strings

1. String is a sequence of characters enclosed with ' ' or " " 2. String items can be accessed by referring to their index values 3. string can be treated as an array Array is a collection of data items which are of same data type
In [1]: a = 'python'

In [2]: type(a)

Out[2]: str

In [3]: a = 'programming'

In [4]: #string indexing - It is a process of accessing string characters by

#referring to their index values (positive index / negative index)

In [5]: a[0]

Out[5]: 'p'

In [6]: a[1]

Out[6]: 'r'

In [7]: a[2]

Out[7]: 'o'

In [8]: a

Out[8]: 'programming'

In [9]: a[-1]

Out[9]: 'g'

In [10]: a[-2]

Out[10]: 'n'

In [11]: a[-3]

Out[11]: 'i'

string slicing
In [12]: #accessing a part of string by referring to their index values

In [13]: a = 'programming'

In [14]: a[:] # all characters of astring

Out[14]: 'programming'

In [15]: a[::] # all characters of a string

Out[15]: 'programming'

In [16]: a[::-1] # all characters of a string in a reverse order

Out[16]: 'gnimmargorp'

In [17]: a[0:5] # end index is not included

Out[17]: 'progr'

In [18]: a

Out[18]: 'programming'

In [19]: a[2:7]

Out[19]: 'ogram'

In [21]: a[-8:-2] # slicing with negative index

Out[21]: 'grammi'

In [22]: a[:6] # implied zero # a[0:6]

Out[22]: 'progra'

In [23]: a[4:] #implied end #a[4:end of the string]

Out[23]: 'ramming'

In [24]: # slicing with step size

a[0:8:2] # skipping one char a[SI:EI:stepsize]

Out[24]: 'porm'

In [25]: a[0:8:3]

Out[25]: 'pgm'

In [26]: a[-10:-2]

Out[26]: 'rogrammi'

In [27]: a[-11:-2:2]

Out[27]: 'pormi'

string Methods/functions
In [28]: a = 'programming'

In [29]: a

Out[29]: 'programming'

In [31]: a.upper() # upper() - converts lower case chars to upper case

Out[31]: 'PROGRAMMING'

In [32]: b = 'ProGraMMinG'
b.upper()

Out[32]: 'PROGRAMMING'

In [33]: a

Out[33]: 'programming'

In [34]: b

Out[34]: 'ProGraMMinG'

In [35]: c = b.upper()

In [36]: c

Out[36]: 'PROGRAMMING'

In [37]: c

Out[37]: 'PROGRAMMING'

In [38]: c.lower() # lower() - converts all upper case characters to lower case

Out[38]: 'programming'

In [39]: #startswith() - check if a string starts with a specified char/sequence

#of characters

In [40]: a

Out[40]: 'programming'

In [42]: a.startswith('p')

Out[42]: True

In [43]: a.startswith('pr')

Out[43]: True

In [44]: a = 'python is good programming language'

In [45]: a.startswith('python')

Out[45]: True

In [46]: a.startswith('java')

Out[46]: False

In [47]: a.startswith('P')

Out[47]: False

In [48]: #endswith() - checks if a string ends with a specified char/sequence of

#characters

In [49]: a

Out[49]: 'python is good programming language'

In [50]: a.endswith('e')

Out[50]: True

In [51]: a.endswith('ge')

Out[51]: True

In [52]: a.endswith('language')

Out[52]: True

In [53]: a.endswith('satya')

Out[53]: False

In [54]: #split() - splits a string based on a separator and returns list of

#strings

In [55]: a = 'python programming is good programming language'

In [56]: a.split() # space is the default separator

Out[56]: ['python', 'programming', 'is', 'good', 'programming', 'language']

In [57]: b = 'python/good/program'
b.split('/')

Out[57]: ['python', 'good', 'program']

In [58]: a.split('p')

Out[58]: ['', 'ython ', 'rogramming is good ', 'rogramming language']

In [59]: a

Out[59]: 'python programming is good programming language'

In [60]: b = 'programming'
b.split('g')

Out[60]: ['pro', 'rammin', '']

In [61]: b.split('m')

Out[61]: ['progra', '', 'ing']

In [62]: b

Out[62]: 'programming'

In [63]: #index() - returns index of first occurance of specified char/seq

#of chars

In [64]: a

Out[64]: 'python programming is good programming language'

In [65]: b

Out[65]: 'programming'

In [66]: b.index('i')

Out[66]: 8

In [67]: b.index('p')

Out[67]: 0

In [68]: b.index('m')

Out[68]: 6

In [69]: b.rindex('m')

Out[69]: 7

In [1]: #find() - returns index of first occurance of specified char / sequence of char

In [2]: a = 'python programming'

In [3]: a

Out[3]: 'python programming'

In [4]: a.find('p')

Out[4]: 0

In [5]: a.find('m')

Out[5]: 13

In [6]: a.find('o')

Out[6]: 4

In [7]: a.rfind('m')

Out[7]: 14

In [8]: a.rfind('o')

Out[8]: 9

In [10]: a

Out[10]: 'python programming'

In [11]: a.index('x')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[11], line 1
----> 1 a.index('x')

ValueError: substring not found

In [12]: a.find('x')

Out[12]: -1

In [13]: #input() - it takes dynamic inputs from the user

In [16]: a = int(input('Enter a value: '))

b = int(input('Enter b value: '))
c = a+b
print('The result is : ',c)

Enter a value: 67
Enter b value: 90
The result is : 157

In [17]: a = input('Enter your string:')

print(a.index('z'))
print('Execution done')
print('Example for index method')

Enter your string:python programming

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[17], line 2
1 a = input('Enter your string:')
----> 2 print(a.index('z'))
3 print('Execution done')
4 print('Example for index method')

