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Language of Relations and Functions

The document discusses the concepts of relations and functions in mathematics, defining a relation as a subset of ordered pairs from two sets A and B. It explains the criteria for a relation to be classified as a function and provides examples to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it describes how to represent relations using arrow diagrams and includes exercises for further understanding.

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jamaicajumala21
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2 views

Language of Relations and Functions

The document discusses the concepts of relations and functions in mathematics, defining a relation as a subset of ordered pairs from two sets A and B. It explains the criteria for a relation to be classified as a function and provides examples to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it describes how to represent relations using arrow diagrams and includes exercises for further understanding.

Uploaded by

jamaicajumala21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND

FUNCTIONS

February 17, 2025


THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Relation
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets. A relation R from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Given an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐴 × 𝐵, we say that 𝑥 is related to 𝑦
by R, written as 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦, if and only if, (𝑥, 𝑦) is in R. The set 𝐴 is
called the domain of R and the set 𝐵 is called its co-domain.

OR in other words, a relation 𝐹 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a FUNCTION if, and only if:


1. Every element of A is the first element of an ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same first element.
Example 1: A relation as a subset

Let 𝐴 = 1,2 and 𝐵 = 1,2,3 and we


define a relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐵,
Thus, given any 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵,
𝑥−𝑦
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 such that ∈ 𝐼.
2

a. State which ordered pairs are in 𝐴 × 𝐵


and which are in 𝑅.

b. Is 1 𝑅 3? Is 2 𝑅 3? 2 𝑅 2

c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?


Example 2:

Let Y = 0,1,2 and Z = 0,1 and we


define a relation 𝑅 from 𝑌 to 𝑍,
Thus, given any 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅,
𝑥−𝑦
such that ∈ 𝐼.
2

a. State which ordered pairs are in Y × 𝑍


and which are in 𝑅.

b. Is 1 𝑅 0? Is 2 𝑅 0? 2 𝑅 1

c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?


Example 3: The Circle Relation

Define a relation C from 𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑅


For any 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 × 𝑅,
Thus, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶, means that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

a. Is 1,0 ∈ 𝐶?

b. Is (0,0) ∈ 𝐶.

−1 3
c. Is , ∈ 𝐶 ∈?
2 2

d. What are the domain and co-domain of C ?


e. Sketch its graph
ARROW DIAGRAM OF A RELATION
Suppose R is a relation from a set 𝐴 to a set 𝐵. The arrow diagram for R is
obtained as follows:
1. Represent the elements of A as points in one region and the elements of B as
points in another region.
2. For each 𝑥 in A and 𝑦 in B, draw an arrow from 𝑥 to 𝑦 if, and only if, 𝑥 is
related to 𝑦 by R. Symbolically,

Draw an arrow from 𝑥 to 𝑦


if, and only if, 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦
If and only if, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅.
FUNCTION

A function F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and


co-domain B that satisfies the following conditions:

1. For every element 𝑥 in A, there is an


element 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹.

2. For all elements 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵,


if 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹 and 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐹, then 𝑦 = 𝑧.

Properties (1) and (2) above can be stated less formally, thus: A relation
F from A to B is a function if, and only if:

1. Every element A is the first element of an ordered pair of F.


2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same first element.
Notation

are sets and F is a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵, then given any


If 𝐴 and 𝐵
element 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, the unique element in 𝐵 is related to 𝑥 by F is
denoted by 𝐹(𝑥).

Example 4. Functions and Relations on Finite Sets


Let 𝐴 = 2,4,6 and 𝐵 = 1,3,5 .
Which of the relations R, S, and T defined below are functions from A to B?

a. 𝑅 = 2,5 , 4,1 , 4,3 , 6,5


b. For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆 means that 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
c. 𝑇 is defined by the arrow diagram

2 1

4 3

6 5
EXERCISES

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