Aditya college of

Engineering and Technology

▶ Subject … … DC Machines and Transformers

▶ Topic.. Testing of Transformers (unit 4 )

▶ Faculty … … … ..K. Manoz kumar Reddy

▶ Year … … … … II B.Tech EEE (R23)

▶ Department… … … EEE

Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC and

Permanently affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada
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contents
o.c test
S.c test
Sumpners test
Separation of iron losses test
Parallel operation
Auto transformer, comparision with 2 winding
transformer

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OC test

The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the

basis of its equivalent circuit which contains four main
parameters, the equivalent resistance R01 as referred to
primary (or secondary R02), the equivalent leakage
reactance X01 as referred to primary (or secondary X02), the
core-loss resistance R0 and the magnetising reactance X0.
These constants or parameters can be easily determined by
two tests (i) open-circuit test and (ii) short circuit test.
These tests are very economical and convenient, because
they furnish the required information without actually
loading the transformer.

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The purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss or core loss
and no-load I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0. One winding
of the transformer whichever is convenient but usually high
voltage winding – is left open and the other is connected to its
supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter W,
voltmeter V and an ammeter A are connected in the low voltage
winding i.e. primary winding in the present case. With normal
voltage applied to the primary, normal flux will be set up in the
core, hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded by
the wattmeter. As the primary no-load current I0 (as measured by
ammeter) is small (usually 2 to 10% of rated load current), Cu
loss is negligibly small in primary and nil in secondary (it being
open). Hence, the wattmeter reading represents practically the
core loss under no-load condition

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If W is the wattmeter reading

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SC test

This is an economical method for determining the

following :
(i) Equivalent impedance (Z01 or Z02), leakage reactance
(X01 or X 02) and total resistance (R01 or R02) of the
transformer as referred to the winding in which the
measuring instruments are placed.
(ii) Cu loss at full load (and at any desired load). This loss is
used in calculating the efficiency of the transformer.
(iii) Knowing Z01 or Z02, the total voltage drop in the
transformer as referred to primary or secondary can be
calculated and hence regulation of the transformer can be
determined.

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In this test, one winding, usually the low-voltage winding, is solidly
short-circuited by a thick conductor (or through an ammeter which may
serve the additional purpose of indicating rated load current). A low
voltage (usually 5 to 10% of normal primary voltage) at correct
frequency (though for Cu losses
it is not essential) is applied to the primary and is cautiously increased
till full-load currents are flowing both in primary and secondary (as
indicated by the respective ammeters).
Since, in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of the
normal voltage, the mutual flux Φ produced is also a small percentage
of its normal value. Hence, core losses are very small with the result
that the wattmeter reading represent the full-load Cu loss for the whole
transformer i.e. both primary Cu loss and secondary Cu loss.

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If Vsc is the voltage required to circulate rated load currents,
then
Z01 = Vsc/I1

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Why Transformer Rating in kVA ?

Why Transformer Rating in kVA ?

As seen, Cu loss of a transformer depends on current and
iron loss on voltage. Hence, total
transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on
phase angle between voltage and current
i.e. it is independent of load power factor. That is why rating
of transformers is in kVA and not in kW.

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Problem 1

Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400-V, 50-Hz, 1-phase

transformer from the following test data :
O.C test : 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W – on L.V. side
S.C. test : 15 V, 10 A, 85 W – on H.V. side
Draw the equivalent ckt as referred to primary and also as
referred to secondary
Solution:

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 S c test:
Given v1= 15, I1=10, W=85w
W=I12R01Hv
R01Hv = = 85/ 100=0.85

Z01Hv = v1/I1=15/10= 1.5

X01Hv =

=
= 1.235 ohms

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Problem 2

A 25 KVA, 2500/250v, 1 phase transformer gave following

test results
O.c test (Lv side) 250v,1.4A, 105 w
S.c test (HV side) 105v,8A,320W
Draw equivalent ckt as referred to primary and secondary.

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0c test:
V1=250, I0=1.4, W= 105w

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Sc test:

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Sumpners test

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This test provides data for finding the regulation, efficiency
and heating under load conditions and is employed only
when two similar transformers are available. One
transformer is loaded on the other and both are connected
to supply. The power taken from the supply is that
necessary for supplying the losses of both transformers
and the negligibly small loss in the control circuit. As shown
in Fig., primaries of the two transformers are connected in
parallel across the same a.c. supply. With switch S
open, the wattmeter W1 reads the core loss for the two
transformers.

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The secondaries are so connected that their potentials are in
opposition to each other. This would so if VAB = VCD and A is
joined to C while B is joined to D. In that case, there would be no
secondary current flowing around the loop formed by the two
secondaries. T is an auxiliary low-voltage transformer which can
be adjusted to give a variable voltage and hence current in the
secondary loop circuit. By proper adjustment of T, full-load
secondary current I2 can be made to flow as shown. It is seen,
that I2 flows from D to C and then from A to B. Flow of I1 is
confined to the loop FEJLGHMF and it does not pass through W1.
Hence, W1 continues to read the core loss and W2 measures
full-load Cu loss (or at any other load current value I2). Obviously,
the power taken in is twice the losses of a single transformer.

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Problem

Two similar 250-kVA, single-phase transformers gave the

following results
when tested by back-to-back method :
Mains wattmeter, W1 = 5.0 kW
Primary series circuit wattmeter, W2 = 7.5 kW (at full-load
current).
Find out the individual transformer efficiencies at full load,
o.8 p.f and also at 75% full-load , 0.8 p.f. lead

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 Full load at 0.8 p.f
Core loss of each transformer= 2.5 kw= W1/2
Full load cu loss of each transformer=3.75kw=W2/2
Output power of each tr. In kw= KVA cosФ=250x0.8=200kw
Total loss of each tr. At full load= 6.25kw
Input power= output power + total losses=200+6.25=
206.25kw
Efficiency= 200kw/206.25kw=96.96%

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At 75% load, 0.8 pf leading
Cu losses at 75% load of each Tr.= ull load cu loss
of each Tr.=x3.75kw=2.109kw
Total losses at 75% load for each Tr.= iron losses+ cu losses
at 75% load of each Tr.=2.5+2.109=4.609kw
Output power of each Tr. at 75% load in Kw= KVA cosΦ=(75%
of 250)0.8=150kw
Input =outpower+totallosses=150+4.609=154.609kw
Efficiency=(150/154.609)100= 97.01%

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Separation of iron losses test

Means separation of iron losses into hysteresis and eddy

current losses at a particular frequency.

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Wi=iron or magnetic losses= Wh+ We= A f +B when Bmax is constant
The above equation is called total iron losses equation
Wi= A f +B
= A + Bf= Bf + A
Y= mx + c

Draw graph between =C

B= slope of st. line =m= Tanθ

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By knowing A and B values hysteresis and eddy current
losses can be determined at any desired frequency. The
relationship between wi/f and f can be determined
experimentally using ckt arrangement. The arrangement
shows an alternator connected to transformer under test
to supply primary voltage and frequency. The alternator is
driven by dc shunt motor whose speed can be varied
proportional to frequency. The dc excitation current
through field is varied until voltmeter reads rated value
and wattmeter shows core losses.

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Consider emf equation
E= 4.44 f φmax N=4.44 f (BmaxA)N
αBmax
If ratio E/f maintained constant then flux density
constant. This is achieved by varying frequency of
alternator emf such that E/f remains constant. The
readings of wattmeter are noted down for different
frequencies above and below rated value. Then the graph
wi/f versus f is drawn to determine the constants A and B
and from that hysteresis and eddy current losses can be
determined and they are separated.

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Problem

In a power loss test on a 10 kg specimen of sheet steel

laminations, the maximum flux density and waveform
factor are maintained constant and the following results
were obtained:
Frequency f (Hz) 25 40 50 60 80
Total loss Wi (watt) 18.5 36 50 66 104
Calculate the eddy current loss per kg at a frequency of 50
Hz.

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Parallel Operation of Single-phase
Transformers
For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing
transformer, a second transformer may be connected in parallel
with it as shown in Fig. It is seen that primary windings are
connected to the supply bus bars and secondary windings are
connected to the load bus-bars. In connecting two or more than
two transformers in parallel, it is essential that their terminals of
similar
polarities are joined to the same bus-bars as in Fig. If this is not
done, the two e.m.fs. Induced in the secondaries which are
paralleled with incorrect polarities, will act together in the local
secondary circuit even when supplying no load and will hence
produce the equivalent of a dead short-circuit as shown in Fig.

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There are certain definite conditions which must be satisfied in order to
avoid any local circulating currents and to ensure that the transformers
share the common load in proportion to their kVA ratings. The
conditions of parallel operation are :
1. Primary windings of the transformers should be suitable for the
supply system voltage and frequency.
2. The transformers should be properly connected with regard to
polarity.
3. The voltage ratings of both primaries and secondaries should be
identical. In other words, the transformers should have the same turn
ratio i.e. transformation ratio.
4. The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have
the same X/R ratio in order to avoid circulating currents and operation
at different power factors.

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5. With transformers having different kVA ratings, the
equivalent impedances should be
inversely proportional to the individual kVA rating if
circulating currents are to be avoided.

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Case 1. I deal Case ( same voltage ratio, same voltage
triangles)
consider the ideal case of two transformers having the
same voltage ratio and having impedance voltage triangles
identical in size and shape.
Let E be the no-load secondary voltage of each transformer
and V2 the terminal voltage ; IA and
IB the currents supplied by them and I-the total current,
lagging behind V2 by an angle φ

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In Fig. a single triangle ABC represents the identical
impedance voltage triangles of both the
transformers. The currents IA and IB of the individual
transformers are in phase with the load current I and
are inversely proportional to the respective impedances.
Following relations are

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Case 2. Equal Voltage Ratios, different voltage triangles
Let us assume that no-load voltages of both secondaries is
the same i.e. EA = EB = E, and that the two voltages are
coincident i.e. there is no phase difference between EA and
EB, which would be true if the magnetising currents of the
two transformers are not much different from each other.
Under these
conditions, both primaries and secondaries of the two
transformers can be connected in parallel and there will
circulate no current between them
on on-load.

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neglect the magnetising admittances, the two transformers
can be connected as shown by their equivalent circuits. The
vector diagram is shown. it is seen that it represents two
impedances in parallel. Considering all values consistently
with reference to secondaries.

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Problem 1

Two 1-phase transformers with equal turns have

impedances of (0.5 + j3) ohm
and (0.6 + j10) ohm with respect to the secondary. If they
operate in parallel, determine how they
will share a total load of 100 kW at p.f. 0.8 lagging ?

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Problem 2

Two 1-phase transformers A and B rated at 250 kVA each

are operated in parallel on both sides. Percentage
impedances for A and B are (1 + j 6) and (1.2 + j 4.8)
respectively. Compute the load shared by each when the
total load is 500 kVA at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

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Problem 1

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Problem 2

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Auto-transformer
It is a transformer with one winding only, part of this being
common to both primary and secondary. Obviously, in this
transformer the primary and secondary are not electrically
isolated from each other as is the case with a 2-winding
transformer. But its theory and operation are similar to those of a
two-winding transformer. Because of one winding, it uses less
copper and hence is cheaper. It is used where transformation
ratio differs little from unity. Fig. shows both step down and
step-up auto-transformers.
As shown in Fig., AB, is primary winding having N1 turns and BC
is secondary winding having N2 turns. Neglecting iron losses and
no-load current

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The current in section CB is vector difference* of I2 and I1.
But as the two currents are practically in phase opposition,
the resultant current is (I2 − I1)
where I2 is greater than I1.
As compared to an ordinary 2 winding transformer of same
output, an auto-transformer has higher efficiency but
smaller size. Moreover, its voltage
regulation is also superior.

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Saving of Cu
Volume and hence weight of Cu, is proportional to the
length and area of the cross-section of the conductors.
Now, length of conductors is proportional to the number of
turns and cross-section depends on current.
Hence, weight is proportional to the product of the current
and number of turns.

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At no load exciting current flows from A to B and
establishes working mmf. Here current in the winding flows
from B to C in order to create mmf opposing exciting mmf.
Hence in order to neutralise the effect of current IBC, i.e, I2-I1,
primary winding has to draw an additional current to
neutralise the effect of current IBC to keep working mmf
constant.
MMF of winding AC= I1(N1-N2)
MMF of winding CB=(I2-I1)N2
Transformer action takes place between winding AC and
CB i.e, VA across AC winding is transferred inductively and
also conductively to winding BC by transformer action

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 Inductively transferred power in VA= VACIAC=
(V1-V2)I1
Total input VA to transformer = V1I1
= = 1- = 1-k
Out of total VA , some part of VA is transferred inductively and
some part conductively.
Conducted VA= Total input VA- inductively transferred VA= -=
= ==K

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Applications:
Auto-transformers are used when K is nearly equal to unity and
where there is no objection to electrical connection between
primary and secondary. Hence, such transformers are used :
1. to give small boost to a distribution cable to correct the
voltage drop.
2. as auto-starter transformers to give up to 50 to 60 % of full
voltage to an induction motor during starting.
3. as furnace transformers for getting a convenient supply to suit
the furnace winding from a 230-V supply
4. as interconnecting transformers in 132 kV/330 kV system.
5. in control equipment for 1-phase and 3-phase electrical
locomotives.

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Problem 1

An auto-transformer supplies a load of 3 kW at 115 volts at

a unity power factor. If the applied primary voltage is 230
volts, calculate the power transferred to the load a)
inductively and (b) conductively
solution
Power transferred inductively = Input (1 − K)
Power transferred conductively = Input × K
Now, K = 115/230 = 1/2, input ≅ output = 3 kW
∴ Inductively transferred power = 3 (1 − 1/2) = 1.5 kW
Conductively transferred power = (1/2) × 3 = 1.5 kW

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Problem 2

The primary and secondary voltages of an auto-transformer

are 500 V and 400 V respectively.
Show with the aid of diagram, the current distribution in the
winding when the secondary current is 100 A and calculate
the economy of Cu in this particular case.

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Solution. The circuit is shown in Fig,.
K = V2/V1 = 400/500 = 0.8
∴ I1 = KI2 = 0.8 × 100 = 80 A
The current distribution is shown in Fig..
Saving = KW0 = 0.8 W0
∴ Percentage saving = 0.8 × 100 = 80

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