2023

Programming made easy

Dr. Ramesh Babu Numburi

BEST Innovation University
5/3/2023
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I. Java buzzwords/Features
Java is a popular programming language used for developing a variety of applications, from
desktop software to mobile apps and web applications. There are several buzzwords associated
with Java that refer to its features and capabilities. Here are some of the key buzzwords and
what they mean:
Overall, Java is a versatile and powerful programming language with a range of features that
make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Its platform independence, object-oriented
design, and support for multi-threading and exception handling make it a popular choice for
building complex, reliable, and secure software systems.
1. Object-oriented: Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means it
supports the creation and manipulation of objects, which can contain data and behavior.
This makes it easier to organize and manage complex applications.
2. Platform-independent: Java is designed to be platform-independent, meaning that
code written in Java can be run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
installed. This makes Java a popular choice for developing applications that need to run
on multiple platforms.
3. Garbage collection: Java includes a garbage collector that automatically frees up
memory that is no longer needed by the program. This makes memory management
easier and reduces the risk of memory leaks and other common programming errors.
4. Multi-threading: Java supports multi-threading, which allows multiple threads of
execution to run concurrently within a single program. This can improve performance
and allow for more efficient use of system resources.
5. Exception handling: Java provides a robust exception handling mechanism that allows
developers to handle errors and exceptions in a structured and predictable way. This
can improve the reliability and stability of Java applications.
6. Security: Java includes a variety of security features, such as a security manager, that
can help protect against unauthorized access and other security threats.
7. APIs and libraries: Java includes a large number of APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) and libraries that provide developers with a wide range of functionality,
from networking and database access to graphics and multimedia.
8. Scalability: Java is designed to be scalable, meaning that it can be used to build
applications that can handle large amounts of data and traffic without sacrificing
performance or reliability.

II. JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a key component of the Java platform and is responsible for
interpreting and executing Java bytecode. The JVM provides a layer of abstraction between the
Java code and the underlying hardware and operating system, which allows Java programs to
run on any platform that has a JVM installed.

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The architecture of the JVM can be divided into three main components: the class loader, the
runtime data area, and the execution engine. Here is a high-level diagram of the JVM
architecture:
+---------------------+
| Class Loader |
+---------------------+
| Runtime Data |
| Area |
+---------------------+
| Execution |
| Engine |
+---------------------+
1. Class Loader: The class loader is responsible for loading Java classes and interfaces
into the runtime data area. There are three types of class loaders in the JVM: the
bootstrap class loader, the extension class loader, and the application class loader. The
bootstrap class loader loads core Java classes, the extension class loader loads classes
from extensions, and the application class loader loads classes from the application
classpath.
2. Runtime Data Area: The runtime data area is where the JVM stores data while a Java
program is executing. It is divided into several components, including the method area,
the heap, the Java stack, and the native method stack. The method area stores class-
level data, such as the bytecode of methods. The heap stores object-level data, such as
objects and arrays. The Java stack stores method-level data, such as local variables and
method parameters. The native method stack stores data for native methods, which are
methods implemented in languages other than Java.
3. Execution Engine: The execution engine is responsible for executing Java bytecode.
There are two types of execution engines in the JVM: the interpreter and the just-in-
time (JIT) compiler. The interpreter executes bytecode one instruction at a time, while
the JIT compiler compiles bytecode into machine code for faster execution. The JVM
uses a combination of both approaches to achieve optimal performance.
In addition to these three main components, the JVM also includes several other components,
such as the garbage collector, which is responsible for managing memory, and the Java Native
Interface (JNI), which allows Java programs to call native code.
Overall, the JVM is a complex system that provides a powerful and flexible runtime
environment for Java programs. Its architecture is designed to provide a high level of
abstraction and portability, while also delivering efficient performance and reliable memory
management.
III. Conditional statements

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Conditional statements are used in Java to execute code based on the result of a condition. Java
supports several types of conditional statements, including if statements, if-else statements,
switch statements, and ternary operators. Here is a brief overview of each type, along with
examples:
1. If statements: An if statement executes a block of code if a condition is true. Here is
an example:
int x = 5;
if (x > 0) {
System.out.println("x is positive");
}
In this example, the if statement checks if x is greater than 0. If the condition is true, the code
within the curly braces is executed, which prints "x is positive" to the console.
2. If-else statements: An if-else statement executes one block of code if a condition is
true, and another block of code if the condition is false. Here is an example:
int x = -5;
if (x > 0) {
System.out.println("x is positive");
} else {
System.out.println("x is negative");
}
In this example, the if statement checks if x is greater than 0. If the condition is true, the first
block of code is executed. If the condition is false, the second block of code is executed, which
prints "x is negative" to the console.
3. Switch statements: A switch statement executes a block of code based on the value of
an expression. Here is an example:
int dayOfWeek = 2;
switch (dayOfWeek) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;

