If f (x) is an odd function and g (x) is an even function , then g (g (x)) , f (g (x)) and g (f (x)) are
even functions and f (f (x)) is an odd function.

Illustration 19 :
If f is an even function defined in the interval (– 4, 4), find three real values of x satisfying the

 x2  3 x  2 
equation f(x) = f  .

 x4 
Solution :
Since f is an even function, f( x) = f(x).
 x2  3 x  2   x2  3 x  2 
Now f   = f (x)
  f   = f (x)

 x4   x4 

 x2  3 x  2   2 
  = x or  x  3 x  2  = – x  7  33  7  33
  x4   x4  x=2, ,
    4 4
 MATHS

Illustration 20 :
If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then find the value of f(3) – f(2) .
Solution :
As f (x) is a function i.e. odd and even simultaneously
 f (x) = 0  x  R  f(3) – f(2) = 0

Practice Problems # 10
1. Find whether the function is even , odd or neither even nor odd.
(i) g (x) – g (– x) (ii) (g (x) – g (–x))2008
 x 4  x 2  1
(iii) log  2 
 (iv) esin x . sgn (x)
 x  x  1 
(v) xg(x) . g(–x) + tan(sin x) (vi) x3 + cos x

2. State whether True or False .

(i) Sum of two even functions is an even function .
(ii) Product of two odd functions is an odd function .
(iii) Sum of one odd function and one even function is always odd function .
(iv) Product of one even function and one odd function is always odd function .
(v) Differentiation of even functions is always an odd function.
(vi) Differentiation of odd functions is always an even function.
(vii) Integration of odd functions is always an even function
(viiii) Integration of even functions is always an odd function

 x 2  sin x  3  x   
 2
3. Let f (x) =  2  x3 Then find whether f (x) is even or odd .
  x  sin x
2

f ( x) f (x)
4. Let h (x) = g(x )
+ , then identify the nature of h (x) depending upon
e 1 2
f (x) and g (x).
5. (i) Represent the function f (x) = ax as the sum of an even and an odd function.
n
(ii) For what values of p  N , the function f (x) = x p , n  N is even .

6. If the function satisfy the relation f (x + y) – f (x – y) = 2 f (x) . f (y) for all x , y  R ,

then prove that f (x) is an even function .

1 6 . Periodic Function :
A function f (x) is said to be periodic function if, there exists a fixed positive real number T
independent of x, such that , f (x + T) = f (x)  x  Domain.
T is called one of the period of the function
In other words , a function is said to be periodic function if its each value is repeated after a definite
interval.
Here the least positive value of T is called the fundamental period of the function.
Clearly f (x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + 3T) . . .
 MATHS

 sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with period 2  .
 tan x and cot x are periodic functions with period  .
 |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |cotx|, |secx|, |cosecx| are periodic functions with period  .
 sin nx, cos n x, sec n x, cosec n x are periodic functions with period 2  or  according
as n is odd or even.
 tannx and cot nx are periodic function with period  whether n is odd or even.

Properties of Periodic Function :

(i) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then
 a . f (x) is periodic with period T.
 f (x + c) is periodic with period T.
 f (x) ± c is periodic with period T.
T
 b f(ax + b) has period , i.e., period is affected only by coefficient of ‘ x ’ where;
a
a , b , c are constants with a , b  0 .
(ii) If f (x), g(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2 respectively then; we have
h (x) = f (x) + g (x) has period as,
 LCM of {T1, T2}; if f (x) and g (x) can not be interchanged by adding a least positive
number less than the LCM of {T1, T2}.
 k ; if f (x) and g (x) can be interchanged by adding a least positive number
k (k < LCM of {T1, T2}).
(iii) A constant function is periodic but does not have a fundamental period.
(iv) If ‘ g ’ is periodic then fog will always be a periodic function. Period of fog may or may not be
the period of ‘ g ‘.
While taking LCM we should always remember,
 LCM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity.
 LCM of rational with rational is possible
Example :
a c e LCM. of (a , c , e)
LCM of  , ,  =
b d f  HCF of (b , d , f )
Where a , b , c , d , e , f  I with b , d , f  0
 LCM of irrational with irrational is possible (but not always)
 But LCM of rational and irrational is not possible.
e.g., LCM of (2  , 1, 6 ) is not possible as 2 , 6  are irrational and ‘ 1 ’ is rational.

All periodic functions can be analyzed over an interval of one period within the domain as the same
pattern shall be repetitive over the entire domain.

