1.

Define utility computing:

Utility computing is a service provisioning model where computing resources such as
processing power, storage, and networking are provided on demand and billed based
on usage. It allows users to scale resources dynamically, similar to utilities like
electricity or water.
2. What is grid computing?
Grid computing is a type of distributed computing where a network of computers
work together to perform large-scale computing tasks. It enables access to shared
computing power and storage capacity from a user’s desktop, similar to a power grid.
3. List the four key elements in parallel and distributed computing:
o Architecture
o Compilers
o Applications
o Problem-solving environments.
4. Compare Parallel Computing and Centralized Computing:
o Parallel Computing: Multiple processors work simultaneously, either tightly
or loosely coupled, to solve a task faster.
o Centralized Computing: All computing resources (processors, memory, and
storage) are located within a single system, fully shared under one integrated
OS.
5. Essential characteristics of cloud computing:
o On-demand self-service
o Broad network access
o Resource pooling
o Rapid elasticity
o Measured service.
6. Interpret cloud resource pooling:
Cloud providers pool computing resources to serve multiple consumers using a multi-
tenant model. Physical and virtual resources are dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand.
7. On-demand provisioning of resources in cloud computing:
Cloud computing automatically provisions computing resources when needed,
without manual intervention. This ensures resources are available just in time for
applications and workloads.
8. Outline the elasticity in the cloud:
Cloud elasticity refers to the ability to scale computing resources up or down
dynamically based on demand, ensuring efficient utilization and cost-effectiveness.
9. Differences between private cloud and public cloud:
o Private Cloud: Used exclusively by a single organization, offering higher
security and customization.
o Public Cloud: Available to multiple users over the internet, offering
scalability and cost-efficiency.
10. Evolutionary trend towards distributed and cloud computing:
 Mainframes → Clusters → Grids → Cloud computing
 Shift from centralized systems to distributed architectures for better scalability and
resource utilization.
11. Characteristics of cloud architecture vs. traditional architecture:
 Cloud Architecture: Virtualized, scalable, and pay-as-you-go model.
 Traditional Architecture: Fixed infrastructure with upfront costs.
12. Advantages of cloud computing:
 Cost reduction
 Scalability
 Flexibility
 High availability
 Business continuity and disaster recovery.
13. Illustrate the evolutionary trend towards distributed and cloud computing:
 Early computing: Mainframes and supercomputers
 Clusters: Computers connected for better performance
 Grids: Large-scale distributed computing
 Clouds: On-demand access to virtualized resources.
14. Difference between elasticity and scalability in cloud computing:
 Elasticity: Ability to scale resources up and down dynamically based on demand.
 Scalability: Ability to increase capacity permanently to handle growing workloads.
15. Cluster design issues:
 Load balancing
 Fault tolerance
 Scalability
 Resource scheduling
 Security.
16. Define SOA:
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a software design approach where services
communicate over a network, allowing integration of applications via well-defined
interfaces.
17. Two major roles in SOA:
 Service Provider: Publishes and maintains services
 Service Requester: Finds and invokes services.
18. Define REST and its working:
REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing
networked applications, relying on standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE) to communicate between clients and servers.
19. Purpose of the Publish-Subscribe Model:
The Publish-Subscribe Model allows decoupled communication where publishers
send messages without knowing subscribers, and subscribers receive only messages
of interest.
20. Essential principles of SOA architecture:
 Loose coupling
 Interoperability
 Service reusability
 Standardized interfaces.
21. Benefits of virtualization in cloud computing:
 Improved resource utilization
 Cost efficiency
 Enhanced security
 Disaster recovery support.
22. Role of Web services in cloud technologies:
Web services facilitate interoperability between different applications by enabling
communication using standard protocols like SOAP and REST.
23. Different levels of virtualization:
 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level
 Hardware Level
 Operating System Level
 Library Support Level
 Application Level.
24. Define virtualization:
Virtualization is a technology that creates virtual versions of computing resources,
such as operating systems, storage, and networks, allowing multiple virtual instances
to run on shared physical hardware.
25. Importance of web services:
Web services enable seamless integration of applications, enhance interoperability,
and support distributed computing.
26. What is I/O virtualization?
I/O virtualization abstracts and manages input/output devices across multiple virtual
machines, improving resource efficiency.
27. Responsibilities of VMM:
 Manage virtual machines
 Allocate hardware resources
 Provide isolation and security.
28. Hardware abstraction level of virtualization:
Virtualization at the hardware level allows multiple operating systems to run on a
single physical machine by abstracting CPU, memory, and storage resources.