Example: Assume that a student standing in a queue (Row) can get their grade sheet from his/her teacher, according to the order of the queue that is First In First Out. SJF (Shortest Job First) Scheduling: This algorithm works based on the size of the job being executed by the CPU. Example: Consider two jobs A and B. 1) A = 6 kilo bytes 2) B=9 kilo bytes First the job “A” will be assigned and then job “B” gets its turn. Round Robin Scheduling: © The Round Robin (RR) scheduling algorithm is designed especially for time sharing systems. © Jobs (processes) are assigned and processor time in a circular method, Example: + Take three jobs A, B,C. First the job A is assigned to CPU then job B and job C and then again A, B and C and so on. Based On Priority: © The given job (process) is assigned based on a Priority. © The job which has higher priority is more important than other jobs. Example: 7 ‘ Take two jobs A and B. Let the priority of A be 5 and priority B be 7. Job B is assigned to the processor before job A: \ 5. WORKING WITH WINDOWS.OPERATING SYSTEM ‘Choose the correct answer: (1 mark) 1. From the options given below, choose the operations managed by the operating system. a. Memory b. Processes c. Disks and I/O Mevices d. All of the above 2. Which is the default folder for many Windows Applications to save your file? a.MyDocument b.My Pictures _c. Documents and Settings d My Computer 3. Under which of the following OS, the option Shift + Delete — permanently deletes a file or folder? a.Windows7 —_b. MS-DOS c. Linux d. Android OS 4, What is the meaning of "Hibernate" in Windows XP/Windows 7? a. Restart the Computer in safe mode b. Restart the Computer in hibernate mode c, Shutdown the Computer terminating all the running applications i. Shutdown the Computer without ck the running applications 5. The shortcut key used to rename a file in windows aF2 bF4 FS 4 F6 Very Short Answers (mark) 1, What is known as Multitasking? * Multiple applications can execute simultaneously in Windows, and this is known as “Multitasking”. 2, What are called standard icons? © Icons which are available on desktop by default while installing Windows OS are called Standard] Icons.The various key features are given below, > User Interface (UI) > File Management > Memory Management > Fault Tolerance > Process management > Security Management 3. Write a note on Multiprocessing © Multi-processing is a one of the features of Operating System. © Ithas two or more processors for a single running process (job). © Processing takes place in parallel is known as parallel processing. « The execution takes place in parallel, this feature is used for high speed execution which increases the| power of computing. Explain in Detail (5 mark) 1, Explain the concept of a Distributed Operating System along with its advantages. * The Distributed Operating System is used to access shared data and files that reside in any machine around the world. © The user can handle the data from different locations. The-users can access as if it is available on their| ‘own computer. ‘The advantages of distributed Operating System are as follows: © A user at one location can make use of all the resources available at another location over the network. « Many computer resources can be added easily inthe network © Improves the interaction with the customers and’¢élients. * Reduces the load on the host computer. 2, List out the points to be noted while|creating auser interface for an Operating system. The following points are considered when User Interface is designed for an application. © The user interface should enable the user to retain this expertise for a longer time. © The user interface should also satisfy the customer based on their needs. © The user interface should save user's precious time. © The ultimate aim of any product is to satisfy the customer. The User Interface is also to satisfy the| customer. © The user interface should reduce number of errors committed by the user 3. Explain the process management algorithms in Operating System. ‘The Process Management algorithms are mainly used to allocate the job (process) to the processor. 1, FIFO 2. SJF 3. Round Robin 4, Based On Priority FIFO (First In First Out) Scheduling: © FIFO algorithm is based on queuing technique. * Technically, the process that enters the queue first is executed first by the CPU, followed by the next| and so on. * The processes are executed in the order of the queue (row).PROMS retain their contents even when the computer is turned off. PROM is manufactured as a blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing| process itself. PROM programmer or a PROM burner is used to write data to a PROM chip. The process of programming a PROM is called burning the PROM. