FLUID

MECHANICS
WORKSHEET

NAME: NEDELYN F. FAVILA

YEAR/SECTION: BSED SCIENCE -3A
INSTRUCTOR: RUEL ABIOG S. ENCELA
 BUOYANCY
Buoyancy is the force exerted by a fluid that opposes an object's
weight.
FORMULA:

PROBLEM 1:
A metal cube with a volume of 0.02 m³ is submerged in water. The
density of water is 1000 kg/m³. Calculate the buoyant force acting on
the cube.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The buoyant force acting on the cube is 196.2 N.

PROBLEM 2:
An object with a volume of 0.5 m³ is submerged in oil with
a density of 800 kg/m³. Find the buoyant force.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The buoyant force is 3924 N.

PROBLEM 3:
A submarine has a hull with a volume of 800 m³ submerged
in seawater with a density of 1025 kg/m³. What is the
buoyant force on the submarine?

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The buoyant force is 8048400 N.

PROBLEM 4:
A balloon with a volume of 0.1 m³ is released into the
air. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m³. What is the buoyant
force acting on the balloon?

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The buoyant force is 1.1772 N.

PROBLEM 5:
A solid wooden block with a volume of 0.15 m³ is placed in a river.
The density of the wood is 600 kg/m³, and the density of river water
is 1000 kg/m³. Will the block float or sink? Calculate the buoyant
force and compare it to the weight of block.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The buoyant force (1471.5 N) is greater than the weight of the block
(882.9 N), so the block will float.
 MASS CONSERVATION
The principle of mass conservation states that mass cannot
be created or destroyed in a closed system

FORMULA:

PROBLEM 1:
Water flows through a pipe with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 m² at a
velocity of 4 m/s. If the pipe narrows to an area of 0.2 m², what is the
velocity of water in the narrower section?

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The velocity in the narrower section is 10 m/s.

PROBLEM 2:
A fluid with a density of 1000 kg/m³ flows through a pipe
with an area of 0.4 m² at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the density
and velocity of the fluid remain constant, calculate the
mass flow rate.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The mass flow rate is 1200 kg/s.

PROBLEM 3:
A pipe transports oil with a density of 850 kg/m³. The pipe
has an inlet area of 0.15 m². If the velocity at the inlet is 2
m/s, find the velocity at the outlet.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The velocity at the outlet is 4 m/s.

PROBLEM 4:
Water flows through a pipe that widens from an area of 0.2
m² to 0.5 m². If the velocity in the narrower section is 6 m/s,
calculate the velocity in the wider section.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The velocity in the wider section is 2.4 m/s.

PROBLEM 5:
A river narrows from a width a 5 m to 2 m. If the depth of the
rivers is constant 3 m, and the velocity in the wider section is
1.5 m/s, calculate the velocity in the narrower section.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The velocity in the narrower section is 3.75 m/s.

 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION OF
MOVING FLUIDS
The principle of momentum conservation states that the total
momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces
act on it.
FORMULA:
PROBLEM 1:
A jet of water exits a nozzle with a velocity of 15 m/s and an
area of 0.01 m². The water density is 1000 kg/m³. Calculate the
force exerted by the jet on a stationary object.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The force exerted is 2250 N.

PROBLEM 2:
Water flows through a pipe that narrows from 0.4 m² to 0.2
m². The velocity at the wider section is 3 m/s, and the density
of water is 1000 kg/m³. Calculate the force exerted by the fluid
due to the change in momentum.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The force exerted is 3600 N.

 PROBLEM 3:
Air flows through a pipe with an inlet velocity of 10 m/s, outlet
velocity of 30 m/s, and density of 1.2 kg/m³. The pipe cross-
sectional area is 0.05 m² at both ends. Find the net force on the
fluid.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The net force is 12 N.

PROBLEM 4:
A fluid with density 850 kg/m³ flows through a pipe with an
inlet velocity of 5 m/s and an outlet velocity of 20 m/s. If the
cross-sectional area of the pipe remains constant at 0.3 m²,
determine the net force on the fluid.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The net force is 19125 N.

 PROBLEM 5:
A water jet strikes a plate perpendicularly and comes to rest.
The velocity of the jet is 12 m/s, the cross-sectional area is 0.02
m², and the density of water is 1000 kg/m³. Find the force
exerted by the water jet on the plate.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The force exerted on the plate is 2880 N.

 VISCOSITY
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation or
flow. It describes how "thick" or "sticky" a fluid is.

FORMULA: and

PROBLEM 1:
A fluid flows through a pipe with a radius of 0.0 m, a length of 2 m
and a pressure difference of 3000 Pa. The dynamic viscosity of
fluid is 0.001 Pa· s. Calculate the volumetric flow rate.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The volumetric flow rate is 0.00589 m³/s.

PROBLEM 2:
Oil with a viscosity of 0.05 Pa· s flows in a pipe with a velocity
gradient of 20 s–¹. Calculate the shear stress.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The shear stress is 1 Pa.

PROBLEM 3:
Water flows through a pipe of radius 0.02 m and length of 5 m. The
pressure drop across the pipe is 4000 Pa, and the volumetric flow
rate is 0.002 m³/s. Calculate the viscosity of the water.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The viscosity is 0.0251 Pa· s.

PROBLEM 4:
A fluid has a viscosity of 0.02 Pa· s and flows through a pipe with
a velocity gradient of 15 s–¹. Calculate the shear stress acting on
the fluid.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The shear stress is 0.0251 Pa.

PROBLEM 5:
Blood (viscosity = 0.03 Pa· s) flows through a capillary of radius
0.0005 m and length 0.01 m. If the pressure difference 200 Pa,
find the volumetric flow rate.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The volumetric flow rate is

1.64 × 10–⁷ m³/s.
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
The Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒) is a dimensionless quantity used
in fluid mechanics to predict the flow regime of a fluid.

FORMULA:

PROBLEM 1:
Water flows through a pipe with a diameter 0.05 m at a velocity of 2 m/s.
The density of water is 1000 kg/m³ and its dynamic viscosity is 0.001 Pa·
s. Calculate the Reynolds number and determine the flow regime.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The Reynolds number is 𝑅𝑒=100,000, indicating turbulent flow.

PROBLEM 2:
Oil with a density of 850 kg/m³ and dynamic viscosity of 0.05
Pa. s flows in a pipe with a velocity of 0.08 m/s and diameter
of 0.1 m. Calculate the Reynolds number.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The Reynolds number is 𝑅𝑒=1360, indicating laminar flow.

PROBLEM 3:
Air with a density of 1.2 kg/m³ and kinematic viscosity of 1.5
× 10–⁵m²/s flows through a duct with a velocity of 5 m/s and
diameter of 0.2 m. Find the Reynolds number.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The Reynolds number is 𝑅𝑒=66, 667, indicating turbulent flow.

PROBLEM 4:
A fluid with a dynamic viscosity of 0.002 Pa· s flows through
a 0.1-meter diameter pipe at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The fluid
density is 900 kg/m³. Determine the Reynolds number.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The Reynolds number is 𝑅𝑒=67, 500, indicating turbulent flow.

PROBLEM 5:
A liquid with kinematic viscosity 8 × 10–⁶m²/s flows in a
0.15-meter diameter pipe at a velocity of 0.4 m/s. Calculate
the Reynolds number.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The Reynolds number is 𝑅𝑒=7500, indicating turbulent flow.

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
Bernoulli's equation describes the principle of conservation of
energy for fluid flow.

FORMULA:
PROBLEM 1:
Water flows in a horizontal pipe with a velocity of 3 m/s and 7 m/s at
two sections. If the pressure at first section is 15, 000 Pa and the water
density is 1000 kg/m³, find the pressure at the second section.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The pressure at the second section is 130,000 Pa.

PROBLEM 2:
Oil flows upward in a vertical pipe with velocities of 2 m/s and 3
m/s at two points. The pressure at the lower point is 80, 000 Pa,
and the height difference is 4 m. The density of oil is 900 kg/m³.
Find the pressure at the higher point.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The pressure at the higher point is 42, 434 Pa.

PROBLEM 3:
A fluids flow through a pipe at 4 m/s with a pressure of 200, 000.
The pipe narrows, increasing the velocity to 8 m/s. The density of
the fluid is 850 kg/m³. Find the pressure in the narrower section,
assuming no height difference.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The pressure in the narrower section is 179, 600 Pa.

PROBLEM 4:
Air flows through a horizontal pipe. At one section, the velocity is
10 m/s and the pressure is 100, 000 Pa. In another section, the
velocity increases to 20 m/s. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m³. Find
the pressure in the second section.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The pressure in the second section is 99, 820 Pa.

PROBLEM 5:
Water flows through a pipe with a velocity of 3 m/s at a height of 5 m
above the reference point. The pressure at this point is 50,000 Pa. At
another point, the pipe narrows, increasing the velocity to 5 m/s and
decreasing the height to 2 m. Calculate the pressure at the second
point. The density of water is 1000 kg/m³.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The pressure at the second point is 71, 430 Pa.

 SCALING AND ORDERS OF
MAGNITUDE
Scaling in fluid mechanics is a technique used to simplify and analyze
the governing equations of fluid flow by comparing the relative sizes
(orders of magnitude) of various terms.

FORMULA:
PROBLEM 1:
A flow through a pipe has a characteristic length L =2 m, velocity
U = 5 m/s, and kinematic viscosity v = 1 × 10–⁶ m²/s. Scale the
inertial term pU²/L.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The scaled inertial term is 12.5 m/s².

PROBLEM 2:
Consider a flow where L = 1 m, U = 3 m/s, and v = 1 × 10–⁵
m²/s. Scale the viscous term νU/L².

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The scaled viscous term is 3 × 10–⁵ m/s².

PROBLEM 3:
For a jet flow, the characteristic velocity is 𝑈=10 𝑚/𝑠, length
scale is 𝐿=0.5 𝑚, and kinematic viscosity 𝜈=1.5 × 10–⁶ m²/s.
Compare the orders of magnitude of the inertial and viscous
terms.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

The inertial term (200 m/s²) is much larger than the viscous term
(6×10–⁵ m/s²). Therefore, inertial forces dominate.
PROBLEM 4:
A small-scale experiment involves a fluid with 𝑈=0.2𝑚/s,
L=0.1 m, and 𝜈=0.001 m²/s. Scale the Reynolds number and
interpret the result.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

Since Re<2000, the flow is in the laminar regime.

PROBLEM 5:
In a wind tunnel experiment, the velocity is U=15 m/s, the
length scale is L=2 m, and the kinematic viscosity is
ν=1.8×10–⁵ m²/s. Calculate the Reynolds number and
determine the flow regime.

GIVEN:

SOLUTION:

Since Re<4000, the flow is in the turbulent regime.