PHY 103: Basic Principle of Physics II

2023/2024 Session

Introductory Heat and Thermodynamics

LECTURE 3
PV-DIAGRAM

If the pressure and volume

are known at each step of the
process, the state of the gas
at each step can be plotted
on a graphical representation
called a PV diagram.
The curve on a PV diagram is
called the path between the
initial and final states.
The area under the curve
represent the work done.
Work and Heat in Thermodynamics Processes
NOTE:
The work done by a system depends on the initial and the final
states and on the path followed by the system from initial and
the final states.
Energy transfer by heat like the work done depends on the
initial state, the final states and intermediate states of the
system.
To explain this consider the figures below.
In the three cases above, the system
moves from initial state i to final
state f but followed different paths. In the second case (b)
W = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 + 0
In the first case (a)
W = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 0 + 𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
= 𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
For the last case (c), let’s take the path
followed to be straight, then the equation
relating P and V can be written just like y =
mx + c, so we have P = mV + c
Where m is the slope and c is the intercept on
p axis.
𝑉𝑓
Recall that, 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑖
𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑓
𝑊= 𝑚𝑉 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑖

Integrating this, we have

𝑚𝑉 2 𝑉𝑓
𝑊=[ + 𝑐𝑉]𝑉
2 𝑖
𝑚
𝑊= 𝑉𝑓 2 − 𝑉𝑖 2 + 𝑐(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 )
2
We see that in the three cases, the work done are not the same
though the system has moved from the initial state, i to the final
state, f.
Therefore, the work done by/on a system depends on the initial
and final states and on the path followed between the two states.
 1st Law of Thermodynamics
The conservation of energy law is stated as the change in the energy of a
system is equal to the sum of all the energies transferred across the boundary
of the system.
The 1st law of thermodynamics is a special case of the law of conservation of
energy that describes the processes in which only the energy change is the
internal energy and the only energy transfers are by heat and work
In other words, It is known that energy can be exchanged between a system
and its surrounding through the following:
i. By work done and
ii. By Heat
Both work done and heat result in change in the internal energy of the system.
If the energy transfer by heat to a system when it changes from an initial state
to a final state is Q and work W is done by the system.
 First Law of Thermodynamics Contd.

If the quantity Q – W is measured for various paths connecting the

initial and final equilibrium states, we find that it is the same for all
paths connecting the two states. Then one can state the 1st law of
thermodynamics in the following way:
When any closed (control mass) system is alter adiabatically, the net
work associated with the change of state is the same for all the
possible processes between two given equilibrium states.
This difference between heat and work i.e.the quantity, Q – W is
known as the change in internal energy. i.e
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W 1
This means that although Q and W both depend on path, the
quantity Q – W is independent of the path.
 First Law of Thermodynamics
When the system undergoes an infinitesimal change in
state, then small amount of energy dQ will be transferred
and a small work dW will be done by the system. The first-
law in this case is
𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = dQ – dW 2
Equations (1) and (2) are known as First-law equations.
The following must be taken note of
(i) Q is positive when energy enters the system and negative
when energy leaves the system
(ii) and W is positive when the system does work on the
surroundings and negative when work is done on the
system.
(iii) The first-law specify that internal energy is the only type
of energy that change in the system.
Let us investigate some special cases in which the first law can be
applied:
a. An isolated system: This From 𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W
a type of system in Q=0, and W =0
which there is no
interaction between the Therefore, In this case the
system and the change in internal energy,
surrounding. The change 𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0
in internal energy of this 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑖
kind of system is zero The implication of this is that,
i.e. 𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 =0. the internal energy of an
isolated system remains
constant.
1st Law of Thermodynamics Contd.
b. Cyclic process: This From the first law
is a process that starts equation,
and ends at the same
𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W
state. The change in
𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0
internal energy is again
zero, so the energy Q=W
added to the system On a PV diagram, a
equal the work, W done cyclic process appears
on the system. i.e. as a closed curve.
1st Law of Thermodynamics Contd.

c. Process where work is zero: From the equation of the 1st law of
thermodynamics, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W.
Let us investigate how the 1st
If the work done W=0, then
law of thermodynamics can be
applied to the case when there 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q
is no work done either by or on The implication of this is that all the
the system. heat added to the system is used to
increase the internal energy of the
system.
This means that the final internal energy
of the system will be 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑖 + 𝑄
d. Process where heat is zero From the equation of the first law,
If work is done on the system, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W.
W is -ve which implies increase If Q = 0, then 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = – W.
in internal energy i.e.
If W is +ve as in expansion, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 < 0
E>0
If W is –ve as in compression, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 > 0
But if the system does work, W
is +ve which implies that there For instance, If a gas is compressed by
will be decrease in internal a moving piston in an insulated
energy of the system cylinder, no energy is transferred by
heat and the work done on the gas is
i.e. E < 0 negative; thus, the internal energy
increases because kinetic energy is
transferred from the moving piston to
the gas molecules.
 APPLICATION OF FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
in considering the application of thermodynamics, we shall
look at four (4) possible processes.
1. Adiabatic Process: This is a process where no energy enters
or leaves the system by heat.
i.e. Q = 0.
So Adiabatic process can be achieved in one of the following
ways:
i. by thermally insulating the system from its surroundings.
ii or by performing the process rapidly, so that there is a
negligible time for energy to transfer by heat.
For this process, the first-law becomes
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = – W.
NOTE the following:
This result shows that if a gas is compressed adiabatically, such
that the work done is negative, then 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 is positive.
Conversely, that if a gas expands adiabatically, such that the
work done is positive, then 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 is negative.
In summary:
i. adiabatic expansion of a gas leads to decreases in
temperature
ii. Adiabatic compression of gases leads to increase in
temperature
In adiabatic free expansion, both Q and W are zero. This
implies that the initial and final internal energies of a gas are
equal in an adiabatic free expansion
ADIABATIC FREE EXPANSION
The process is described by the figures, it is a
unique expansion process. It is adiabatic because
it takes place in a insulated container. Also,
because the gas expands into a vacuum when the
membrane is broken, there is no piston that
requires force before expansion, so no work is
done on or by the gas. i.e. W =0 from the first law
equation, since Q=0 then
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0. we can now see that,
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑖 i.e. initial and final internal
energies of a gas in adiabatic free expansion are
the same.
2. Isobaric Process: This is a process that takes place at a constant pressure. In such a
process the values of the heat and work are both usually nonzero.
In an isobaric process, the work done is given by 𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 )
3. Isovolumetric Process: This is a process that takes place at a constant volume. This
process is sometimes called Isochoric process. Since the volume remains constant,
W=0 and 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄. This is shows that if energy is added by heat to a system kept at a
constant volume, all the transferred energy remain in the system as an increase in
internal energy of the system.
4. Isothermal process: This is a process that takes place at a constant temperature.
NOTE: Since internal energy is a function of temperature, this means that change in
internal energy of a system undergoing isothermal process will be zero. So from first
law we will have that 𝑄 = 𝑊.
𝑉𝑓
𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛( )
𝑉𝑖
Therefore any energy Q that enters the system by heat is transferred out of the
system by work.
 QUESTIONS 1
1.0-mol sample of an ideal gas is kept at 0.00C during an
expansion from 3.0L to 10.0L.
(a) How much work is done on the gas during
expansion?
(b) How much energy transfer by heat occurs between the
gas and its surroundings in this process?
(c) if the gas returns to the original volume by a means of an
isobaric process, how much work is done on the gas?
 SOLUTION
1) This is an isothermal expansion,
a) work done is given by
𝑉𝑓
𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛( )
𝑉𝑖
10.0
𝑊 = 1.0 𝑥 8.31 𝑥 273𝑙𝑛
3.0
𝑊 = 2729.099 = 2.7 × 103 𝐽
b) To get how much energy transferred by heat, we
use equation of the first law of thermodynamics i.e.
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 but since the process is an isothermal
and internal energy is a function of temperature,
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 so the first law equation becomes,
𝑄 = 𝑊 = 2.7 × 103 𝐽
 If the gas returns to its original volume through
isobaric process,

W = 𝑃∆𝑉

𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖 )
𝑛𝑅𝑇 1.0 𝑥8.31 𝑥 273
But P = =( )
𝑉𝑖 10.0 𝑥10−3
P = 2.27 x105 𝑃𝑎
𝑊 = 2.27 𝑥105 (3 𝑥10−3 − 10.0 𝑥10−3 )
𝑊 = −1589𝐽 = −1.6 𝑥103 𝐽
QUESTION 2
A 1.0kg bar of copper is heated at atmospheric pressure so that
its temperature increases from 200C to 500C.
(Take coefficient of linear expansion of copper as 1.7 x 10-5 0C-1,
its specific heat capacity as 387Jkg-1 0C-1 and the density to be
8.92 x 103kgm-3).
a) What is the work done on the copper bar by the surrounding
atmosphere?
b) How much energy is transferred to the copper bar by heat?
c) What is the change in internal energy of the copper bar?
 SOLUTION
This is as an isobaric.
Since this example involves solid, change in volume due
to thermal expansion is very small.
The work done, W = 𝑃∆𝑉,
Recall that ∆𝑉 = (𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖 ) = γ𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇
∆𝑉 = 3⍺𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇 = 3 × 1.7 × 10−5 × 𝑉𝑖 50 − 20
𝑚
But, 𝑉𝑖 =
⍴
1.0
∴ ∆𝑉 = 3 × 1.7 ×10−5 × 30
8.92 × 103
∆𝑉 = 1.7 × 10−7 𝑚3
 W = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 1.013 × 105 × 1.7 × 10−7
𝑊 = 1.7 × 10−2 𝐽
b) Energy transferred by heat, 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
𝑄 = 1.0 × 387 50 − 20 = 11610
𝑄 = 1.2 × 104 𝐽
c) ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1.2 × 104 − 1.7 × 10−2 = 119999.98
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1.2 × 104 𝐽 (approximately)
This shows that most of the energy transferred into the
system by heat goes into increase the internal energy
of the copper bar. Hence when the thermal expansion
of a solid or liquid is analyzed, the small amount of
work done is usually ignored.
 QUESTION 2
A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its
internal energy increases by 500J. If at the same time
200J of work is done on the system, what is the energy
transferred to or from it by heat?
SOLUTION
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 500𝐽, 𝑊 = −200𝐽
Applying ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
500 = 𝑄 − −200
𝑄 = 500 − 200
𝑄 = 300𝐽
QUESTION 4
A gas is compressed from 9.00m3 to 2.00m3 at a constant
pressure of 0.8atm. In the process 400J of energy leaves
the gas by heat.
What is the change in internal energy?
SOLUTION
𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖 ) = 0.8𝑥1.01𝑥105 (2.00 − 9.00)
= −5.66𝑥105 𝐽
From ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = −400 − (−5.66𝑥105 )
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 5.65𝑥105 𝐽
exercise
In which of the following processes is internal energy constant?
I. Isolated process II. Cyclic process III. Adiabatic process
IV isothermal process;

A. I, II and III only

B. I, II and IV only
C. I, III and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
 Kinetic Theory of Gases

Molecular model of an Ideal Gas

The model shows that the pressure that a gas exerts on the walls of its
container is a consequence of the collisions of the gas molecules with the
walls.
There are some assumptions made in the development of this model:
(a) The number of molecules is large, and the average separation between
molecules is great compared with their dimensions. This means that the
volume of the molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the
container.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases
(b) The molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion, but as a whole they move
randomly.
By “randomly” we mean that any molecule can move in any direction with
equal probability. We also assume that the distribution of speeds does not
change in time, despite the collisions between molecules. That is, at any
given moment, a certain percentage of molecules move at high speeds, a
certain percentage move at low speeds, and a certain percentage move at
speeds intermediate between high and low.
(c) The collision between molecules and between the wall of the container is
elastic. Thus, in the collisions, both kinetic energy and momentum are
constant.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases

(d)The forces between molecules are negligible except

during collision. The forces between molecules are short-
range, so the molecules interact with each other only
during collisions.

(e)The gas under consideration is a pure substance. That is,

all of its molecules are identical.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases: Pressure of an Ideal Gas
To obtain the pressure of an ideal gas,
Consider N number of of the gas molecules
in a container of volume V
Let the container be a cube of length L
For a molecule moving with a velocity v
towards the right-hand face of the box
makes a collision.
The velocity components of the molecule
are vx, vy and vz.
As the molecule collides with the wall
elastically, its x-component of velocity is
reversed, while the y and z components
remain unaltered.
The change in momentum of the molecule is
therefore