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which serves as a PROM, but the content can be erased using ultraviolet rays. EPROM retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible to reprogram the memory. An EPROM differs from a PROM, PROM can be written only once and cannot be erased. EPROMs enable the manufacturer to change the contents of the PROM to replace with updated] versions or erase the contents before the computer is delivered. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. EEPROM is slower in performance. . 4, THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF. OPERATING SYSTEM Choose the correct answer: { } (1 mark) 1. Operating system is a a) Application Software —_b) Hardware ¢) System Software d) Component 2, Identify the usage of Operating Systems a) Easy interaction between the human and computer b) Controlling input & output Devices ©) Managing use of main memory| d) All the above 3, Which of the following is not a function of an Operating System? a) Process Management b) Memory Management ©) Security management @) Complier Environment 4, Which of the following OS is a commercially licensed Operating system? 1) Windows b) UBUNTU c) FEDORA d) REDHAT 5, Which of the following Operating systems support Mobile Devices? a)Windows 7 b)Linux ©) BOSS @ios 6. File Management manages a) Files b) Folders c) Directory systems g) All the Above 7. Interactive Operating System provides a) Graphics User Interface (GUI) b) Data Distribution ©) Security Management 4d) Real Time Processing 8. An example for single task operating system is, a) Linux b) Windows MS-DOS @) Unix 9, The File management system used by Linux is b) NTFS o) FAT a) NFTS* This control line is labeled as R/W , which becomes 1 means READ operation and 0 means WRITE| operation. 3. Arrange the memory devices in ascending order based on the access time. Blu-Ray Disc © Blu-Ray Disc is a high-density optical disc similar to DVD. © Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation games and for playing HD movies. © A double-layer Blu-Ray disc can store up to 50GB of data. « DVD uses a red laser to read and write data. ¢ Blu-ray uses a blue-violet laser to write, Hard Disks ° Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store data. © The hard disk has the stacked arrangement of disks accessed by a pair of heads for each of the disks. © The hard disks come with a single or double sided disk. Random-Access Memory (RAM) * The main memory or Random Access Memory is available in computers in the form of Integrated} Circuits (ICs). © It is the place in a computer where the Operating System, Application Programs and the data in| current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accesséd by the computer’s processor. ¢ The smallest unit of information that can be stored:as,a bit. © The memory can be accessed as a byte. « RAMis a volatile memory. Cache Memory © The cache memory is a very high speed and expensive memory used to speed up the memory retrieval process. © Due to its higher cost, the CPU comes with a smaller size of cache memory compared with the size o! the main memory. * Without cache memory, every time the CPU requests the data, it has to be fetched from the main] memory which will consume more time. © The idea of introducing a cache is that, this extremely fast memory would store data that is frequenth accessed and if possible, the data that is closer to it. This helps to achieve the fast response time, © The arrangement of cache memory is between the CPU and the main memory. 4, Explain the types of ROM. Read Only Memory (ROM) © Read only memory refers to special memory in a computer with pre-recorded data at manufacturing| time which cannot be modified. The stored programs that start the computer and perform diagnostics are available in ROMs. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) © Programmable read only memory is also a non-volatile memory on which data can be written only| ppg roms been written onto a PROM, it remains there forevFlash memory offers fast access times. EEPROM is slower in performance. It can be erased by exposing it to an electrical | It can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. charge. Explain in detail (6 mark) 1, Explain the characteristics of a microprocessor. A Microprocessor’s performance depends on the following characteristics: * Clock speed * Instruction set © Word size Clock speed «Every microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions. «The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called the clock speed. © Clock speed is measured in MHz (Mega Hertz) or in GHz (Giga Hertz). Instruction Set * Acommand which is given to a computer to perform an operation on data is called an instruction. © Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an| instruction set. ; © — This instruction set carries out the following types.of