ValueError: substring not found

In [18]: a = input('Enter your string:')

print(a.find('z'))
print('Execution done')
print('Example for find method')

Enter your string:python programming

-1
Execution done
Example for find method

In [19]: a

Out[19]: 'python programming'

In [20]: #count()- it returns number of occurances of a spcified character

In [21]: a

Out[21]: 'python programming'

In [22]: a.count('p')

Out[22]: 2

In [23]: a.count('m')

Out[23]: 2

In [24]: a.count('o')

Out[24]: 2

In [25]: a.count('y')

Out[25]: 1

In [26]: #replace() - it is used to replace a specified char/sequence of

#characters

In [27]: a

Out[27]: 'python programming'

In [28]: a.replace('python','java')

Out[28]: 'java programming'

In [29]: b = 'python'
b.replace('p','j')

Out[29]: 'jython'

In [30]: a

Out[30]: 'python programming'

In [31]: a.replace('p','j')

Out[31]: 'jython jrogramming'

In [32]: a.replace('p','j',1)

Out[32]: 'jython programming'

In [35]: a = 'python programming is good programming. python is easy to learn'

In [36]: a.replace('python','java',1)

Out[36]: 'java programming is good programming. python is easy to learn'

In [37]: a.replace('python','java',2)

Out[37]: 'java programming is good programming. java is easy to learn'

In [38]: a = 'python'

In [39]: #center() - centers a string

In [40]: a = 'python'
a.center(10)

Out[40]: ' python '

In [41]: a = 'kumar'
a.center(10)

Out[41]: ' kumar '

In [42]: a = 'pythons'

In [46]: a.center(12)

Out[46]: ' pythons '

In [54]: a = 'python'
a.center(13)

Out[54]: ' python '

In [55]: #capitalize() - it capitalizes first character of a string

In [56]: a = 'programming'

In [57]: a.capitalize()

Out[57]: 'Programming'

In [58]: a = 'python is good programming language'

a.capitalize()

Out[58]: 'Python is good programming language'

In [59]: #title() - it capitalizes first character of each word in a string

In [60]: a = 'python programming is good programming language'

In [61]: a.title()

Out[61]: 'Python Programming Is Good Programming Language'

In [62]: a = 'innomatics research labs'

a.title()

Out[62]: 'Innomatics Research Labs'

In [63]: #strip() - strips spaces

In [64]: a = ' programming'

In [65]: a

Out[65]: ' programming'

In [66]: a.strip()

Out[66]: 'programming'

In [67]: a = ' Programming '

In [68]: a

Out[68]: ' Programming '

In [69]: a.strip()

Out[69]: 'Programming'

In [70]: a = ' python programming is good. '

a.strip()

Out[70]: 'python programming is good.'

In [71]: a = ' python '

a.lstrip()

Out[71]: 'python '

In [72]: a = 'python. '

a.rstrip()

Out[72]: 'python.'

In [73]: a = 'python'
a.isupper()

Out[73]: False

In [74]: a = 'PYTHON'
a.isupper()#returns true if all characters are upper case

Out[74]: True

In [75]: a = 'python'
a.islower() #returns true if all characters are lower case

Out[75]: True

In [76]: a.isalpha() # returns true if characters are alphabets

Out[76]: True

In [77]: a ='python6'
a.isalpha()

Out[77]: False

In [78]: a = '12345'

In [79]: a

Out[79]: '12345'

In [80]: a.isalnum() # returns true if all characters are alphanumeric in a string

Out[80]: True

In [81]: a = 'python456'
a.isalnum()

Out[81]: True

In [82]: a = '''university of hyderabad was established under act of universities

development act. under this act many universities were established and
cerntral universities in india perfoming far beyond expectation'''

In [83]: #1. count the number of occurances of a word under

#2. count the number of occurances of a word universities
#3. count the number of words in the given string
#4. count the number of occurances of a character 'o'

In [84]: a

Out[84]: 'university of hyderabad was established under act of universities\ndevelopment act. under this act many universities were established and \ncerntral universities in india perfoming far beyond expectation'

In [85]: b = a.split()

In [86]: b

Out[86]: ['university',
'of',
'hyderabad',
'was',
'established',
'under',
'act',
'of',
'universities',
'development',
'act.',
'under',
'this',
'act',
'many',
'universities',
'were',
'established',
'and',
'cerntral',
'universities',
'in',
'india',
'perfoming',
'far',
'beyond',
'expectation']

In [87]: len(b) # total number of words

Out[87]: 27

In [88]: len(a) # total number of characters

Out[88]: 201

In [89]: a.count('o') # total number of 'o'

Out[89]: 6

In [90]: #join() - joins all strings in an iterable with separator

In [91]: T = ('satya','kumar','raj','arun')

In [92]: ' '.join(T)

Out[92]: 'satya kumar raj arun'

In [93]: '#'.join(T)

Out[93]: 'satya#kumar#raj#arun'

In [94]: T

Out[94]: ('satya', 'kumar', 'raj', 'arun')

In [95]: for i in T:
print(i)

satya
kumar
raj
arun

In [96]: '%'.join(T)

Out[96]: 'satya%kumar%raj%arun'

In [97]: #format() - formats specified values and insert them in a string

#placeholder. string placeholder is defined using {}

In [98]: txt = 'My name is {fname}, my age is {age}'.format(fname='satya',age =32)

In [100… print(txt)

My name is satya, my age is 32

In [101… S = 'My name is {fname},my age is{age}'

In [102… S.format(fname='satya',age=32)

Out[102]: 'My name is satya,my age is32'

In [ ]: