1.

Figure of Speech

Definition:​
A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that enhances the meaning of a sentence by using
imaginative and non-literal language. It includes metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole,
and more.

Examples:

1.​ She is as fast as a cheetah. (Simile)

2.​ Time is a thief. (Metaphor)
3.​ The stars winked at us from the sky. (Personification)
4.​ I've told you a million times to clean your room. (Hyperbole)
5.​ The waves whispered to the shore. (Personification)
6.​ Life is a rollercoaster. (Metaphor)
7.​ She sells seashells by the seashore. (Alliteration)
8.​ Crack! The thunder roared loudly. (Onomatopoeia)
9.​ He was drowning in a sea of paperwork. (Metaphor)
10.​The sun smiled down at us. (Personification)
11.​I am so hungry I could eat a horse. (Hyperbole)
12.​Boom! The bomb exploded. (Onomatopoeia)
13.​He was as brave as a lion. (Simile)
14.​The night was as black as coal. (Simile)
15.​Her voice is music to my ears. (Metaphor)

2. Meanings/Synonyms

Definition:​
A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word.

Examples:

1.​ Happy – Joyful

2.​ Angry – Furious
3.​ Fast – Quick
4.​ Smart – Intelligent
5.​ Easy – Simple
6.​ Big – Large
7.​ Small – Tiny
8.​ Strong – Powerful
9.​ Pretty – Beautiful
10.​Hard – Difficult
 11.​Begin – Start
12.​End – Finish
13.​Buy – Purchase
14.​Friend – Companion
15.​Job – Occupation

3. Antonyms, antonyms using prefixes and suffixes

Definition:​
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word. Prefixes (e.g., un-, in-,
dis-) and suffixes (-less, -ful) can change a word’s meaning.

Examples:

1.​ Happy – Sad

2.​ Light – Dark
3.​ Success – Failure
4.​ Accept – Reject
5.​ Brave – Cowardly
6.​ Increase – Decrease
7.​ Possible – Impossible
8.​ Agree – Disagree
9.​ Appear – Disappear
10.​Important – Unimportant
11.​Kind – Unkind
12.​Legal – Illegal
13.​Tidy – Untidy
14.​Careful – Careless
15.​Useful – Useless

4. Homophones, Rhyming Words

Definition:​
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings.
Rhyming words are words that have similar ending sounds.

Examples of Homophones:

1.​ Pair – Pear

2.​ Two – Too – To
3.​ Night – Knight
 4.​ Right – Write
5.​ Flower – Flour
6.​ Bear – Bare
7.​ Sail – Sale
8.​ Peace – Piece
9.​ Sun – Son
10.​Dear – Deer
11.​Meet – Meat
12.​Break – Brake
13.​There – Their – They’re
14.​By – Buy
15.​Hole – Whole

Examples of Rhyming Words:

1.​ Cat – Hat

2.​ Tree – Free
3.​ Play – Day
4.​ Ball – Tall
5.​ Light – Fight
6.​ Sing – King
7.​ Book – Look
8.​ Chair – Fair
9.​ Deep – Sheep
10.​Night – Sight
11.​Smile – Mile
12.​Boat – Coat
13.​Fast – Last
14.​Jump – Bump
15.​Run – Fun

5. Parts of Speech

Definition:​
Parts of speech classify words according to their function in a sentence. There are eight main
parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjections.

Examples:

1.​ Noun: The dog is barking.

2.​ Pronoun: She loves ice cream.
3.​ Verb: He runs every morning.
4.​ Adjective: The beautiful garden is full of flowers.
5.​ Adverb: She sings beautifully.
 6.​ Preposition: The book is on the table.
7.​ Conjunction: I like tea, but I prefer coffee.
8.​ Interjection: Wow! That was amazing!
9.​ The boy is playing outside. (Noun)
10.​They went to the park. (Pronoun)
11.​He wrote a letter. (Verb)
12.​She is wearing a red dress. (Adjective)
13.​He drove carefully. (Adverb)
14.​The cat sat under the chair. (Preposition)
15.​I was tired, yet I continued working. (Conjunction)

6. Word Forms – Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs

Definition:​
Word forms change depending on how they are used in a sentence. A word can be a noun,
verb, adjective, or adverb.

