➢ Subject ……DC Machines and Transformers

➢ Topic.. Single Phase Transformers (unit 3 )

➢ Faculty ………..K. Manoz kumar Reddy

➢ Year …………II B.Tech EEE (R23)

➢ Department……… EEE

Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC and

Permanently affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada
EEE Department
 Introduction
 Construction details of transformer
 Principle of operation
 Types of transformers
 Emf equation
 Resistance and reactance of transformer
 Ideal transformer
 Transformer with no R and no X
 Transformer with R and no X
 Transformer with R and X
 Equivalent R, X and Z
 Equivalent ckt of transformer

EEE Department
 Voltage regulation
 Losses in transformer
 Efficiency and condition of max efficiency
 Effect of frequency and voltage on iron
losses
 All day efficiency

EEE Department
 The advantages of alternating form of electric
energy or power over direct form of electric energy
or power is the alternating form can be easily
transferred from low voltage level to high voltage
level or viceversa. Alternating voltages can be
increased or decreased by transformers as per the
requirements at different places of network like
generation, transmission, distribution and
consumption. Transformer can change the
magnitude of alternating voltage or current from
one value to another. Hence transformer is the
main reason for wide spread popularity of ac
systems over dc systems.

EEE Department
 In transformer there are no moving parts and have
highest possible efficiency out of all electrical
machines and requires negligible amount of
maintenance and supervision.
 Insulation considerations limit the generation of
alternator to about 11kv or 22kv. By means of
transformer this voltage is step up to higher
economic transmission voltage 400kv in order to
reduce transmission losses.

EEE Department
1. core: Different steel laminations assembled and separated by
varnish or oxide coating with high silicon content such that it
should have high permeability and low reluctance. By using silicon
steel laminations hysteresis and eddy current losses are reduced.
The thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm for a frequency
of 50 Hz to 0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz.
2. Primary and secondary windings: Two windings made up of
copper or aluminium wound on left arm or limb and right arm or
limb respectively called primary and secondary windings.
3. Insulating material like paper, plastic, cloth used between two
windings and also between windings and steel core to prevent
electric shock.
4. Airtight transformer tank filled with transformer oil . Oil is of
two types first one natural oil or mineral oil which will have burning
effect, rarely used and second one synthetic oil like ASKARELS or
PYROCLOR which have no burning effect, more stability, no
deterioration due to long service and frequently used.

EEE Department
Transformer oil, 2 functions it keeps coils reasonably
cool and also provides additional insulation. Good
transformer oil should be absolutely free from
alkalies, sulphur, and particularly moisture. The
presence of even extremely small % age of moisture
in oil is highly dangerous from insulation view point
because it lowers dielectric or insulation strength of
oil considerably. Even 8 parts of water in 10 lakh oil
parts reduces the insulating quality of oil to below
standard.

EEE Department
5. bushings: porcelain bushings for moderate
voltages, oil filled or capacitor type for high voltages
for insulating and bringing out the terminals of the
windings from the tank.

EEE Department
The simple elements of transformer consists of 2
inductive coils and laminated steel core. Here one coil is
connected to alternating voltage source and alternating
changing flux will be set up in armature core. Most of the
flux is linked with other coil and mutually induced emf in
second coil will be produced. The first coil, in which
electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is called
primary winding and the other from which energy is
drawn out, is called secondary winding.
N1=no of turns of primary coil
N2= no of turns of secondary coil
E2= mutually induced emf in secondary winding
𝑑Ф
=rate of change of flux
𝑑𝑡

EEE Department
EEE Department
 𝑑Ф
E2= N2 =mutually induced emf
𝑑𝑡
But some of flux links with primary winding and forms
𝑑Ф
self induced emf. E1= N1
𝑑𝑡
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus
by means of which electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of the same frequency in
another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a
circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual
induction between two circuits linked by a common
magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two
inductive coils which are electrically separated but
magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance and
high permeability.

EEE Department
If primary winding is connected to a.c supply an
alternating current, hence flux will be set up in
laminated core and links with turns of both primary
and secondary windings and emfs induced in them.
The emf induced in primary winding is called self
induced emf which opposes supply voltage hence
called back emf or counter emf E1. emf induced in
secondary winding is called mutually induced emf
E2 .

EEE Department
In brief, a transformer is a device that
1. transfers electric power from one circuit to
another
2. it does so without a change of frequency
3. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
and
4. where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.