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case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Unknown day");
break;
}
In this example, the switch statement checks the value of the variable dayOfWeek. If it is 1,
the code within the first case block is executed, which prints "Monday" to the console. If it is
2, the second case block is executed, which prints "Tuesday" to the console. If it is 3, the third
case block is executed, which prints "Wednesday" to the console. If none of the cases match,
the default block is executed, which prints "Unknown day" to the console.
4. Ternary operator: The ternary operator is a shorthand way of writing an if-else
statement. It takes the form of a question mark and a colon, and is used to evaluate a
condition and return one of two values. Here is an example:
int x = 5;
String result = (x > 0) ? "positive" : "negative";
System.out.println("x is " + result);
In this example, the ternary operator checks if x is greater than 0. If the condition is true, the
first value ("positive") is returned. If the condition is false, the second value ("negative") is
returned. The result is then stored in the variable result, which is used to print "x is positive" to
the console.
IV. Arrays
an array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory
locations. Arrays are used to store and manipulate a group of related data items under a single
name. Each element in an array is identified by its index, which is a non-negative integer value
representing its position in the array.
There are several types of arrays in Java:
1. One-dimensional array:
A one-dimensional array is a collection of elements of the same data type, arranged in a single
row. You can declare and initialize a one-dimensional array using the following syntax:
css
datatype[] arrayName = new datatype[arraySize];
For example, here's how you can create an array of integers with five elements:
go

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int[] numbers = new int[5];

You can access the elements of the array using their index, starting from 0. For example, to
assign a value of 10 to the first element of the array, you can use the following statement:
css
numbers[0] = 10;
2. Two-dimensional array:
A two-dimensional array is a collection of elements of the same data type, arranged in rows
and columns. You can declare and initialize a two-dimensional array using the following
syntax:
css
datatype[][] arrayName = new datatype[rows][columns];
For example, here's how you can create a two-dimensional array of integers with three rows
and four columns:
css
int[][] numbers = new int[3][4];
You can access the elements of the array using their row and column indexes. For example, to
assign a value of 10 to the element in the second row and third column of the array, you can
use the following statement:
css
numbers[1][2] = 10;
3. Multi-dimensional array:
A multi-dimensional array is a collection of elements of the same data type, arranged in
multiple dimensions. You can declare and initialize a multi-dimensional array using the
following syntax:
css
datatype[][]...[] arrayName = new datatype[size1][size2]...[sizeN];
For example, here's how you can create a three-dimensional array of integers with two rows,
three columns, and four layers:
css
int[][][] numbers = new int[2][3][4];
You can access the elements of the array using their indexes in each dimension. For example,
to assign a value of 10 to the element in the first row, second column, and third layer of the
array, you can use the following statement:
css

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numbers[0][1][2] = 10;
Arrays are a fundamental data structure in Java programming and are widely used in a variety
of applications.
V. Constructor
a constructor is a special method that is used to initialize objects of a class. It is called when an
object is created, and is responsible for setting the initial state of the object. Constructors have
the same name as the class they belong to, and do not have a return type.
types of constructors
There are three types of constructors in Java:
1. Default constructor: A default constructor is created by the Java compiler if no other
constructor is defined for a class. It takes no arguments, and simply initializes the
instance variables of the class to their default values (e.g. 0 for integers, null for objects,
etc.). Here is an example of a default constructor:
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

public Person() {
// Default constructor
}
}
2. Parameterized constructor: A parameterized constructor takes one or more
arguments, which are used to initialize the instance variables of the class. It allows the
caller to specify the initial state of the object when it is created. Here is an example of
a parameterized constructor:
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

public Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

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}
In this example, the parameterized constructor takes two arguments (a name and an age), which
are used to set the corresponding instance variables of the class.
3. Copy constructor: A copy constructor is used to create a new object that is a copy of
an existing object of the same class. It takes one argument, which is an object of the
same class, and initializes the instance variables of the new object to the same values
as the existing object. Here is an example of a copy constructor:
kotlin
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

public Person(Person other) {

this.name = other.name;
this.age = other.age;
}
}
In this example, the copy constructor takes an object of the same class (called "other") as its
argument, and initializes the instance variables of the new object to the same values as "other".
VI. Method overriding
Method overriding is a concept in Java that allows a subclass to provide its own implementation
of a method that is already defined in its superclass. The method in the subclass must have the
same name, return type, and parameters as the method in the superclass.
Here is an example of method overriding in Java:
public class Animal {
public void speak() {
System.out.println("An animal speaks");
}
}

public class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

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public void speak() {

System.out.println("A dog barks");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal animal = new Animal();
animal.speak(); // Output: An animal speaks

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.speak(); // Output: A dog barks