Examples:

1.​ Beauty (Noun) – Beautiful (Adjective) – Beautify (Verb) – Beautifully (Adverb)

2.​ Strength – Strong – Strengthen – Strongly
3.​ Success – Successful – Succeed – Successfully
4.​ Happiness – Happy – (No verb) – Happily
5.​ Danger – Dangerous – Endanger – Dangerously
6.​ Care – Careful – Care – Carefully
7.​ Use – Useful – Use – Usefully
8.​ Hope – Hopeful – Hope – Hopefully
9.​ Love – Lovely – Love – Lovingly
10.​Comfort – Comfortable – Comfort – Comfortably
11.​Help – Helpful – Help – Helpfully
12.​Energy – Energetic – Energize – Energetically
13.​Luck – Lucky – (No verb) – Luckily
14.​Friend – Friendly – Befriend – (No adverb)
15.​Fear – Fearful – Fear – Fearfully

7. Nouns – Genders, Numbers, Collective Nouns, etc.

Definition:​
Nouns can be classified based on gender (masculine, feminine, common, neuter), number
(singular, plural), and collective nouns (groups).
Examples:

1.​ Masculine: Actor – Feminine: Actress

2.​ Masculine: Lion – Feminine: Lioness
3.​ Singular: Child – Plural: Children
4.​ Singular: Tooth – Plural: Teeth
5.​ Collective: A pack of wolves
6.​ Collective: A flock of birds
7.​ Common noun: Teacher (can be male or female)
8.​ Neuter noun: Table (no gender)
9.​ Singular: Woman – Plural: Women
10.​Singular: Leaf – Plural: Leaves
11.​Collective: A herd of cattle
12.​Masculine: King – Feminine: Queen
13.​Masculine: Father – Feminine: Mother
14.​Singular: Mouse – Plural: Mice
15.​Collective: A swarm of bees

8. Same Words Used as Different Parts of Speech

Definition:​
Some words can function as different parts of speech depending on their use in a sentence.

Examples:

1.​ Run – (Verb) He runs fast. (Noun) He went for a run.

2.​ Light – (Noun) The light is bright. (Verb) Please light the lamp.
3.​ Work – (Noun) I have a lot of work. (Verb) She works hard.
4.​ Fast – (Adjective) He is a fast runner. (Adverb) He runs fast.
5.​ Play – (Verb) Let’s play football. (Noun) The play was amazing.
6.​ Love – (Verb) I love music. (Noun) Love is beautiful.
7.​ Water – (Noun) I drink water. (Verb) She waters the plants.
8.​ Watch – (Verb) We watch TV. (Noun) He bought a new watch.
9.​ Book – (Noun) This is my favorite book. (Verb) I will book a ticket.
10.​Dance – (Noun) The dance was fun. (Verb) She loves to dance.
11.​Sleep – (Noun) I need more sleep. (Verb) He sleeps early.
12.​Clean – (Adjective) The room is clean. (Verb) Please clean your desk.
13.​Smile – (Noun) She has a beautiful smile. (Verb) He smiles often.
14.​Iron – (Noun) The iron is hot. (Verb) I need to iron my clothes.
15.​Hope – (Noun) There is still hope. (Verb) I hope it will be fine.
9. Phrasal Verbs in Sentences

Definition:​
A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition or adverb, changing its original meaning.

Examples:

1.​ She gave up smoking.

2.​ Let’s get together this weekend.
3.​ He ran out of milk.
4.​ She broke down in tears.
5.​ I came across an old diary.
6.​ The plane took off on time.
7.​ He put off the meeting.
8.​ I need to look after my little brother.
9.​ She turned down the job offer.
10.​He set up a new business.
11.​The bomb went off suddenly.
12.​We look forward to the holidays.
13.​He came up with a great idea.
14.​The thief got away with the crime.
15.​I ran into an old friend yesterday.

10. Modals – Language Functions Such as Request, Permission, Abilities

Definition:​
Modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) express possibility, ability,
necessity, or permission.

Examples:

1.​ Can you help me? (Request)

2.​ May I come in? (Permission)
3.​ You must wear a seatbelt. (Necessity)
4.​ She could dance well. (Ability)
5.​ Shall we go for a walk? (Suggestion)
6.​ You should study more. (Advice)
7.​ I might visit you. (Possibility)
8.​ Would you like some tea? (Politeness)
9.​ He will arrive soon. (Future)
10.​You must not smoke here. (Prohibition)
11.​I can swim. (Ability)
12.​Could you lend me a pen? (Politeness)
 13.​He may be right. (Possibility)
14.​Should I call her? (Advice)
15.​We shall overcome. (Promise)

11. Idioms and Phrases

Definition:​
Idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be understood from the literal meaning of their
words. Phrases are groups of words that work together but do not contain a subject-verb
combination.

Examples:

1.​ A blessing in disguise – Losing that job was a blessing in disguise.

2.​ Break the ice – He told a joke to break the ice at the meeting.
3.​ Hit the sack – I’m exhausted; I’ll hit the sack early tonight.
4.​ Bite the bullet – I had to bite the bullet and apologize.
5.​ Once in a blue moon – We go to that restaurant once in a blue moon.
6.​ Burn the midnight oil – She burned the midnight oil to complete the project.
7.​ Let the cat out of the bag – He accidentally let the cat out of the bag about the surprise.
8.​ Throw in the towel – After several failures, he threw in the towel.
9.​ Spill the beans – She spilled the beans about the party.
10.​Under the weather – I’m feeling under the weather today.
11.​Piece of cake – The test was a piece of cake.
12.​Hit the nail on the head – His analysis hit the nail on the head.
13.​Cost an arm and a leg – That phone cost an arm and a leg.
14.​Go the extra mile – He went the extra mile to help us.
15.​The ball is in your court – I’ve given my opinion, now the ball is in your court.

12. Tenses and Correct Form of Verbs

Definition:​
Tenses indicate the time of an action. The three main tenses are past, present, and future, each
with simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms.

Examples:

1.​ Present Simple: She writes a book.

2.​ Past Simple: He wrote a letter.
3.​ Future Simple: They will visit us.
4.​ Present Continuous: I am reading a novel.
5.​ Past Continuous: She was sleeping when I called.
6.​ Future Continuous: They will be arriving soon.
 7.​ Present Perfect: He has finished his work.
8.​ Past Perfect: She had left before we arrived.
9.​ Future Perfect: By next year, he will have completed his studies.
10.​Present Perfect Continuous: They have been working here for two years.
11.​Past Perfect Continuous: She had been waiting for an hour.
12.​Future Perfect Continuous: By 2025, I will have been studying for five years.
13.​Conditional Present: If you study, you will pass.
14.​Conditional Past: If I had known, I would have helped.
15.​Habitual Past: He used to play football.

13. Prepositions, Conjunctions, Articles, etc.

Definition:

●​ Prepositions show the relationship between words (e.g., in, on, at, with).
●​ Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
●​ Articles (a, an, the) define nouns.

Examples:

1.​ The book is on the table. (Preposition)

2.​ She is sitting beside her friend. (Preposition)
3.​ We went to the park. (Preposition)
4.​ I like tea and coffee. (Conjunction)
5.​ He was tired, but he kept working. (Conjunction)
6.​ You can take either this or that. (Conjunction)
7.​ The sun is shining. (Article)
8.​ She bought a car. (Article)
9.​ I saw an elephant at the zoo. (Article)
10.​The keys are under the pillow. (Preposition)
11.​He was born in July. (Preposition)
12.​We waited until midnight. (Preposition)
13.​I like dogs because they are loyal. (Conjunction)
14.​She is not only smart but also hardworking. (Conjunction)
15.​He owns a big house near the lake. (Article)

14. Question Tags

Definition:​
A question tag is a short question added at the end of a statement to confirm it.
Examples:

1.​ You are coming, aren’t you?

2.​ She isn’t happy, is she?
3.​ He can swim, can’t he?
4.​ They won’t be late, will they?
5.​ You like coffee, don’t you?
6.​ She loves music, doesn’t she?
7.​ He was tired, wasn’t he?
8.​ We have met before, haven’t we?
9.​ You will help me, won’t you?
10.​She had finished her work, hadn’t she?
11.​They don’t know, do they?
12.​He hasn’t called yet, has he?
13.​You weren’t there, were you?
14.​It’s cold today, isn’t it?
15.​Let’s go, shall we?

15. Punctuation

Definition:​
Punctuation marks (., ?, !, ,) are used to clarify meaning in writing.

Examples:

1.​ Period (.): She is my friend.

2.​ Question mark (?): Where are you going?
3.​ Exclamation mark (!): Wow! That’s amazing!
4.​ Comma (,): I bought apples, bananas, and oranges.
5.​ Colon (:): He said: “Be careful.”
6.​ Semicolon (;): She was tired; however, she continued.
7.​ Apostrophe (’): That’s John’s car.
8.​ Quotation marks (" "): He said, “Hello!”
9.​ Hyphen (-): It’s a well-known fact.
10.​Dash (—): He was happy—until he saw the bill.
11.​Ellipsis (...): Wait... what happened?
12.​Brackets ([]): The author [Shakespeare] wrote many plays.
13.​Slash (/): Please write yes/no.
14.​Parentheses ( () ): He is my friend (from college).
15.​Asterisks (*): Terms apply*.

16. Voice – Active and Passive

Definition:

●​ Active voice: The subject performs the action.

●​ Passive voice: The action is performed on the subject.