operations: > Data transfer : + Arithmetic operations + Logical operations + Control flow Input/output Word Size © The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called its word size. © Word size determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed by a microprocessor 2. How the read and write operations are performed by a processor? Explain. * Abus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer, © The read operation transfers the data(bits) from word to Memory Data Register. © The read operation fetches data from memory and transfers to MDR. * A single control line performs two operations like Read/Write using Lor 0. The write operation transfers the data(bits) from Memory Data Register to word. * Also, the write operation transfers data from the MDR to memory. * The word in the RAM has the same size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data Register (MDR). * If the processor is an 8-bit processor, its MDR and the word in the RAM both have 8 bits. © If the size of the MDR is 8 bits, which can be connected with a word in the memory which is also 8| bits size. © The data bus has eight parallel wires to transfer data either from MDR to word or word to MDR| based on the control(Read or write). Liil) XOR gate © The XOR (exclusive - OR) gate acts in the same way as the logical “either/or.” © The output is “true” /“‘0” if either, but not both, of the inputs are “true” /“1”. © The output is "false" /“0” if both inputs are "false" /“0” or if both inputs are "true" / “1” © In Boolean algebra. exclusive - OR operator @ or "encircled plus". The logical symbol of XOR gate is A c a) XOR Gate Expression C=A@B ‘The truth table for XOR gate is Input Output A B c 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 r 0 iv) XNOR gate © The XNOR (exclusive - NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. © Its outputis "true" / “1” if the inputs are the samie}\and "false" /“O” if the inputs are different. XNOR gate Expression (Using De Morgan's Theorem) In boolean algebra, © or "included dot” stands for the XNOR. C=AOB The logical symbol is | A 2) ) > cA OB The truth table for XNOR Gate is Input ‘Output A B ze 0 0 1 0 L 0 1 0 0 r 1 1 3. COMPUTER ORGANISATION Choose the correct answer: (1 mark) 1, Which of the following is said to be the brain of a computer? (@) Input devices _(b) Output devices (©) Memory device (a) Microprocessor 2. Which of the following is not the part of a microprocessor unit? (@) ALU (©) Control unit (c) Cache memory (4) register3. Explain the Derived gates with expression and truth table. The logic gates like NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are derived gates which are derived from the fundamental gates. i) NAND gate The NAND gate operates an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. © The output is "false" / “0” if both inputs are "true”/“1”, otherwise, the output is "true” /““1”. The logical symbol of NAND gate is NAND gate Expression For example if both the inputs are 1 The truth table for NAND gate is Input q Output ml-lolol> B 0 1 0 1 ii) NOR gate | © The NOR gate circuit is an OR gate followed by an inverter. © Its output is "true” if both inputs are "false" / “0” Otherwise, the output is "false" / “0”. The Logic symbol of NOR Gate is NOR gate Expression For example if both the inputs are 0, The truth table for NOR gate is Input Output A B C=ATB 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0c= 1T=0 The Truth Table for NOT gate Input Output A Cc 1 0 0 1 2, How AND and OR can be realized using NAND and NOR gate. (i) Realized AND Gate using NAND Gate: (ii) Realized OR Gate using NAND Gate: (ut) Realized AND Gate using NOR Gate: (iv) Realized OR Gate using NOR Gate:ii) OR Gate « The OR gate gets its name from its behaviour like the logical inclusive "OR". The output is "true" / “1” if either or both of the inputs are "true" / “1”. If both inputs are “false” / “0” then the output is "false" / “0”. The logical symbol of the OR gate is A B OR gate C=AORB OR Operation C=A+B Example For instance, if both the inputs are 1 C=A+B=1+1=1 ‘Truth Table for OR gate \, Input : Output A B Cc 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 ili) NOT Gate © The NOT gate, called a logical inverter, has only one input. © [treverses the logical state. © In other words the output C is always the complement of the input. The logical symbol of the NOT gate is A [>° can NOT gate C=NOTA NOT operation c=A Example IFA is 0, c= 0-1 ee4. Give the truth table of XOR gate. i) AND Gate 1, Explain the fundamental gates with expression and truth table. © A gate is a basic electronic circuit which operates on one or more signals to produce an output signal. « There are three fundamental gates namely AND, OR and NOT. ‘The truth table for XOR gate is Input ‘Output A B c 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 i 1 1 0 5, Write the De Morgan’s law. Explain in detail (5 mark) © The AND gate can have two or more input signals and produce an output signal. © The output is “true /““1” only when both inputs/aré"true" /“1”, otherwise, the output is “false” /““0”, © The output of the AND gate is represented by'C, where A and B are two Boolean variables. © A variable can take either of the values '0' or 'L' The logical symbol of the AND gate is a : cass B JD AND gate C=AANDB AND Operation zC=A.B or C=AB Example For instance if both inputs are 0, C=A.B =0.0 0 Truth Table for AND Gate Input Output A B Cc 0 0 0 0 1 0 iD 0 0 1 1 1b) Subtract 11010112 — 1110102 11010112 — 1110102 = 01100012 PART - II - BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Choose the correct answer: 1. Which is a basic electronic circuit which operates on one or more signals? (A) Boolean algebra (B) Gate (C) Fundamental gates 2. Which gate is called as the logical inverter? (A) AND (OR (Qnor 3.A+A=? : (AA @d ©1 | 4, NOR is a combination of ? (A) NOT(OR) (B)NOT(AND) *“"'(C) NOT(NOT) 5. NAND is called as Gate (A) Fundamental Gate (B) Derived Gate (C) Logical Gate Very Short Answers 1, What is Boolean algebra? © Boolean algebra is used for designing digital circuits in a digital computer. © It describes the relation between inputs and outputs of a digital circuit. 2, Write a short note on NAND Gate. «The NAND gate operates an AND gate followed by aNOT gate. (1 mark) (D) Derived gates (D) XNOR OA (D) NOT(NOR) ni (2 mark) «The output is "false" /“0” if both inputs are “true"/ “1”, otherwise, the output is "true" / “1”. 3. Draw the truth table for XOR gate. The truth table for XOR gate is Input ‘Output A B c 0 0 oO 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 atea) -98 NNNNNN Binary equivalent of +98 = 8 bit format - 1’s complement = Add 1 bit 2's complement -98 = = 98 = (10011110). b)-135 135 a 3 2 00 * NNNNNNN | MSB L Binary equivalent of +135 = 8 bit format - 1’s complement =- Add 1 bit = 2s complement-135 = 3, a) Add 11010102+1011012 1 1 0 + 1 0 10 0 1 1100010 01100010 10011101 +1 10011110 10000111 10000111 01111000 a. 01111001 -135 = (01111001). 11010102 + 1011012= 100101112 2. Find 1°s Complement and 2’s Complement for the following Decimal number The Binary equivalent of 9810 = (1100010)2 The Binary sauaiatent of 1351 =(1000111)2 O+1=1 ‘10 = (1) Carry 1+1+1=11vunn MSB The Binary equivalent of 2519 =(11001)2 8 bit format of 2010 = 00010100 8 bit format of 2510 = 00011001 4510 = 00101101 451 = (00101101), Explain in detail (3 mark) 1. a) Write the procedure to convert fractional Decimal to Binary The method of repeated multiplication by 2 has to be used to convert such kind of decimal fractions. The| steps involved in the method of repeated multiplication by 2: Step 1: Multiply the decimal fraction by 2 and note the integer part. The integer part is either 0 or 1. Step 2: Discard the integer part of the previous product. Multiply the fractional part of the previous| product by 2. Repeat Step 1 until the same fraction repeats or terminates (0). Step 3: The resulting integer part forms @ sequencé'of.0s and 1s that become the binary equivalent of] decimal fraction. Step 4: The final answer is to be written from first infeger part obtained till the last integer part obtained, b) Convert (98.46), to Binary 1) Integer Part 2 [98 LSB 2 [49-0 2 [mm -1 2 [i -o 2 [6 -o 2 [3 -o MSB IT -1 9810 = (1100010): it) Fraction Part 0.46 x2 = 0,92 0.92% 2 = 1.84 0.84 x2 = 1.68 0.68 x 2 = 1.36 036x2 =0.72 =0 0.722 =144 =1 0.44 2 =0.88 =0 4610 = (0111010), (98.46)i0 = (1100010, 0111010....)24 | Fourth * Microcomputer series such as IBM and Generation | 1971-1980 Microprocessor APPLE were developed © Portable Computers were introduced. © Parallel Processing © Super conductors © Computers size was drastically reduced. | | © Can recognise Images and Graphics 5 | Fifth | 1980 — till | Ultra Large Scale| . Introduction of Artificial Intelligence and Generation | date Integration (ULSI) Expert Systems Able to solve high complex problems including decision making and logical reasoning © Parallel and Distributed computing © Computers have become smarter, faster and smaller 6 | Sixth In future ? gq © Development of robotics Generation Natural Language Processing © Development of Voice Recognition Software 3, Explain the following a. Inkjet Printer Inkjet Printers use color cartridges which combined Magenta, Yellow and Cyan inks to create color| tones. « A black cartridge is also used for monochrome: output. Inkjet printers work by spraying ionised ink] at a sheet of paper. * The speed of Inkjet printers generally range from 1-20 PPM (Page Per Minute). © A tiny electric currents controlled by electronic circuits are used inside the printer to spread ink in jet speed. b. Multimedia projector ¢ Multimedia projectors are used to produce computer output on a big screen, These are used to] display presentations in meeting halls or in classrooms. c. Bar code « A Bar code is a pattern printed in lines of different thickness. The Bar code reader scans the} information on the bar codes transmits to the Computer for further processing. © The system gives fast and error free entry of information into the computer. . QR code Reader « The QR code is the two-dimension bar code which can be read by a camera and processed to] interpret the image.