Px mv x mv x 2mv x
Py 0
Pz 0
From Impulse-momentum theorem
𝐹𝑤 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑃𝑥 = −2𝑚𝑉𝑥
Where 𝐹𝑤 is the component of the average force
that the wall exerts on the molecule during the
collision and ∆𝑡 is the duration of the collision.
 Before the molecule can make another collision with the same wall,
the molecules needs to travel to and fro covering a total distance of
2L in the direction (x-direction).
Hence, the time interval between the collision;
2𝐿
∆𝑡 =
𝑉𝑥

So, the force 𝐹𝑤 can be expressed as

−2𝑚𝑉𝑥
𝐹𝑤 =
∆𝑡
−2𝑚𝑉𝑥 −𝑚𝑉𝑥2
𝐹𝑤 = 2𝐿 =
𝑉𝑥 𝐿

From Newton’s third law, the average force exerted by the molecule
on the wall is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the
average force exerted on the molecule by the wall.
the force that the molecule exerted is written as;
𝑚𝑉𝑥2 m 2
𝐹𝑚 = F F1 F2 .... FN v x1 v x22 ....v xN
2

𝐿 L

Therefore the total force exerted by all the molecules on the wall is
obtained by adding the forces exerted by individual molecules (in x-direction
only)
2
𝑁 𝑚𝑉𝑥𝑖 𝑚 𝑁 2
𝐹𝑇 = 𝑖=1 𝐿 = 𝑖=1 𝑉𝑥𝑖
𝐿
If we define the average value of the square of the
velocity in the x direction for N molecules as
2
𝑁 𝑉𝑥𝑖
𝑉𝑥2 = 𝑖=1 𝑁 so that
𝑁
2
𝑉𝑥𝑖 = 𝑁 𝑉𝑥2
𝑖=1
Therefore,
𝑚
𝐹= 𝑁 𝑉𝑥2 1
𝐿
The average value of V2 for all the molecules in the
container (in all directions) is related to the
average values of 𝑉𝑥2 , 𝑉𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑧2 according to the
expression
𝑉 2 = 𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑦2 + 𝑉𝑧2
But 𝑉𝑥2 = 𝑉𝑦2 = 𝑉𝑧2 (i.e. the average values of the
speed in each direction are equal since the motion
is random)
1
So, 𝑉 2 = 3𝑉𝑥2 (i.e. 𝑉𝑥2 = 𝑉2 )
3
The total force exerted by the molecules on the
1 𝑉2
wall is now 𝐹 = Nm
3 𝐿
recall that
𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴
𝐴 = 𝐿2
1 𝑁𝑚𝑉 2
𝑝=
3 𝐿3
1 𝑁
𝑝= 𝑚𝑉 2
3 𝑉
2 𝑁 1
𝑝= . 𝑚𝑉 2 2
3 𝑉 2
This means the pressure is proportional to the number of
molecules per unit volume and to the average translational
kinetic energy of the molecules.
IMPLICATIONS
The equation means that the pressure inside a container
can be increased by
(1) increasing the number of molecules per unit volume in
the container. This is what happens when we add air to
the tyre of automobile.
(2) increasing the average translational kinetic energy of
the molecules in the container. This is why pressure inside
the tyre increases as the tyre warms up while travelling
and sometimes bursts if the tyre could not withstand the
pressure any longer.
MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION OF TEMPERATURE
From equation (2) above, we have that;
2 1
𝑝𝑉 = 3
𝑁 2 𝑚𝑉 2

By comparing equation (3) with the equation of state of an ideal gas:

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑁𝐾𝐵 𝑇
We can write;
2 1
𝑁𝐾𝐵 𝑇 = 𝑁 𝑚𝑉 2
3 2
Therefore,
2 1
𝑇= 𝑚𝑉 2 4
3𝐾𝐵 2

Equation (4) implies that temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy.

The result of this equation shows that the temperature is a direct measure of average translational
kinetic energy.
 equipartition of energy theorem
By rearranging equation (4) above, we get
1 3
𝑚𝑉 2 = 𝐾 𝑇 5
2 2 𝐵

3
This means that average kinetic energy per molecule is 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2

Use the fact that 𝑉 2 = 3𝑉𝑥2 to obtain

1 1 1 3
this means that, 𝑚𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑚𝑉𝑦2 + 𝑚𝑉𝑧2 = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2 2 2 2
3
Therefore, average translational kinetic energy is 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2
 The generalization of this result is known as equipartition of
energy which states that each translational degree of freedom
1
contributes an equal amount of energy ( 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 ) to the system.
2
Degree of freedom means an independent way (means) by which
a molecule (particle) can acquire energy.
The total translational kinetic energy of N molecules of gas is
simply N times the average energy per molecule i.e.
3 3
𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁𝐾𝐵 𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 6
2 2
 1 3
From (equation 5) equation of average translational kinetic energy, 𝑚𝑉 2 = 𝐾 𝑇 , by making
2 2 𝐵
𝑉 2 the subject of the relation, we have
3𝐾𝐵 𝑇 3𝑅𝑇
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉2 = 𝑚
= 𝑀
7
degree of freedom and kinetic energies of molecules

a. Monoatomic:
3 trans DF+0 rot DF

b. Diatomic:
3 trans DF+2 rot DF

c. Polyatomic:
3 trans. DF+3 rot DF
average kinetic energies and the corresponding internal energies

It has been established that average translational kinetic energy per molecule
3
is 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 (translational)
2
For monoatomic molecule (like Argon, Helium, Crypton, Neon etc)
3
Average K.E = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 (translational)
2
For diatomic molecule (like Oxygen, nitrogen, Chlorine, hydrogen etc)
3 2 5
Average K.E = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2 2 2
For polyatomic molecules (like CO2, SO2, etc)
3 3 6
Average K.E = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2 2 2
NOTE: In all cases , total K.E =𝑁 × 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐾. 𝐸 where N is the number of
molecules.
internal energies

For Monoatomic For Diatomic molecule

molecule 5
3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2

For Polyatomic molecule

6
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
 WORKED EXAMPLE
A tank used for filling helium balloons has a volume of 0.3m3
and contains 2.0moles of helium gas at 200C.
(a) What is the total translational K.E of the gas molecules?

(b) What is the average K.E per molecule?

SOLUTION
n=N/NA, and T =200C = 20 + 273 =293K and R= 8.31Jmol-1K-1
3
applying 𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
 3
𝐾. 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡_𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙 = × 2 × 8.31 × 293
2
= 7304.5 = 7.3 𝑥 103 𝐽
We can also apply:
3
𝐾. 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡_𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙 = 𝑁𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2
𝐾𝐵 = 1.381 𝑥 10−23 𝐽/𝐾 and 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

3
(b) average K.E per molecule = 𝐾𝐵 𝑇
2
3
𝑥 1.381 𝑥 10−23 𝑥 293
2
6.07 𝑥 10−21 𝐽
 Questions
2) The temperature of the system decreases in the
process of
(A) Free expansion (B) Adiabatic expansion
(C) Isothermal expansion (D) Isothermal compression
Ans = B
3) 2500 J of heat is added to two moles of an ideal
monatomic gas, initially at a temperature of 300 K,
while the gas performs 5000 J of work. (a) What is the
final temperature of the gas? (b) calculate the final
internal energy of the system.
Solution

(a) Using equation of first law of thermodynamics,

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2500 − 5000
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = −2500
3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
3 3
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
2 2
3
−2500 = 𝑥2.0𝑥8.31(𝑇𝑓 − 300)
2
2500𝑥2
𝑇𝑓 = − + 300
3𝑥2.0𝑥8.31
𝑇𝑓 = 200𝐾
 3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑓
2
3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = 𝑥2𝑥8.31𝑥200
2
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = 4986𝐽 = 5.0𝑥104 𝐽
OR Use,
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑖
3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡_𝑓 = −2500 + 𝑥2𝑥8.31𝑥300 = 5.0𝑥104 𝐽
2

assignment
A container holds a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in thermal equilibrium at a temperature of
270 C. the mass of hydrogen molecule is 3.34 𝑥10−27 𝐾𝑔 and oxygen molecule is 16 times more
massive.
Calculate (a) the mean translational kinetic energy of the molecules
(b) the root-mean-squared speed of the oxygen molecules
 DIY
1) A cylinder contains 16.0 g of Oxygen gas. How
much work must be done to compress the gas at
constant temperature of 100oC until the volume is
halved? Ans = 1,074 J

2) A gas at a pressure of 1000 Pa and initially

occuping a volume 8 m3 expands isobarically. If the
work done by the gas in the expansion is 20 kJ, what
is the final volume attained by the gas? Ans = 28
m3.
3) 4KJ of heat is given off by a gas when it is
compressed from 0.08m3 to 0.05m3 under a pressure
of 200KPa. What happens to its internal energy?
 to be continued….. in the next
lecture