Examples:

1.​ Active: She wrote a book. Passive: A book was written by her.
2.​ Active: He is painting the house. Passive: The house is being painted by him.
3.​ Active: They built a bridge. Passive: A bridge was built by them.
4.​ Active: She will complete the project. Passive: The project will be completed by her.
5.​ Active: The chef cooked the meal. Passive: The meal was cooked by the chef.
6.​ Active: They are watching a movie. Passive: A movie is being watched by them.
7.​ Active: He had solved the puzzle. Passive: The puzzle had been solved by him.
8.​ Active: We will clean the room. Passive: The room will be cleaned by us.
9.​ Active: The teacher gave us homework. Passive: Homework was given to us by the
teacher.
10.​Active: She is writing a letter. Passive: A letter is being written by her.
11.​Active: They informed me about the meeting. Passive: I was informed about the
meeting by them.
12.​Active: He has finished his work. Passive: His work has been finished by him.
13.​Active: The boy broke the window. Passive: The window was broken by the boy.
14.​Active: They will announce the results soon. Passive: The results will be announced
soon.
15.​Active: She is making a cake. Passive: A cake is being made by her.

17. Degrees of Comparison

Definition:​
Adjectives have three forms to compare things:

●​ Positive degree (describes one noun): fast

●​ Comparative degree (compares two nouns): faster
●​ Superlative degree (compares more than two nouns): fastest

Examples:

1.​ This is a tall building. (Positive)

2.​ This building is taller than that one. (Comparative)
3.​ This is the tallest building in the city. (Superlative)
4.​ She is intelligent. (Positive)
5.​ She is more intelligent than her brother. (Comparative)
6.​ She is the most intelligent student in class. (Superlative)
 7.​ This dress is cheap. (Positive)
8.​ This dress is cheaper than the other. (Comparative)
9.​ This is the cheapest dress in the store. (Superlative)
10.​He is strong. (Positive)
11.​He is stronger than me. (Comparative)
12.​He is the strongest in the team. (Superlative)
13.​This book is interesting. (Positive)
14.​This book is more interesting than the last one. (Comparative)
15.​This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read. (Superlative)

18. Direct Speech and Reported Speech

Definition:

●​ Direct speech: Exact words spoken.

●​ Reported speech: The words are reported in a different tense.

Examples:

1.​ Direct: She said, “I am happy.” Reported: She said that she was happy.
2.​ Direct: He said, “I love pizza.” Reported: He said that he loved pizza.
3.​ Direct: She said, “I will go to the market.” Reported: She said that she would go to the
market.
4.​ Direct: He said, “I am reading.” Reported: He said that he was reading.
5.​ Direct: “We finished our work,” they said. Reported: They said that they had finished
their work.
6.​ Direct: She asked, “Where is the station?” Reported: She asked where the station was.
7.​ Direct: He said, “I cannot swim.” Reported: He said that he could not swim.
8.​ Direct: “I am leaving tomorrow,” she said. Reported: She said that she was leaving the
next day.
9.​ Direct: He said, “I will help you.” Reported: He said that he would help me.
10.​Direct: “Do you like coffee?” he asked. Reported: He asked if I liked coffee.
11.​Direct: She said, “I had already eaten.” Reported: She said that she had already eaten.
12.​Direct: They said, “We are going on vacation.” Reported: They said that they were
going on vacation.
13.​Direct: “She was tired,” he said. Reported: He said that she was tired.
14.​Direct: “I can drive,” she said. Reported: She said that she could drive.
15.​Direct: “The exam is difficult,” they said. Reported: They said that the exam was
difficult.

19. Clauses - Types

Definition:​
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.​
Types:

1.​ Independent Clause: Can stand alone.

2.​ Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone.
3.​ Adjective Clause: Functions as an adjective.
4.​ Adverb Clause: Functions as an adverb.
5.​ Noun Clause: Functions as a noun.

Examples:

1.​ I will call you when I arrive. (Adverb clause)

2.​ She likes pizza because it is tasty. (Independent + Dependent)
3.​ Whoever arrives first will get the prize. (Noun clause)
4.​ This is the house that Jack built. (Adjective clause)
5.​ If you study, you will pass the exam. (Adverb clause)
6.​ She bought a dress which is red. (Adjective clause)
7.​ I know what he wants. (Noun clause)
8.​ We will leave after the movie ends. (Adverb clause)
9.​ She left because she was tired. (Dependent clause)
10.​I believe that he is honest. (Noun clause)
11.​The book which you gave me is interesting. (Adjective clause)
12.​He runs every morning to stay fit. (Independent clause)
13.​He said that he would come tomorrow. (Noun clause)
14.​This is the park where we met. (Adjective clause)
15.​He works hard so that he can succeed. (Adverb clause)

20. If Clauses (Conditional Sentences)

Definition:​
"If clauses" express conditions and results.