« The CPU has three components which are Control unit, Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and) Memory unit. Arithmetic and Logic Unit The various computing functions are performed on data. « The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and| logical operations. The logical operations of ALU promote the decision-making ability of a computer. Control Unit «The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory and I/O devices. It also controls| the entire operation of a computer. Output Unit ¢ An Output Unit is any hardware component that conveys information to users in an understandable| form, Example: Monitor, Printer ete. Memory Unit ¢ The Memory Unit is of two types which are primary memory and secondary memory. The primary] memory is used to temporarily store the programs and data. The Primary Memory is volatile, that is, the content is lost when the power supply is switched off. The Random Access Memory (RAM) 48 an example of amain memory. The secondary memory is used to store the data permanently. The Secondary memory is non- volatile, that i8, the content is available even after the power supply| is switched off. Hard disk, CD-ROM and DVD/ROM are examples of secondary memory. 2, Discuss the various generations of computers! eee. SN | Generation | Period | Main Component Merits/Demerits used © Biginsize 1 | First ‘© Consumed more power Generation | 1940-1956 Vacuum tubes | « Malfunction due to overheat Machine Language was used ¢ Smaller compared to First Generation © Generated Less Heat © Consumed less power compared to first generation Second Punched cards were used 2 | Generation | 1956-1964 ‘Transistors First operating system was developed Batch Processing and Multiprogramming Operating System Machine language as well as Assembly language was used. Computers were smaller, faster and more 3 | Third Integrated Circuits | reliable Generation | 1964-1971 ac) © Consumed less power « High Level Languages were used © Smaller and Faster .6. Write short note on impact printer © An impact printer is a type of printer that works by direct contact of hammers or pins on ribbon. © These printers can print on multi-part (using carbon papers) by using mechanical pressure. © For example, Dot Matrix printers and Line matrix printers are impact printers. Dot Matrix printer: A Dot matrix printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires. Each dot is| produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a “wire” or “pin”. Line matrix printers: Line matrix printers use a fixed print head for printing. Basically, it prints a page/ wide line of dots. But it builds up a line of text by printing lines of dots. 7. Write the characteristics of sixth generation. * Sixth Generation, computers could be defined as the era of intelligent computers, based on Artificial Neural Networks. © The most dramatic changes in the sixth generation will be the explosive growth of Wide Areal Networking. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a component of Artificial Intelligence (Al). © Itprovides the ability to develop the computer program to understand human language. & Write the significant features of monitor. © Monitor is the most commonly used output device to display the information. * It looks like a TV. Pictures on a monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXELS. © There are many types of monitors available such: fs ‘CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diodes). © Monochrome which display text or images in-Black and White or can be color, which display results in multiple colors. © The monitor works with the VGA (Video Graphics Array) card. Explain in detail (5 mark) 1. Explain the basic components of a computer with a neat diagram. © The computer is the combination of hardware and software. * Itneeds certain input, processes that input and produces the desired output ae Figure 1.3 components of a computer Input Unit © Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer, which can be stored in the memory unit] for further processing. Example: Keyboard, mouse, ete. Central Processing Unit © CPU is the major component which interprets and executes software instructions. It also control the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output units.