EEE Department
By the manner in which primary and secondary coils are
placed around laminated core they are divided into
1. core type
2. shell type
3. distributed core type
Core type: In this type there is only one magnetic circuit
and windings surrounds a considerable part of core.
Preferred for low voltage transformers
operation is efficient when all the flux produced by one
winding links the other but leakage flux is there and this
can be obtained in a better way if two windings are placed
very nearer to each other or one winding over other.

EEE Department
 Fig(a) basic core type Fig(b)advanced type

EEE Department
In the simplified diagram for the core type
transformers [Fig (a)], the primary and secondary
winding are shown located on the opposite legs (or
limbs) of the core, but in actual construction, these
are always interleaved to reduce leakage flux. As
shown in Fig. b, half the primary and half the
secondary winding have been placed side by side or
concentrically on each limb, not primary on one
limb (or leg) and the secondary on the other to
reduce leakage flux.

EEE Department
 Coils…form wound…circular or rectangular
 Small size Trs…..rectangular core…circular or
rectangular coils
 Large size Trs……cruciform core…circular coils
. The circular cylindrical coils are used in most of the core-type
transformers because of their mechanical strength. Such
cylindrical coils are wound in helical layers with the different
layers insulated from each other by paper, cloth, micarta board
or cooling ducts. Fig. shows the general arrangement of these
coils with respect to the core. Insulating cylinders of fuller
board are used to separate the cylindrical windings from the
core and from each other. Since the low voltage (LV) winding is
easiest to insulate, it is placed nearest to the core .

EEE Department
EEE Department
As pointed out above, rectangular cores with rectangular
cylindrical coils can be used for small-size core-type
transformers as shown in Fig. (a) but for large-sized
transformers, it becomes wasteful to use rectangular cylindrical
coils and so circular cylindrical coils are preferred. For such
purposes, square cores may be used as shown in Fig. (b) where
circles represent the tubular former carrying the coils.
Obviously, a considerable amount of useful space is still
wasted. A common improvement on square core is to employ
cruciform core as in Fig. (c) which demands, at least, two sizes
of core strips. For very large transformers, further core-
stepping is done as in Fig. (d) where at least three sizes of core
plates are necessary. Core-stepping not only gives high space
factor but also results in reduced length of the mean
turn and the consequent 𝐼2 𝑅 loss. Three stepped core is the one
most commonly used although more steps may be used for
very large transformers as in Fig. (e).

EEE Department
 Cruciform core

EEE Department
 Shell type: There are two magnetic circuits and core
surrounds a considerable portion of winding. In
this core has an additional central limb thus
making a three limbed core construction. Both
windings are placed on central limb, no winding
being placed on the outer or side limbs. Hence 2
magnetic circuits hence central limb carries double
the flux on either limb. More coupling, more
efficient and preferred for high voltage
transformers.

EEE Department
EEE Department
 Distributed core type: transformer core consists of
laminations arranged in groups which radiate out
from the centre as shown in figure to give more
magnetic coupling. This consists of more than 2
magnetic circuits. Still more coupling, more
efficient and preferred for high voltage
transformers.

EEE Department
According to voltage requirements
a) Step up transformer
b) Step down transformer
c) Equal ratio or one-one transformer

Step up transformer: A transformer whose secondary

winding consists of more no of turns than the
primary winding and hence secondary voltage will be
more is called step up transformer. They are used in
generating stations at the sending end of
transmission line. Here if N2>N1 means then E2>E1

EEE Department
Step down transformer: A transformer whose
secondary winding consists of less no of turns than
the primary winding and hence secondary voltage
will be less is called step down transformer. They are
used in substations at the receiving end of
transmission line. Here if N2<N1 means then E2< E1
Equal ratio or one to one transformer: A transformer
consists of equal no of turns on both primary and
secondary windings and voltages on primary and
secondary sides are equal are called equal ratio or
one to one transformer. They are used in electrical
isolation and conducting research tests in
laboratories Here if N2=N1 means then E2=E1

EEE Department
EEE Department
According to cooling arrangements
a) Oil filled self cooled transformer
b) Oil filled water cooled transformer
c) Air blast cooled transformer
a) Oil filled self cooled transformer : transformer oil
serves to convey the heat from the core and the windings
to the outer cover where it is radiated out to
surroundings. Used in small size transformers.
b) Oil filled water cooled transformer: windings and core
are immersed in oil but there is mounted near the surface
of oil, a cooling pipe through which cold water is kept
circulating and heat is carried away by water. used in
large hv transformers.

EEE Department
c) Air blast cooled transformer: Transformer is not
filled with oil but supported in open metallic stand box
at both ends and air is blown from bottom to top or
top to bottom by means of fans or blowers. This is
most economical for medium size transformers.

EEE Department
 When ac supply is given to primary, alternating flux
is set up and due to induction principles E1 and E2
are produced

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-
volts, 50-Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/𝑚2 . If
the e.m.f. per turn is 8 volt, determine
(i) primary and secondary turns (ii) area of the core.

EEE Department
A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and
1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area
of the core is 60 𝑐𝑚2 . If the primary winding be
connected to a 50-Hz supply at 520 V, calculate (i)
the peak value of flux density in the core (ii) the
voltage induced in the secondary winding.

EEE Department
Primary and secondary windings are made of copper
wire has some resistance contributing copper losses.
Primary cu losses= I12 R1
Secondary cu losses= I22 R2
Primary and secondary voltage equations
V1 = - E1 + I1 R1
E2 = V2 + I2 R2

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
 The flux produced by primary winding and not linking
with secondary is known as leakage flux of primary
winding. Due to this voltage induced in secondary
winding drops. This is represented as leakage reactance
of primary winding (X1). Similarly all the flux produced
by secondary winding may not oppose primary flux. The
flux produced by secondary winding not opposing
primary flux is called leakage flux of secondary and
represented as leakage reactance of secondary winding
(X2). Voltage equations in this case are
 V1 = - E1 + I1 Z1 where Z1= R1 + jX1
 E2 = V2 + I2 Z2 where Z2= R2 + jX2

EEE Department
 Ideal transformer is one which has no resistance and no
reactance, no cu losses, no core losses. In other words,
an ideal transformer consists of two purely inductive
coils wound on a loss-free core. consider an ideal
transformer whose secondary is open and whose
primary is connected to sinusoidal alternating voltage
v1. This causes an alternating current to flow in primary.
Since primary coil is purely inductive and there is no
output(secondary open) primary draws magnetising
current Iµ and function of this current is to magnetise
the core and lags V1 by 90. This current produces
alternating flux which at all times proportional to
current and in phase with it. This changing flux links
both primary and secondary windings.

EEE Department
 This changing flux links both primary and
secondary windings and it produces self induced
emf E1 in primary and mutually induced emf E2 in
secondary winding.

EEE Department
 We will consider two cases (i) when such a transformer is on no
load and (ii) when it is loaded.
 No-load
when the transformer is on no-load, the primary input
current is not wholly reactive. The primary
input current under no-load conditions has to supply (i)
iron losses in the core i.e. hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss and (ii) a very small amount of copper loss in
primary (there being no Cu loss in secondary as
it is open). Hence, the no-load primary input current I 0 is
not at 90° behind V1 but lags it by an angle φ0 <
90°. No-load input power

EEE Department
EEE Department
 Transformer on Load

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
 Due to resistance there will be voltage drop in two
windings. While drawing phasor diagram resistive
voltage drop vectors are represented parallel to
current vectors. Voltage equations are
 V1=-E1+I1R1
 E2=V2 + I2R2

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
 While drawing phasor diagrams reactive voltage
drops are represented perpendicular to current
vectors or resistive voltage drop vectors
 Similarly resistive voltage drop vectors are
represented parallel to current vectors

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
 Total or effective equivalent reactance of
transformer as referred to primary= primary
reactance + equivalent secondary reactance as
X2
referred to primary X01= X1 +X2’= X1 + 2
K

 Total or effective equivalent reactance of

transformer as referred to secondary= secondary
reactance + equivalent primary reactance as
referred to secondary X02= X2+X1’= X2+X1K2

EEE Department
 Total or effective equivalent impedance of
transformer as referred to primary= primary
impedance + equivalent secondary impedance as
Z2
referred to primary Z01= Z1 + Z2’= Z1+ 2
K

 Total or effective equivalent impedance of

transformer as referred to secondary= secondary
impedance + equivalent primary impedance as
referred to secondary Z02= Z2 + Z1’= Z2+ Z1K2

EEE Department
 Right hand side resistances , reactances , and
impedances when they are to be transferred to left side
they should be divided by K2 and when they are to be
transferred from left to right then they should be
multiplied by K2.
 Right hand side voltages when they are to be
transferred to left side they should be divided by K and
when they are to be transferred from left to right then
they should be multiplied by K.
 Right hand side currents when they are to be
transferred to left side they should be multiplied by K
and when they are to be transferred from left to right
then they should be divided by K.

EEE Department
A 30 kVA, 2400/120-V, 50-Hz transformer has a
high voltage winding resistance of 0.1 Ω and a
leakage reactance of 0.22Ω. The low voltage winding
resistance is 0.035 Ω and the leakage reactance is
0.012 Ω. Find the equivalent winding resistance,
reactance and impedance referred to the (i) high
voltage side and (ii) the low-voltage side.
Solution:

EEE Department
EEE Department
A 50-kVA, 4,400/220-V transformer has R1 = 3.45
Ω, R2 = 0.009 Ω. The values of reactances are
X1 = 5.2 Ω and X2 = 0.015 Ω. Calculate for the
transformer (i) equivalent resistance as referred to
primary (ii) equivalent resistance as referred to
secondary (iii) equivalent reactance as referred to
both primary and secondary (iv) equivalent
impedance as referred to both primary and
secondary (v) total Cu loss, first using individual
resistances of the two windings and secondly, using
equivalent resistances as referred to each side.

EEE Department
 Solution:

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
 To make transformer calculations simpler, it is preferable to
transfer voltage, current and impedance either to the primary
or to the secondary. In that case, we would have to work in
one winding only which is more convenient
 Secondary to primary side:

EEE Department
 Primary equivalent of secondary circuit

EEE Department
 Total exact equivalent ckt of transformer as
referred to primary side= primary ckt + primary
equivalent of secondary circuit

EEE Department
EEE Department
 A simplification can be made by transferring the exciting
circuit across the terminals resulting in approximate equivalent
ckt as referred to primary side

EEE Department
 Approximate equivalent ckt as referred to primary
side

EEE Department
 Final approximate equivalent ckt as referred to
primary by assuming I0 =0 because it is very less
than I1

EEE Department
 Final approximate equivalent ckt as referred to
secondary

EEE Department
 The change of secondary terminal voltage from no
load to full load w.r.to no load voltage is called
regulation. When a transformer is loaded secondary
terminal voltage will change, so regulation also
changes
 0V2 is secondary terminal voltage on no load,

 V2= secondary terminal voltage under full load

 % reg (down) = 0V2 −V2 X 100
0V2
 A good transformer should have less voltage drop
and low voltage regulation

EEE Department
EEE Department
 Consider the equivalent ckt of transformer as
referred to secondary side

EEE Department
 Suppose transformer is loaded with inductive load,
then vector diagram is

EEE Department


EEE Department
 OCN is a right angle triangle

EEE Department
EEE Department
 For pf lagging or inductive loads
1
%reg=( Vrcosφ + Vx sinφ) + (Vxcosφ - Vr sinφ )2
200

 For pf leading or capacitive loads

1
%reg=( Vrcosφ - Vx sinφ) + (Vxcosφ + Vr sinφ )2
200

EEE Department
 For resistive or upf loads cosφ = 1 and sinφ=0
 Percentage regulation = (vr+
1
200
vx 2
)

EEE Department
A transformer has a reactance drop of 5% and a
resistance drop of 2.5%. Find the lagging power
factor at which the voltage regulation is maximum
and the value of this regulation.
Solution :

EEE Department
(ii)Upf load

 % reg = (vr+
1
200
vx ) = = (1+
2 1
200
52 ) = 1 %

(iii)0.8 leading
1
%reg=( Vrcosφ- Vx sinφ) + (Vxcosφ+ Vr sinφ )2
200
1
= (1xo.8 - 5x0.6) + (5X 0.8 + 1x 0.6 )2 = - 2.2 %
200

EEE Department
 Neglecting second part in actual voltage regulation
expression, approximate regulation expression
can be obtained

 % Approximate reg=
 + lagging pf
 - leading pf
 Max voltage regulation occurs at lagging pf
 consider % reg = Vrcosφ + Vx sinφ
𝑑(%𝑟𝑒𝑔)
 =0;
Vr (- sinφ) + Vxcosφ =0
𝑑∅
Vx X02
 Then tanφ = =
Vr R02

EEE Department
 Zero voltage regulation occurs at leading pf
 Vrcosφ- Vx sinφ =0 then

Vr R02
 Then tan φ = =
V𝑥 X02

 Negative regulation occurs also at leading pf

EEE Department
A transformer has a reactance drop of 5% and a
resistance drop of 2.5%. Find the lagging power
factor at which the voltage regulation is maximum
and the value of this regulation.
Solution :

EEE Department
 In a static transformer, there are no friction or windage losses.
Hence, the only losses occuring are :
 (i) Core or Iron Loss: It includes both hysteresis loss and
eddy current loss. Because the core flux in a transformer
remains
practically constant for all loads (its variation being 1 to 3%
from no-load to full-load). The core loss is practically the same
at all loads.

EEE Department
 These losses are minimized by using steel of
high silicon content for the core and by using
very thin laminations.

EEE Department
 Cu losses α current 2 α load 2
 At full load full load cu loss α full load current 2 α full load 2

 At half load cu loss at half load α half full load 2 α ¼ full

load 2
 Cu loss at half load = ¼ full load cu loss
 Cu loss at ¼ load = 1/16 full load cu loss and so on,,,,,

EEE Department
In a transformer, the core loss is found to be 52 W at
40 Hz and 90 W at 60 Hz measured at same peak
flux density. Compute the hysteresis and eddy
current losses at 50 Hz.
Solution:

EEE Department
In a test for the determination of the losses of a
440-V, 50-Hz transformer, the total iron losses were
found to be 2500 W at normal voltage and
frequency. When the applied voltage and frequency
were 220 V and 25 Hz, the iron losses were found to
be 850 W. Calculate the eddy-current loss at normal
voltage and frequency.
Solution :

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
 Condition for max efficiency
 Wi = I12R01 = I22R02
 I2=
Wi
R02
 V I2= V I/I Wi here I= full load current
R02
= VI Wi
𝐼2R02
Load KVA corresponding to max efficiency=
Wi
Full load KVA
full load cu loss
EEE Department
EEE Department
A 11000/230 V, 150-kVA, 1-phase, 50-Hz
transformer has core loss of 1.6 kW and F.L. Cu loss
of 1.4 kW. Determine (i) the kVA load for max.
efficiency and value of max. efficiency at unity p.f.
(ii) the efficiency at half F.L. 0.8 p.f. leading
Solution :

EEE Department
EEE Department
A 600 kVA, 1-phase transformer has an efficiency of
92 % both at full-load and half-load at unity power
factor. Determine its efficiency at 60 % of full-load at
0.8 power factor lag.
Solution:

EEE Department
EEE Department
 Wi= Wh +We
 Wh= K 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥1.6 V f
 We= K’ 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 V2 f2t2
 For a particular core of transformer v,t constants
 Wh∝ 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥1.6 f = P 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥1.6 f
 We∝ 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 f2 = Q 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 f2
 P,Q …..constants
 From emf equation E= 4.44 fφmN= 4.44f(Bmax A)N
𝐸
 i.e, Bmax∝ sub in (1)
𝑓

EEE Department
 𝐸
 Wh= P ( )1.6 f = P E1.6f -0.6
𝑓

𝐸
 W e= Q ( ) 2 f2= Q E2
𝑓

• The transformer can be operated safely with a frequency less

than rated one with correspondingly reduced voltage. In this
case, iron losses will be reduced.
• If the transformer is operated with increased voltage and
frequency in the same proportion, the core loss may increase
to an intolerable level.
• If the frequency is increased with constant supply voltage
(V/f α φ) – Hysteresis loss reduced and eddy current loss
unaffected.

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
It means that whereas core loss occurs throughout
the day, the Cu loss occurs only when the
transformers are loaded. Hence, it is considered a
good practice to design such transformers so that
core losses are very low. The Cu losses are relatively
less important, because they depend on the load.
The performance of such is compared on the basis of
energy consumed during a certain time period,
usually a day of 24 hours.

EEE Department
EEE Department
 A 5 KVA transformer has 35 w core loss and 40w
cu loss at full load. It operates at rated KVA, 0.8 pf
lagging for 6 hours, ½ rated KVA 0.5 p.f lagging for
12 hours and no load for 6 hours. What is its all
day efficiency.
 Solution.
Iron or corelosses = 35 w= 0.035 kw
Full load culosses = 40 w= 0.04 kw
Output energy in kwh= KVA cos Φ time
=5x0.8x6 + (5/2)x0.5x12 + 0= 39 kwh
Ironlosses in kwh= 0.035kwx24h= 0.84kwh
Cu losses at full load in kwh= 0.04kwx6=0.24kwh
EEE Department
 Cu losses at half load in kwh= ¼ full load cu
losses= 1/4x0.04x12= 0.12 kwh
 Cu losses at no load= o
 Total losses in kwh= iron+ cu
loss=0.84+0.24+0.12= 1.2 kwh
 Input energy in kwh= out put energy in kwh+ total
losses in kwh= 39 + 1.2= 40.2 kwh
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑤ℎ
 All day efficiency= x 100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑤ℎ
( 39/40.2)100= 97%

EEE Department
A 100-kVA lighting transformer has a full-load loss
of 3 kW, the losses being equally divided between
iron and copper. During a day, the transformer
operates on full-load for 3 hours, one half-load for 4
hours, the output being negligible for the remainder
of the day. Calculate the all-day efficiency.

EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department
EEE Department