Animal animal2 = new Dog();

animal2.speak(); // Output: A dog barks
}
}
In this example, we have two classes - Animal and Dog. The Animal class has a speak() method
that simply prints "An animal speaks" to the console. The Dog class extends the Animal class,
and overrides the speak() method to print "A dog barks" instead.
In the main method, we first create an Animal object and call its speak() method. This prints
"An animal speaks" to the console, as expected.
We then create a Dog object and call its speak() method. This prints "A dog barks" to the
console, because the Dog class has overridden the speak() method.
Finally, we create a new Animal object, but assign it to a variable of type Animal. We then call
its speak() method. Even though the variable is of type Animal, the object it refers to is actually
a Dog object. This is known as polymorphism, and allows us to call the speak() method on the
Dog object, which will use the overridden version of the method to print "A dog barks" to the
console.
VII. Thread Synchronization
Thread synchronization is the process of coordinating the execution of multiple threads to
ensure that they do not interfere with each other when accessing shared resources or performing
operations that depend on each other. Synchronization is necessary to prevent race conditions,

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deadlocks, and other types of concurrency issues that can arise when multiple threads access
the same resource concurrently.
Synchronization can be achieved in Java using the synchronized keyword, which is used to
mark a block of code or a method as a critical section. When a thread enters a critical section,
it acquires a lock on the associated object, preventing other threads from entering the same
critical section until the lock is released.
Here is an example of thread synchronization in Java:
java
public class Counter {
private int count = 0;

public synchronized void increment() {

count++;
}

public synchronized int getCount() {

return count;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter counter = new Counter();

Runnable task = () -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
counter.increment();
}
};

Thread thread1 = new Thread(task);

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Thread thread2 = new Thread(task);

thread1.start();
thread2.start();

try {
thread1.join();
thread2.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

System.out.println(counter.getCount());
}
}
In this example, we have a Counter class with an increment() method and a getCount() method,
both of which are marked as synchronized. The increment() method increments the count
variable by 1, and the getCount() method returns the current value of count.
We then create two threads, and pass them the same Runnable task, which calls the increment()
method on the Counter object. We start both threads, and wait for them to finish using the join()
method.
After both threads have finished, we print out the final value of count. Because the increment()
method is marked as synchronized, both threads will acquire a lock on the Counter object
before executing the method, preventing them from interfering with each other. This ensures
that the final value of count is always 20000, even though both threads are executing the same
method concurrently.
VIII. Multithreading and multiprocessing
Multithreading and multiprocessing are both techniques for achieving concurrent execution of
multiple tasks in a program, but they differ in how they achieve this concurrency.
Multithreading involves using multiple threads within a single process to execute multiple tasks
concurrently. Each thread runs in the same memory space as the other threads, and they share
the same resources, such as variables and memory. Multithreading is typically used to improve
the performance of a single application by allowing multiple parts of the application to execute
concurrently, rather than sequentially.

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Multiprocessing, on the other hand, involves using multiple processes to execute multiple tasks
concurrently. Each process runs in its own memory space, and they do not share the same
resources. Multiprocessing is typically used to improve the overall system performance by
allowing multiple applications or multiple instances of the same application to execute
concurrently, rather than sequentially.
Here are some of the key differences between multithreading and multiprocessing:
1. Resource sharing: In multithreading, threads share the same resources, such as variables
and memory, which can make it easier to coordinate tasks and pass data between
threads. In multiprocessing, processes do not share the same resources, which can make
it more difficult to coordinate tasks and pass data between processes.
2. Performance: Multithreading can improve the performance of a single application by
allowing multiple parts of the application to execute concurrently. Multiprocessing can
improve the overall system performance by allowing multiple applications or multiple
instances of the same application to execute concurrently.
3. Complexity: Multithreading can be simpler to implement than multiprocessing, as
threads share the same memory space and do not require as much communication
between them. Multiprocessing can be more complex to implement, as processes do
not share the same memory space and require more communication between them.
Overall, both multithreading and multiprocessing are powerful techniques for achieving
concurrent execution of multiple tasks, and the choice between them depends on the specific
needs of the application or system.
IX. Swings
Swing is a Java GUI toolkit that provides a set of GUI components and containers to create
graphical user interfaces for Java applications. Swing components are classes that represent
visual elements of a GUI, such as buttons, labels, text fields, and so on. Swing containers are
classes that hold and manage other components, such as frames, panels, and windows. Here
are some of the Swing component and container classes and their explanations:
1. JButton: This is a component class that represents a clickable button that triggers an
action when pressed. It can display text, icons, or both.
2. JLabel: This is a component class that displays a text or image on the screen. It can be
used to show titles, captions, or other information.
3. JTextField: This is a component class that provides a text box where users can input
text.
4. JCheckBox: This is a component class that represents a checkbox that can be selected
or deselected by the user.
5. JComboBox: This is a component class that represents a drop-down list where users
can select one item from a list of choices.
6. JList: This is a component class that represents a list of items that users can select.