Illustration 21 :

Find the period if f (x) = sin x + {x} , where {x} is a fractional part of ‘x’ .
Solution : Here sin x is periodic with period 2  , {x} is periodic with period 1 .
Thus , LCM of 2  and 1  Does not exist
Thus f (x) is not periodic .
 MATHS

Illustration 22 : x
Find period of f (x) = tan 3 x + sin  
3


Solution : Period for tan 3 x is ,
3

x 3
Period for sin is 2   =  6 
3 1

 6 6
Then , LCM of and 
3 1 1
Thus , f (x) is periodic with period 6  .

Practice Problems # 11
1. Find the period for the function ,
(i) f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x (ii) f (x) = cot x
3 2
(iii) f (x) = 2 x – [ 2 x ] (iv) f (x) = cos x – sin x
5 7
(v) f (x) = loge (2 + cos 3 x)
2. Find the period of ,
x x x x x
f (x) = sin x + cos + sin + cos + ........ + sin 2 n + cos 2 n  1
2 4 8 2 2

1  sin x sin x 
3. The period of the function f(x) =    .
2  cos x cos x 
 

sin x  sin 7 x
4. Find the period of .
cos x  cos 7 x

x
5. Function f (x) = cot is periodic or not. If it is periodic, then find its period.
2
6. If f is a function satisfying f (x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 2 f (x), prove that f(x) is periodic
and also find its period.

1 7 . Composite Function :
Let f : A  B and g : B  C be two functions . Then the function gof : A  C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f (x) and g (x) .

A f B g C
> >
x f(x)
g (f(x))
>
h h = gof
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take
its gimage . Hence for the composite function “gof” of two functions f (x) and g (x), the range of f (x)
must be a subset of the domain of g (x) .
 MATHS
Properties Of Composite Functions :
 The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
 The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh)
and (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
 The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof
is defined, then gof is also a bijection .

Illustration 23 :
Let two functions are defined as ,
 x 2 , 1  x  2  x  1 , 1  x
g (x) =  and f (x) = 
 x  2 , 2  x  3 2x  1 , 1 x  2
Find (gof) .
 f ( x )2 ,  1  f ( x )  2
Solution g (f (x)) = 
 f ( x )  2 , 2  f ( x )  3
Here f (x) becomes the variable and we will draw the graph of f (x) .

From graph we observe that

– 1  f (x)  2  x  (– 2 , 1) and f (x) = x + 1 , 2 < f (x)  3
does not possess any graph .

Hence , g { f (x)} = ( x  1)2 ,  2  x  1 
Illustration 24 :
If f : R  R ; f (x) = x2 and g : R  R ; g (x) = 2 x + 1 . Then find fog and gof .
Also show that (fog)  (gof) .
Solution (gof) (x) = g { f (x)} = g {x2}
(gof) (x) = 2 x2 + 1
And (fog) (x) = f { g (x)} = f (2 x + 1)
(fog) (x) = (2 x + 1)2
where (2 x2 + 1)  (2 x + 1)2 . Therefore , (fog)  (gof)
 MATHS

Practice Problems # 12
1. If f (x) = (a –xn)1/n a > 0 , n  N , then show that f (f (x)) = x .

   
2. f (x) = loge  x  1  x 2  ; g (x) = loge  1  1  x 2  ; h (x) = f (x) – g (x) ,
   

 1
then prove that h   = – h (x) .
x

  
3. Let f (x) = (1 + tan x)  1  tan   x   and let g (x) be defined for every real ‘ x ’ .
 4 
Prove that gof (x) is constant for all ‘ x ’ , where f (x) is defined .
4. If the functions ‘ f ‘ , ‘ g ‘ , ‘ h ‘ are defined from the set of real numbers R to R such that ;
 x , if x  0
x 2  1 , h (x) = 
f (x) = x2 – 1 , g (x) = ,
 0 , if x  0
then find the composite function hofog .
5. Let ‘ f ’ and ‘ g ’ be two functions defined as follows :
x x  x 2 , for x  0
f (x) = for all x and g (x) =  , then find (gof) (x) and (fog) (x) .
2  x , for x  0

2  x , x  0
6. If f (x) =  , then find f (f (x)) .
2  x , x  0

1 8 . Functional Equations :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0 .
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx .
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant .

Illustration 25 :
Let f : R – {2}  R function satisfying the following functional equation ,

 2 x  29 
2 f (x) + 3 f   = 100 x + 80 ,  x  R – {2} . Determine f (x) .
 x2 

3  2 x  29 
Solution : We have , f (x) = – f   = 50 x + 40 ... (i)
2  x  2 

2 x  29
Replacing ‘ x ‘ by in the given function equation we get ,
x2

 2  2 x  29   29 
   
 2 x  29  3   x2   + 50  2 x  29  = 40

f  
 =– f  x2 
x  2 2   2 x  29  
    x2 2   
   
 MATHS

 2 x  29  3  2 x  29 
 f   = 50 = – f (x) + 50   + 40 ... (ii)
 x  2  2  x2 
Putting (ii) in (i) we get ,

9  2 x  29 
f (x) = f (x) – 75   – 60 + 50 x + 40
4  x2 

9  2 x  29 
 f (x) – f (x) = 20 – 50 x + 75  
4  x2 

5  2 x  29 
 f (x) = 20 – 50 x + 75  
4  x2 

(2 x  29 )
 f (x) = 16 – 40 x + 60
( x  2)

Practice Problems # 13
(1  x )  x1  x 2 
1. If f (x) = log , then prove that f (x1) + f (x2) = f   and f (x) is odd .
1 x  1  x1 x 2 

1 x   1 
2. If f (x) = , x  0 then find f  f    and its domain .
1 x  x

3. Find a function , f : R  R satisfying f (x) f (y) – f (x y) = x + y for all x , y  R and

f (1)  –1.
4. If f (x) is a polynomial function satisfying f (x) . f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (x y) – 2 for all real
‘x’ and ‘y’ and f (3) = 10 , then find the value of f (4).
5. If f (x) satisfies the relation f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x , y  R and f (1) = 5 ,
m
then find  f (n) . Also prove that f (x) is odd .
n 1

6. For what values of ‘ x ‘ is the inequality  f (x) +  (x) < f (x) (x) is true , if
f (x) = x – 3 and  (x) = 4 – x .

1 9 . Elementary Transformation of Graphs :

(i) When f (x) transforms to f (x) ± a (where a > 0) :
f (x) has known graph . So to draw f (x) + a , we have to shift the given graph upward through ‘a’
and for f (x) – a we have to shift it downward through ‘a’ .

y = f (x) + a
a

a>0
y = f (x) ± a
–a

y = f (x) – a
 MATHS
(ii) Drawing the graph of y = f(x ± a) , (where a > 0) from the known graph of y = f(x)

y = f(x)

y = f(x + a) y = f(x – a)
x0 – a x0 x0 + a

Let us take any point x0  domain of f(x), and set x + a = x0 or x = x0 – a. a > 0

 x < x0, and a < 0  x > x 0.
That mean x0 and x 0 – a would give us same abscissa for f(x) and f(x + a) respectively. As such for
a > 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained simply by translating the graph of f(x) in the negative x–
direction through a distance ‘a’ units. If a < 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained by translating the
graph of f(x) in the positive x–direction through a distance a units.
Accordingly the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either in the positive
y–axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y–axis direction (if b < 0), through a distance |b| units.
(iii) Drawing the graph of y = – f(x) when y = f (x) is given :
To draw y = – f (x) take image of f (x) in the xaxis plane mirror or turn the graph of f (x) by 180º
about x  axis .

(iv) Drawing the graph of y = f(– x) when y = f (x) is given :

To draw the graph of y = f (– x) , take the image of the curve y = f (x) in the yaxis as plane mirror or
turn graph of f (x) by 180º about yaxis .

(v) Drawing the graph of y =  f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
f (x) = f (x) if f (x)  0 and f (x) = – f (x) if f (x) < 0 . It means that the graph of f (x) and f(x)
would coincide if f (x)  0 and the portions where f(x) < 0 would get inverted in the upward direction.
The figure would make the procedure clear .

y = |f(x)|

x
O

y = f(x)
 MATHS
(vi) Drawing the graph of y = f ( | x |) from the known graph of y = f (x)
It is clear that , f (| x |) = f (x) ,  x  0 and f (| x |) = f (– x) ,  x < 0 . Thus f (| x |) would be an even
function. Graphs of f(|x|) and f(x) would be identical in the first and the fourth quadrants (as x  0)
and as such the graph of f(|x|) would be symmetrical about the y–axis (as (|x|) is even).

The figure would make the procedure clear.

(vii) Drawing the graph of y = a f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same ‘x’ coordinates) would have their
ordinates in the ratio of 1 : a.

(viii) Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from the known graph of y = f(x)

x0
Let us take any point x0  domain of f(x). Let a x = x0 or x =
a
Clearly if 0 < a < 1 then x > x0 and f(x) will stretch by 1/a units against y–axis, and if a > 1, x < x0,
then f(x) will compress by ‘a’ units against y–axis.

