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Circuits 1 Intro

The document provides an overview of electricity, including key concepts such as current, voltage, resistance, and electric power, along with the behavior of sub-atomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It explains Ohm's Law, the characteristics of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, and outlines calculations related to electric circuits, including series and parallel resistor configurations. Additionally, it covers the relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and electric energy, along with formulas for calculating these values.

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12 views3 pages

Circuits 1 Intro

The document provides an overview of electricity, including key concepts such as current, voltage, resistance, and electric power, along with the behavior of sub-atomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It explains Ohm's Law, the characteristics of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, and outlines calculations related to electric circuits, including series and parallel resistor configurations. Additionally, it covers the relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and electric energy, along with formulas for calculating these values.

Uploaded by

2242276
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICITY- Is the general phenomenon that deals with

the movement of electrons. Its movement is usually from • CURRENT- net flow of charge per unit time. It is
positive to negative. It is usually produced chemically also the continuous movement of electric
through batteries or physically by movement. charge through the conductors of a circuit.
Often takes the path of least resistance.
ATOM- Smallest particle of an element Measured in Amperes (A)
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
I= Q/t
1. ELECTRONS- negatively charged particle, Where I – Current in Amperes
equivalent to approx.- 1.6x10-19 coulomb or - Q- Charge in coulomb
k23 t- time
2. PROTONS- positively charged particles
equivalent to approx. +1.6x10-19 coulomb or k23
• ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) - ability of a
3. NEUTRONS- No charge
machine or device to create electron flow.
CONDUCTORS- a substance or material that allows
electricity to flow through it. Electrical charge carries are • RESISTANCE- an opposition to the flow of
usually electrons or ions move easily from atom to atom current. Measured in ohms (Ω)The factors that
when voltage is applied. affect the resistance of a material are the ff:
o Length
BOHR MODEL OF AN ATOM o Cross-Sectional Area
o Type of material
o Temperature

R= δ(L/A)
RESISTANCE (ohms) is equal to RESISTIVITY
(ohm-meter, ohm-CM/ft) multiplied by LENGTH
over AREA

Valence Number- the number of electrons in the NOTE: 1in=1000 mills


outermost shell.
Formula for resistance with temperature change:
• GOOD CONDUCTORS- valence number is
less than 4
• SEMI CONDUCTOR- valence number is
R2= R1(1+ἀ(T2-T1))
equal to 4
R1- Original Resistance, ἀ-temperature coefficient of
• INSULATOR- valence number is more than 4
resistance at certain temperature
Computing for electrons per shell (X)

X= 2n2
Where: N-shell number
X- Electrons per shell

COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICITY

• VOLTAGE – related to the force that causes the


flow of electrons, potentially the difference
between two points. Measured in volts (V)
Circuits 1 ECE 2111 VAY 2023
OHMS LAW- Discovered and published by German ELECTRIC ENERGY (W) is the energy derived form
physicist Georg Simon Ohm in 1827 in his paper about electric potential energy or kinetic energy of charged
Galvanic Circuits. It is the fundamental equation of the particles. We can define it as the energy generated by
relations between voltage, current, and resistance at the movement of electrons from one point to another.
constant temperature. Its unit is typically in Joule, watt-second. Kilowatt-hour
NOTE: 1 watt-sec = 1 joule

V= IR W= Pt
Where: V – voltage
Where: W- electric
I- Current
energy
R- Resistance
P- Power
t- time
**For better memorization, use the triangle technique
It can also be written as
SAMPLE PROBLEMS- OHMS LAW
1. What is the value of the Resistor in the ff circuit:
W= VIt
= V2/Rt
= I2Rt

HEAT DEVELOPED – The heat developed is directly


proportional to the amount of electric energy
consumed.
a. when the voltmeter reading is V= 12.23 V
and the ammeter reading is A= 3.896 mA
b. when the voltmeter reading is V= 11.82 and the
ammeter reading is A= 4.236 mA
Hd=W/J
Where: Hd- heat developed
ELECTRIC POWER (P) - It is the rate at which work is
W- electric energy
done or energy is transformed in an electrical circuit. It J- 4.19 Joules/cal
is the measure of how much energy is used in a span of
time. Measured in a scalar quantity of Watts, joule per
second (J/s)
P= VI
Where: P– power
I- Current
V-Voltage

It can also be written as

P= I2R
P= V2/R
P= E/t
P=VQ/t
**For better memorization, use the triangle technique

Circuits 1 ECE 2111 VAY 2023


RESISTORS IN SERIES

• The current is COMMON


I1= I2=I…=IN=IT SOURCES:
• https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-
• The total voltage is equal to the sum of the 2/voltage-current-resistance-relate/
voltages across the individual resistors • https://byjus.com/physics/electrical-energy-and-
VT=V1+V2+V3+…+VN power/#:~:text=The%20electric%20power%20is%20given,P%20is
%20the%20electric%20power.
• The total resistance is equal to the sum of the • https://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/circuits/problems
individual resistances • https://byjus.com/power-
RT=R1+R2+R3+…+RN formula/?fbclid=IwAR1VtfvMtpHaPtdIgfZaTxasjgB0hdeuJl2HYi6Ak
JQ03jH9dTNg-nMM_KE
• The total power is equal to the sum od the
power developed in the individual resistances.
PT=P1+P2+P3+…+PN

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
• The total current is equal to the sum of the
current flowing through the individual resistors
IT=I1+I2+I3+…+IN
• The total voltage is equal to the voltage across
the individual resistors
V1=V2=V3…=VN=VT
• The RECIPROCAL of the total/equivalent
resistance is equal to the reciprocal of the
individual resistances.
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑁
• The total power is equal to the sum of the
power developed in the individual resistances.
PT=P1+P2+P3+…+PN

Circuits 1 ECE 2111 VAY 2023

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