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7. JRadioButton: This is a component class that represents a radio button that can be
selected or deselected by the user. It is often used in groups to provide mutually
exclusive choices.
8. JPanel: This is a container class that holds other components. It is often used to group
related components together.
9. JFrame: This is a top-level container class that represents a window in which other
components can be placed. It provides a title bar, border, and buttons for minimizing,
maximizing, and closing the window.
10. JDialog: This is a container class that represents a dialog box that can be used to display
messages, get user input, or perform other tasks.
11. JMenuBar: This is a container class that provides a menu bar that can hold menus and
menu items.
12. JMenu: This is a container class that provides a drop-down menu that can hold menu
items.
13. JScrollPane: This is a container class that provides a scrollable view of other
components that are too large to fit on the screen.
Here are some examples of Swing component and container classes and how to use them:
1. JButton:
java
import javax.swing.*;

public class JButtonExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Button Example");
JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");

button.setBounds(50, 50, 90, 50);

frame.add(button);

frame.setSize(200, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);

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}
}
This program creates a simple JFrame window with a JButton component that displays "Click
Me". The setBounds() method sets the position and size of the button within the window.
2. JLabel:
java
import javax.swing.*;

public class JLabelExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Label Example");
JLabel label = new JLabel("Hello, World!");

label.setBounds(50, 50, 200, 30);

frame.add(label);

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
This program creates a simple JFrame window with a JLabel component that displays "Hello,
World!". The setBounds() method sets the position and size of the label within the window.
3. JTextField:
java
import javax.swing.*;

public class JTextFieldExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Text Field Example");

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JTextField textField = new JTextField("Enter text here");

textField.setBounds(50, 50, 200, 30);

frame.add(textField);

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
This program creates a simple JFrame window with a JTextField component that displays
"Enter text here". The setBounds() method sets the position and size of the text field within the
window.
4. JCheckBox:
java
import javax.swing.*;

public class JCheckBoxExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Check Box Example");
JCheckBox checkBox = new JCheckBox("Select this");

checkBox.setBounds(50, 50, 200, 30);

frame.add(checkBox);

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}

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}
This program creates a simple JFrame window with a JCheckBox component that displays
"Select this". The setBounds() method sets the position and size of the check box within the
window.
5. JComboBox:
java
import javax.swing.*;

public class JComboBoxExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Combo Box Example");
String[] choices = { "Red", "Green", "Blue" };
JComboBox<String> comboBox = new JComboBox<String>(choices);

comboBox.setBounds(50, 50, 90, 30);

frame.add(comboBox);

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
This program creates a simple JFrame window with a JComboBox component that displays a
drop-down list of three choices: "Red", "Green", and "Blue". The setBounds() method sets the
position and size of the combo box within the window.
X. layout managers
Swing provides several different types of layout managers to help you arrange the components
in your user interface. Here are some of the most commonly used layout managers in Swing:
1. FlowLayout:
FlowLayout is the default layout manager for many Swing containers, including JPanel and
JFrame. It arranges components in a left-to-right flow, wrapping to a new line when the edge

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of the container is reached. You can use the FlowLayout(int align, int hgap, int vgap)
constructor to set the alignment of the components (left, center, or right), as well as the
horizontal and vertical gaps between components.
2. BorderLayout:
BorderLayout divides the container into five regions: north, south, east, west, and center.
Components added to the container are placed in one of these regions, depending on the
position specified when the component is added. You can use the BorderLayout(int hgap, int
vgap) constructor to set the horizontal and vertical gaps between components.
3. GridLayout:
GridLayout arranges components in a grid of rows and columns. You can use the
GridLayout(int rows, int cols, int hgap, int vgap) constructor to specify the number of rows and
columns in the grid, as well as the horizontal and vertical gaps between components.
Components are added to the container in order, filling each row from left to right before
moving on to the next row.
4. BoxLayout:
BoxLayout arranges components in a single row or column, using either the X_AXIS or
Y_AXIS constant. You can use the BoxLayout(Container target, int axis) constructor to specify
the target container and the axis to use for layout. Components are added to the container in
order, either filling the available horizontal or vertical space, depending on the axis.
5. GridBagLayout:
GridBagLayout is a flexible and powerful layout manager that allows you to specify constraints
for each component, such as its position, size, and alignment. You can use the GridBagLayout()
constructor to create a new GridBagLayout object, and then use the GridBagConstraints class
to set constraints for each component. The GridBagLayout is often used for complex user
interfaces that require precise control over the layout of each component.
These are just a few of the layout managers available in Swing. Each layout manager has its
own strengths and weaknesses, so it's important to choose the right one for your particular user
interface.

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