Scribd
Upload
5 views

Parallel Database Systems an Overview

Parallel database systems enhance performance by executing multiple operations simultaneously, making them crucial for managing large datasets and complex queries. The document discusses the differences between distributed and parallel databases, various architectures, query processing techniques, and real-world implementations. It concludes with insights on the future of parallel databases, emphasizing cloud adoption, big data integration, and ongoing algorithm development.

Uploaded by

Sayan Ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Parallel Database Systems an Overview

Parallel database systems enhance performance by executing multiple operations simultaneously, making them crucial for managing large datasets and complex queries. The document discusses the differences between distributed and parallel databases, various architectures, query processing techniques, and real-world implementations. It concludes with insights on the future of parallel databases, emphasizing cloud adoption, big data integration, and ongoing algorithm development.

Uploaded by

Sayan Ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Parallel Database Systems:

An Overview
Parallel database systems are designed to improve performance by
executing multiple operations simultaneously. These systems are
essential for managing large datasets and complex queries in
distributed environments. This presentation will explore the key
concepts, architectures, techniques, and real-world implementations of
parallel database systems.

We will begin with an introduction to parallel database systems,


comparing them to traditional systems and highlighting their key
benefits. Then, we will delve into the architectures, query processing
techniques, and data partitioning strategies used in these systems.

by Anuradha Ghosh
Distributed vs. Parallel Databases: Core
Differences
Distributed Databases Parallel Databases
Data is spread across multiple machines, emphasizing A centralized system with multiple processors, emphasizing
location transparency and autonomy. The focus is on data performance and throughput via parallel processing. The
distribution, fault tolerance, and geographic dispersion. focus is on performance, scalability, and high availability
These databases are loosely coupled and potentially within a single system. These databases are tightly coupled
heterogeneous, ideal for worldwide banking systems with and typically homogeneous, suitable for large data
local data management. warehouses used for complex analytics.
Architectures for Parallel
Databases

Shared Memory Shared Disk Shared Nothing


Multiple processors Multiple processors Each processor has
access a common share common disks, its own memory and
memory space, providing high disks, communicating
facilitating easy availability and via a network. This
communication and moderate scalability. offers high scalability
low latency. However, Disk contention and and fault tolerance
this architecture complex concurrency but involves complex
suffers from memory control are its communication and
contention and drawbacks. IBM DB2 higher latency.
limited scalability. with shared disk Teradata systems and
Oracle Exadata cluster configurations Hadoop clusters are
exemplifies this with is a notable example. representative of this
its tightly integrated architecture.
hardware and
software.
Parallel Query Processing:
Core Techniques
1 Parallel Scan 2 Parallel Sort
Distributes table scans Sorts large datasets in
across multiple processors parallel using algorithms
to speed up data retrieval. like parallel merge sort,
For example, scanning a 1TB enhancing sorting
table using 10 processors, performance. For example,
each scanning 100GB. sorting a 500GB dataset in
parallel using multiple sorter
nodes.

3 Parallel Join
Joins large tables in parallel using techniques like hash join and
sort-merge join to improve join performance. Hash join involves
partitioning tables based on hash values and joining partitions in
parallel.
Data Partitioning Strategies
Horizontal Partitioning
Divides rows of a table across multiple nodes. Round Robin
distributes rows evenly, while Hash Partitioning distributes
1 rows based on a hash function applied to a key column
(e.g., customer_id). Range Partitioning distributes rows
based on ranges of values in a key column (e.g.,
customer_id 1-1000).

Round Robin Example


2 Node 1 gets rows 1, 4, 7; Node 2 gets rows 2, 5, 8; Node 3
gets rows 3, 6, 9, ensuring even distribution across nodes.

Hash Partitioning Example


3 Hashing customer_id to distribute customer data across
nodes, ensuring related data can be processed together.
Parallel Query Optimization
Techniques
Query Decomposition
Breaks down complex queries into smaller, parallelizable tasks that
can be executed concurrently.

Cost-Based Optimization
Chooses the most efficient execution plan based on estimated
costs, considering factors like CPU, I/O, and network costs.

Parallel Join Ordering


Determines the optimal order to perform joins in parallel, often
joining the smallest tables first to reduce intermediate result sizes.

Data Localization
Moves computation to the data to minimize data transfer, applying
filters on data at the node where the data resides before
transferring it.
Concurrency Control and Transaction
Management
Two-Phase Commit (2PC)
Ensures that transactions are either
2 fully committed or fully rolled back
across all nodes, maintaining
Distributed Locking
atomicity.
Manages locks across multiple 1
nodes to ensure data consistency,
using protocols like two-phase Distributed Deadlock
locking. Detection
Detects and resolves deadlocks that
3 occur across multiple nodes, using a
global deadlock detector.
Fault Tolerance and High Availability
Replication Data Partitioning with Automatic Failover
Redundancy
Creating multiple copies of data on Automatically switching to a backup
different nodes to ensure data is Distributing data across nodes with node in case of a failure, using
available even if one node fails. Can redundant copies to ensure data heartbeat mechanisms to detect
be synchronous or asynchronous. availability. Utilizing RAID node failures.
configurations and mirroring data
across nodes.
Case Studies: Real-World Implementations

Teradata IBM DB2 Oracle Exadata


Utilizes a shared-nothing architecture Employs a shared-disk architecture for Features a shared-memory
for large-scale data warehousing, high availability and scalability, used by architecture optimized for Oracle
serving major retailers and financial enterprises for transactional databases, catering to organizations
institutions. processing and data warehousing. needing high performance and
scalability.
Conclusion: The Future of Parallel Databases
Cloud Adoption 1
Increasing adoption of cloud-based parallel
database solutions like Amazon Redshift and
Google BigQuery is on the rise. 2 Big Data Integration
Seamless integration with big data technologies
such as Hadoop and Spark continues to evolve.
Algorithm Development 3
The development of new parallel query processing
algorithms and optimization techniques is ongoing
and crucial.

Parallel databases will continue to evolve, playing a critical role in data management and analytics. They are essential for
handling large datasets and complex queries in distributed environments, driving innovation and efficiency in various
industries.

You might also like