(ix) Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Clearly |y|  0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f (x)  0, |y| = f(x) would give
y = f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x)  0 and will be reflected
about x–axis only in those regions. Regions where f (x) < 0 will be neglected.
Full lines show the graph of |y| = f(x) and dotted lines depict the corresponding graph of y = f(x).

|y| = f(x)
x
O

y = f(x)
 MATHS
(x) Drawing the graph of y = [ f (x) ] when the graph of y = f(x) is given :
To draw y = [f (x)] first draw y = f (x) , then make the interval of unit length with integer as end point
on yaxis . Mark the corresponding interval with the help of y = f (x) on xaxis and plot the value of
[ f (x) ] for each of the marked interval .

Y y = x3
2
1 y = [x3]

1 1 X
– 2 3 –1 O 1 23
–1
–2

(xi) Drawing the graph of y = f [ x ] when the graph of y = f(x) is given :

Mark the integers on the xaxis. Draw vertical lines till they intersect the graph of f (x) . From these
intersection points draw horizontal lines (parallel to xaxis) to meet the nearest right vertical line
with a blank dot on each nearest right vertical line which can be shown as in the figure.

Y y = f(x)

y = f([x])

–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 X

(xii) Drawing the graph of y = f–1 (x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

(1,  / 2)
(0,  /2)
y=x

(/2, 1)
(0, 1)
(– /2, 0)
X
O(1, 0) (/2, 0)
 / 2,  1) (0, –1)

For drawing the graph of y = f –1(x) we have to first of all find the interval in which the function
is bijective (invertible). Then take the reflection of y = f(x) (within the invertible region) about the
line y = x.
The reflected part would give us the graph of y = f –1 (x). e.g. let us draw the graph of y = sin–1 x. We
know that y = f(x) = sin x is invertible ,
     
If f :   ,   [– 1 , 1] the inverse mapping would be f–1 : [–1, 1]    , 
 2 2  2 2
MATHS

Practice Problems # 14
Draw the graph :
(a) Modulus functions :
x 1  x 1
1. y= 2. y = x x – 4 x – 5
2
3. y= 2x2 – 3 x + x – 1
(b) Square Root functions :

1. y= (x 2  1) 2  4x 2 2. y= 1 | x |

(c) Exponential functions :

1. y = 2| x | + 1 2. y = – 2– | x | 3. y = 3 . 2x – 2

(d) Rational functions :

| x 1 | 2 1 2x  1
1. y= ( x  3) 2. y= 3. y=
x 1 |x| x 1

(e) Algebraic functions :

1. y = (x + 1)3 – (x – 1)3

(f) Logarithmic functions :

1. log2 | x – 1| – 1 2. y = log | x | – log x 2

2x  1
3. y = log1 / 2
x 1

(g) Trigonometric functions :

| sin x | 2 tan( x / 2)
1. y= 2. y=
sin x 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)

 
cos | x |  
 2
3. y=
sin x

(h) Miscellaneous functions/Relations

 4 x  1, if x  0
1. y= 
 4x  x , if x  0
2

2. y= {(x, y)  (x – x )

2
+ (y – y )2  4 }

3. y = {(x, y) x + y + y – x  4 }
 MATHS

ANSWER SHEET
Practice Problems # 01
 7
1. x  (–  , – 1.4]  (2 , 2.6] 2. x  (– 5 , 1)  (2 , 3) 3. x   1 , 
 3
4. x  (–  , – 3)  (– 2 , – 1) 5. x  [1 , 6]

6. 
x   ,  a a ,  if a  0 ; (–  , 0)  (0 , 1)  (1 , ) if a = 0

Practice Problems # 02
 8 5 
1. 6 2. 0 5    2 ,  3. [5 , 10]
   

4. x  {– 2}  [0 , ) 5. x  { 0 , 2}

6.  
 a , 0 for a < 0 ; 0 , a  for a > 0 ;  for a = 0

Practice Problems # 03
1
1. zero 2. x=– 3. x=1
4
 1 1
4.  ,  5. {10–1 , 10} 6. x  {10–1 , 2 , 103}
 2 2

Practice Problems # 04
 2 
1. 6 2. (–  , – 2)    5 ,    3. (–  , 1/2) [1 , )
 

3 1 22
4. x = log2/3 ; x = log2/3 5. x= 6. x=1
4 2 17

Practice Problems # 05
1. 1 x<4 2. (3/2 , 2] 3. (3, 1] U {0} U [1,3)

4. x  (– 2 , 3) 5. x  [1 . ) 6. { 7/3 , 25/9 }

Practice Problems # 06
7 
1. R: {1 , – 1} 2. R: (–  , – 1]   25 ,   3. R : [4 , )
 

4.