●​ Zero conditional: Facts (If water freezes, it turns into ice.)

●​ First conditional: Possible situations (If it rains, I will stay home.)
●​ Second conditional: Unreal situations (If I had a car, I would drive to work.)
●​ Third conditional: Past unreal situations (If she had studied, she would have passed.)

Examples:

1.​ If you heat ice, it melts. (Zero)

2.​ If she calls, I will answer. (First)
3.​ If I had a pet, I would take care of it. (Second)
 4.​ If they had left earlier, they wouldn’t have missed the train. (Third)
5.​ If I wake up early, I will go for a run. (First)
6.​ If I were you, I would apologize. (Second)
7.​ If it had rained, we would have canceled the picnic. (Third)
8.​ If you mix red and blue, you get purple. (Zero)
9.​ If I win the lottery, I will travel the world. (First)
10.​If you exercise, you will be healthy. (First)

21. Framing Questions to Get the Underlined Words as

Answers
Definition:​
Framing questions means forming a question in such a way that the underlined word in a
sentence becomes the answer. This is useful in sentence structuring, comprehension, and
grammar exercises.

Examples:

1.​ Sentence: John is my best friend.​

Question: Who is your best friend?
2.​ Sentence: He bought a new car.​
Question: What did he buy?
3.​ Sentence: She lives in London.​
Question: Where does she live?
4.​ Sentence: Sara called me yesterday.​
Question: Who called you yesterday?
5.​ Sentence: They are going to the park.​
Question: Where are they going?
6.​ Sentence: The match starts at 6 PM.​
Question: When does the match start?
7.​ Sentence: She ate pasta for dinner.​
Question: What did she eat for dinner?
8.​ Sentence: My father works in a bank.​
Question: Where does your father work?
9.​ Sentence: He met his friend at the airport.​
Question: Whom did he meet at the airport?
10.​Sentence: I go to school by bus.​
Question: How do you go to school?
11.​Sentence: Monday is my favorite day.​
Question: Which is your favorite day?
12.​Sentence: They have been working for three hours.​
Question: How long have they been working?
 13.​Sentence: I found the book on the table.​
Question: Where did you find the book?
14.​Sentence: She sings beautifully.​
Question: How does she sing?
15.​Sentence: My brother is six years old.​
Question: How old is your brother?

22. Transformation of Sentences

Definition:​
Transformation of sentences means changing the structure of a sentence without altering its
meaning. This includes converting:

●​ Simple, Complex, and Compound sentences

●​ Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, and Exclamatory sentences
●​ Different sentence structures using specific words

A) Simple, Complex, and Compound Sentences

1.​ Simple: I was ill, so I didn’t go to school.​

Complex: Since I was ill, I didn’t go to school.​
Compound: I was ill, and therefore I didn’t go to school.
2.​ Simple: Despite his poverty, he is happy.​
Complex: Although he is poor, he is happy.​
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
3.​ Simple: She worked hard to pass the exam.​
Complex: She worked hard so that she could pass the exam.​
Compound: She worked hard, and she passed the exam.
4.​ Simple: He is too weak to walk.​
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.​
Compound: He is weak, and he cannot walk.
5.​ Simple: I saw a boy carrying a basket.​
Complex: I saw a boy who was carrying a basket.​
Compound: I saw a boy, and he was carrying a basket.

B) Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, and Exclamatory Sentences

6.​ Affirmative: She is very kind.​

Negative: She is not unkind.​
Interrogative: Is she very kind?​
Exclamatory: How kind she is!
 7.​ Affirmative: He can solve the problem.​
Negative: He cannot fail to solve the problem.​
Interrogative: Can he solve the problem?​
Exclamatory: How easily he solves the problem!
8.​ Affirmative: He won the race.​
Negative: He did not lose the race.​
Interrogative: Did he win the race?​
Exclamatory: What a great victory he achieved!

C) Usage of Structure in Sentences

9.​ Neither…nor → He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.

10.​Either…or → You can either stay here or go home.
11.​No sooner…than → No sooner had he arrived than it started raining.
12.​Too…to → He is too young to drive a car.
13.​So…that…not → He is so weak that he cannot lift the bag.
14.​As soon as… → As soon as the bell rang, the students left.
15.​Hardly…when → Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang.
16.​Seldom… → Seldom do we see such kindness in people.
17.​Besides… → Besides being a good singer, she is also a dancer.
18.​Both…and → She is both intelligent and hardworking.
19.​Not only…but also → He is not only a good player but also a great coach.