R :  log10

11
3

, 

5. D : –1  x  2 R:  3 , 6 6. D:xR

4

R :  , 

 MATHS
Practice Problems # 07
1. 217 2. x  (3 , 3.5]

 0 , x   2n  , 2n      2n   
 2
 
3. [ sin x ] =  1 , x  2 n   2
 1 , x   2 n    , 2 n  2  


 3
4. (i) x  [2, 8/3) (ii) x  R – { I } 5. (i) [x < 0] (ii) x  2 
 
6. (i) [1 ,  ) (ii) [– 1 , 0]

Practice Problems # 08
1. both injective and surjective 2. No 3. [1 ,  )
5. f is neither one to one nor onto

Practice Problems # 09
1. {0 , 3} 2. a+d=0 3. f –1 (x) = log 2 x  1

1 x
4. f –1 (x) = (e – e–x)
2

   x  1 , x  1  x4 , x  16
  3
, x0  x  14
5. g–1 (x) =  0 6. g (x) =  2
–1 , 16  x  17
 x 1 , x 1 4  x 1 , x  17
 


Practice Problems # 10
1. (i) odd (ii) even (iii) neither even nor odd (iv) even
(v) odd (vi) neither even nor odd
2. (i) True (ii) False (iii) False (iv) True (v) True
(vi) True (vii) True (viii) False
3. odd

4. g (x) odd and f (x) odd  h (x) even or g (x) even and f (x) even  h (x) even

a x  ax ax  ax
5. (i) + (ii) p = 2kn
2 2

Practice Problems # 11
 1 2
1. (i) (ii)  (iii) (iv) 70  (v)
2 2 3
2. 22n + 2  3. 2 4.  5. 2 6. yes , 8
 MATHS
Practice Problems # 12

 x 2 , x  0  x 2 , x  0
4. hofog = x 2
5. f (g(x) ) =  ; g (f (x) ) = 
 0 , x  0  0 , x  0

4  x , x  0
6. f (f (x)) = 
4  x , x  0

Practice Problems # 13
1 5 m (m  1)
2. , Df = R – {– 1 , 0} 3. x+1 4. 17 5.
x 2

6. x  (–  ,  ) – [3 , 4]

Practice Problems # 14
(a) Modulus functions :
1. 2. 3.

(b) Square Root functions :

1. 2.
 MATHS
(c) Exponential functions :
1. 2. 3.

(d) Rational functions :

1. 2. 3.

0 1 x

-3

-4

(e) Algebraic functions :

1.
 MATHS
(f) Logarithmic functions :
1. 2. 3.

(–1,0) 0 (1,0) x

(g) Trigonometric functions :

1. 2.

3.

(h) Miscellaneous functions/Relations

1. 2. 3.
 MATHS

Solved Examples (Subjective)

Example 1.
Let g : R  R be given by g (x) = 4x + 3. If gn (x) = gogog....og(x) , show that gn (x) = 4n x + (4n 1).
If g n (x) denotes the inverse of gn (x) , prove that g n (x) = 4n x + (4 n  1) for all x  R.
Solution : Let q : R R g(x) = 4x + 3
g2(x) = 4(4x + 3) +3 = 42x + 4.3 + 3
g (x)
3
= 4(42x + 4.3 + 3) + 3
= 43x + 42.3 + 4.3 + 3
g4(x) = 44x + 433 + 42.3 + 4.3 + 3
:
:
gn(x) = 4nx + 3[4n–1 + 4n–2 + 4n–3 + . . . + 1]
 ( 4 n  1) 
= 4 nx + 3    4nx + 4n–1
 4  1 
To find 9 – n (x)
y = 4 nx + 4 n – 1
dy
= 4n (always + so term is increase then term is invertible)
dx
y = 4n x + 4n –1

y  1  4n
=x
4n
g–n(x) = 4–nx + 4–n – 1

Example 2.
Let g (x) is a polynomial function satisfying g (x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy)  2 for all x , y  R.
If g (2) = 5 , then find g (1).
Solution :
g(x) = polynomial function
x=y=1
g2(1) = 3 g (1) – 2
g2(1) – 3 g (1) + 2 = 0
(g (1) – 1) (g (1) – 2) = 0
g (1) = 1 or g (1) = 2

Example 3.
If a function f(x) satisfies the equation , f (x + 1) + f (x  1) = 3 f (x) for all x  R.
Prove that f (x) is a periodic function.
Solution : f (x + 1) + f (x – 1) = 3 f (x)  x
Put x=x–1
f (x – 1 + 1) + f (x – 2) = 3 f(x – 1) . . . (i)
Put x = x + 1
f (x + 2) + f (x) = 3 f(x + 1) . . . (ii)
(i) + (ii)
2 f (x) + f (x – 2) + f(x + 2) = 3 { 3 f (x)}
f (x) = f (x – 2) + f (x+ 2) . . . (iii)
Put x = x + 1
f (x + 1) = f (x – 1) + f (x + 3) . . . (iv)
 MATHS
Put x = x – 1
f (x – 1) = f (x – 3) + f (x + 1) . . . (v)
(iv) + (v)
f (x – 3) + f (x + 3) = 0 . . . (vi)
Put x = x – 3 in (vi)
f (x – 6) + f (x) = 0 . . . (vii)
Put x = x + 3 in (vi)
f (x) + f (x + 6) = 0 . . . (viii)
(vii) – (viii)
f (x – 6) = f (x + 6) . . . (ix)
Now put x = x + 6 in (ix)
f (x) = f (x + 12)
Periodic function with period 12.

Example 4.

Find the range of the function , f (x) = cos x  sin x 

sin
2

x  sin2  

Solution :


 
y = cos x  sin x  sin2 x  sin2  


dividing by cos2x we get

y sec 2x = tanx + tan 2 x  sec 2 x sin 2 

 y2 sec4 x – 2 y tan x sec2 x – sin2  sec2 x = 0
 y2 (1 + tan2 x) – 2y tan x – sin2  = 0 [  sec2x  0 ]
y2 tan2x – 2y tan x + y2 – sin2 = 0
 tan x is real we have ,   0
4y2 – 4y2 (y2 – sin2 )  0
4y2 (1 – y2 + sin2)  0  y2  1 + sin2 

– 1  sin 2   y  1  sin 2 

 2
1  sin2  
 Range of f (x) =   1  sin  ,
 

Example 5.
x 1 , x 1  x 2 ,  1 x  2
Let f (x) =  and g(x) =  Find fog.
 2 x  1 , 1  x  2 
 x  2 , 2x3
Solution
 g(x)  1 , g(x)  1
(fog) (x) = f(g (x)) = 
 2 g ( x )  1 , 1  g(x)  2
Let us consider, g(x)  1 :
(i) x2  1 , – 1  x < 2
 –1  x  1 , – 1  x < 2
(ii) x+21, 2x3
    
x   2 , 1  1 , 2 , – 1  x < 2  1<x  2

(iii) 1 < x + 2  2, 2  x  3
 –1<xx3, x= 

 x 2  1 ,  1  x  1
Thus f (g(x) ) =  2
 2 x  1 , 1  x  2
 MATHS
Example 6.
2 (e x  e  x ) (sin x  tan x )
Prove that f(x) = is an odd function where [   ] denotes the greatest
x  2
2     3
 
integer function.
Solution :

2 (e x  e  x ) (sin x  tan x ) 2 (e x  e  x ) (sin x  tan x )

f (x) = =
x  x
2   2  3 2   1
  

2 (e x  e  x ) (sin x  tan x )
Now f (– x) =
x
2  1
  

 x x
Case– I Let x = n , n  I   = –    and the numerator of f (– x) is zero.
    
 f(– x) = 0
Case – II x  n , n  I
 x x
    = –  = – 1
   

2 (e x  e  x ) (sin x  tan x )
 f ( – x) = = – f (x)
x
 2   1

Hence f (x) is an odd function

Example 7.
. Determine all functions ‘ f ‘ satisfying the functional relation.
 1  2 (1  2 x )
f (x) + f   = where x  R – {0, 1}.
1  x  x (1  x )
Solution :
 1  2 (1  2 x ) 2 2
Given f (x) + f   = = –
1  x  x (1  x ) x 1 x

1
Replacing x by we obtain ,
1 x

 
 1   1  2
f   + f 
1  = 2 (1 – x) –
1  x  1  1  x  1 1
  1 x

 1   1 2
 f   + f 1   = – 2 x + . . . . . (ii)
1  x   x x

 1
Again replacing x by 1   in (i) we obtain
 x

 1  2
 1   2
f 1   + f 
 x   
1 

1  1  x 
=
1 1
x
–
1 1 1
x  
 MATHS

 1 2x
 f 1   + f (x) = – 2x . . . . . (iii)
 x x 1

substracting (ii) from (i) then

 1 2
f (x) – f 1   = 2 x – . . . . . (iv)
 x 1 x
Now adding (iii) and (iv) we get
2x 2 x 1
2 f (x) = –  f (x) =
x  1 1 x x 1

Example 8.
2000
x  r 
If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of x , then find the value of [ x ] +  2000
.
r 1
Solution :
2000
x  r 
In [x] +  2000
r 1

We know that {x + r} = {x} as r  Integer

2000
{x}
 [x] +  2000
r 1

 {x} {x} 
 [x] +    ...  upto 2000 times 
 2000 2000 

2000 { x }
 [x] +
2000
 [x] + {x} = x

2000
x  r 
Thus, [ x ] +  2000
=x
r 1

Example 9.


Find the domain of the function f (x) = log  log sin x x 2  8 x  23 

3
log2 sin x
 


Solution :
3
f (x) is defined if logsin x (x2 – 8 x + 23) –
log 2 sin x

 x 2  8 x  23   
 logsin x   > 0  as 3

log2 8
 log sin x 8 
8   log2 sin x log2 sin x 
 

x 2  8 x  23
 sin x  0 , 1 and
8
<1

{ as sin x < 1  logsin x a > 0  a < 1}

x 2  8 x  23  3 
Now ,
8
<1  x2 – 8 x + 15 < 0  x  (3 , 5) –   , 
 2 

 3   3 
Hence domain of a function = (3 , )    ,    , 5
 2   2 
 MATHS
Example 10.
Find the range of the following functions

 
16 sin 
2
 2x  1
y = log2  2  log x  1 
2
(i) y = cos 1   (ii)
 x2  1   2 
 
Solution :

     
2
 2x  1  2 x2  1   x4  x2 
 1  
   = sin–1 
 
2  = sin
1
(i) y = cos –1
  = sin 2
–1
 1  x2 
 x2  1   x2  1   2
x    
     

x2
we know that 0  <1
x2  1

 x2    
 0  sin1  
2 < 2  y  0 ,  ,
1  x   2

 
 The range of y is  0 , 
 2

(ii) y = log2  2  log

 2

16 sin 2 x  1 


Now for y to be well defined
2  log
2
(16 sin2 x +1) > 0 and 16 sin2 x + 1 > 0 which is true for all x  R
 y is well defined for 16 sin2 x + 1 < 2 i.e. for 0  16 sin2 x < 1
i.e. 1  16 sin2x + 1 < 2
 0  log (16 sin2x + 1) < 2
2

 0 < 2  log
2
(16 sin2 x + 1)  2
 <y1
 Range of y is ( , 1]

Example 11.
ABCD is a square of side ‘a’ . A line parallel to the diagonal BD at a distance x from the vertex A
cuts two adjacent sides. Express the area of the segment of the square, with A at a vertex, as a
function of ‘ x ‘ .
Solution :

D F C
D C
2ax

O O
F a F P E
x P x

A E B A B

There are two different situations

a
(i) when x = AP  OA, i.e., x
2

a
(ii) When x = AP > OA, i.e., x> but x  2a
2
 MATHS

1
Case (i) a r (AEF) = x . 2 x = x2
2
( PE = PF = AP = x)

Case (ii) a r (ABEFDA) = a r (ABCD) – a r (CFE)

= a2 –
1
2
.  2 a  x  . 2  2 a  x  [  CP = 2 a – x]

= a2 –  2 a2  x 2  2 2 a x  = 2 2 a x – x – a
2 2

 the required function f(x) is as follows :

 x2 , 0x a
 2
f (x) =  2 2 a  x  2a
2 2ax  x  a ,
 2

Example 12.
If { x } and [ x ] denote the fractional and integral parts of x and (x) is defined as follows :
 2[ x ]  { x } , x  0
(x) =  then solve the equation : (x) = x + { x }
 [ x ]  3 {x } , x  0

 2[ x ]  { x } , x  0
Solution : (x) = 
 [ x ]  3 {x } , x  0
(x) = x + {x}
x 0 [ x ] + 3 { x } = x + { x }
2{x} = {x} { x } = 0 x Int
So x  {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
x < 0 2[x] – {x} = x + {x}
[ x ] = 3{ x }
[x]
= {x}
3
0 { x } < 1
[x]
0  <1  0 [ x ] < 3
3
[x] = 0 [x] = 1 [x] = 2
1 2
{x} = 0{x} = {x} =
3 3
4 8
x=0 x= x=
3 3
but x < 0 
All nonnegative integers
 MATHS

Solved Examples (Objective)

Example 1.
Domain of f (x) = 2  x 2  3  x   1 ( where { . } denotes the fraction part) , in [1, 1] , is :

1   1  1
(A) [– 1 , 1] ~  2 , 1 (B)  1 ,     0 ,   { 1 }
   2  2

 1  1 
(C)   1 ,  (D)  , 1
 2   2 

Solution : (B) 2{x} 2 – 3{x} + 1 0

1  1  1
 {x}  x   1,    0,  {1}
2  2  2

Example 2.
cos sin (n x )
If the period of f(x) = , n  N is 6  , then ‘n’ is equal to :
x
tan  
n
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 6 (D) 1
cos sin n x 
Solution : (C) f(x) =
x
tan  
n

 x
period of cos (sin nx) is and of tan   will be n, so period of f(x) will be n   x = 6
n n

Example 3.
Total number of solutions of the equation , sin  x =  n x are :
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 9 (D) 6

Solution : (D) sinx =  n x

Number of solution is 6
 MATHS
Example 4.
f : N  N where f (x) = x  (1)x , then ‘f’ is :
(A) one  one and into (B) many one and into
(C) one one and onto (D) many one and onto
Solution : (C) f : N N, f(x) = x – (–1)n
= x + (–1)n+1
 f(2m) = 2m – 1
f(2m + 1) = 2m + 2  f is oneone & onto.

Example 5.
If f(x) is defined on domain [0 , 1] then f (2 sinx) is defined on

   5   
(A)   2 n  ,2 n      2 n   6 , (2 n  1)    (B)  2 n  ,2 n   6 
n I   6    n I  

 5 
(C)   2 n   6 , (2 n  1)  
 
(D) None of these
n I
Solution : (A) f (x) is defined on [0, 1]  0  x  1
Now f(2sin x) shall be defined, if 0  2 sin x  1
1    5 
 0  sin x 
2
 x   2 n  ,2 n   
 6 
  2 n   6 , (2 n  1)   
 
n I 
Example 6.
cos x
f (x) = , where ‘ x ’ is not an integral multiple of  and [   ] denotes the greatest integer
 
x 1
 
  2
function, is :
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither odd nor even (D) none of these
Solution : (A)
cos (  x ) cos x  x  x x 
f(–x) = =  as x  n    I , so as           1 
 x  1  
x 1       
    2    1 
   2

cos x
=– = – f (x)  f (x) is an odd function.
 
x 1
 
  2

Example 7.
 2
Let f : [– 10, 10]  R, where f (x) = sin x +  xa  and [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function be
 
an odd function. Then set of values of parameter ‘a’ is/are :
(A) (–10, 10) – {0} (B) (0, 10) (C) [100, ) (D) (100, )
Solution : (D) Since f(x) is an odd function,
 x2  2
 a  = 0 for all x  [– 10, 10]  0  xa < 1 for all x  [–10, 10]  a > 100

Example 8.
If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x + 2) = 2f(x) – f(x + 1) for every real x then f(5) is
(A) 7 (B) 13 (C) 1 (D) 5
Solution : (B) x = 0  f (2) = 2f(0) – f(1) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1
x = 1  f (3) = 6 – 1 = 5
x = 2  f (4) = 2f(2) – f(3) = 2 × 1 – 5 = – 3
x = 3  f (5) = 2f(3) – f(4) = 2(5) – (– 3) = 13
 MATHS
Example 9.
If f : R–  [1,  ) is defined by f(x) = x2 + 1, the value of f –1(17) and f–1 (3) are respectively..

(A) ± 4 , ± 2 (B) 4 , 2 (C) – 4 , 2 (D) – 4 , – 2

Solution : (D) f –1
(17) = {x : f(x) = 17 and x < 0}
= {x : x2 + 1= 17 and x < 0} = – 4
and f –1 (3) = {x : x2 + 1 = 3 and x < 0} = – 2

Example 10.
Let f(x) = x(log x  1). Then function g(x) defined by g :(1,  )  Y, g( x )  f  ( x) is onto if Y is
(A) (–  ,  ) (B) (–  , 0] (C) [0 , 1] (D) (0 ,  )
Solution : (D) f (x) = x (log x – 1)  g(x) = f(x) = log x – 1 + 1 = log x
g : (1, ) y willl be onto if y = (0, )

Example 11.
2  x 
If f (x) = sec 1  
 4  , then the domain of f (x) is :
 
(A) [ – 2 , 2] (B) [ 6, 6)
(C) (–  , – 6 ]  [ 6 ,  ) (D) [– 6 , – 2]  [2 , 6]

2  x 
Solution : (C) f (x) = sec 1  
 4 
 

2 x
for domain 1 as – 1
4
 x 6
 x (–, –6] [6, )

Example 12.
x2
Let f : ( R – { 1 })  R be defined by f (x) = . Then :
x 1
(A) f (x) is oneone
x2
(B) f–1 : R  ( R – { 1 }) is defined by f –1 (x) =
x 1
(C) range f = R  {2}
(D) none of these
x2
Solution : (A) f : R – {1} R f (x) =
x 1

1
f  (x) =
( x  1)2
 f  (x) > 0  x  R – {1}
hence f (x) is one to one.
x2 y2
Let f (x) = y  =y  x=
x 1 y 1
Range of f (x) R – {1}
Hence f (x) is not bijective, so not a invertible function.