Course Description

Course title: Research Methods in Computer Science

Course code: COSC4123
Credit hours: 2
ECTS: 3
Contact hrs: 2 Lab hrs: 0 Tutorial hrs: 0
Prerequisite: None Course category: Compulsory
Year: IV Semester: I

Prepared by Boki C.
 Course Chapters
• Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Research (5 hrs)
• Chapter 2: Processes in Conducting Research (6 hrs)
• Chapter 3: Resources to Conduct Research (5 hrs)
• Chapter 4: Writing Research Papers and Making Presentations (6 hrs)
• Chapter 5: Research Ethics (4 hrs)
• Chapter 6: Data Collection and Analysis (6 hrs)
 Course objectives
• By the end of the course, you will be able to:
– Describe computing research methods
– Develop effective research proposal
– Conduct research effectively in computer related fields
– Appropriately use resources to conduct research
– Organize and prepare technical papers, thesis and presentations
– Work and cooperate effectively with other research workers on a
computing research
– Aware of the research ethics and other related issues
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Research
 Chapter Outline

• What is Research and not Research?

• Scientific Research
• Objectives, Motivations and Significance of Research
• Requirements and Characteristics of Research
• Types and Approaches of Research
• Research Methods and Problem Solving
• Effective Report Writing Principles and Criteria for Good
Research
• Evaluating and Reviewing Research Results
• What is Research in Computing?
Overview of Project and Research

» Definition
» Objectives
» Scopes
» Methodologies
» Outcomes
» Stakeholders
» Examples
 Project and Research(Definition)
• A project is a temporary task undertaken to create a unique product, service,
or result.
• Projects have specific objectives and are characterized by defined start and
end dates.
• They often follow a structured approach to achieve particular goals within
constraints such as time, budget, and resources.
• Key Characteristics of a Project:
– Objective-Oriented: Focuses on achieving specific outcomes or
deliverables.
– Time-Bound: Has a clear beginning and end, with a timeline for
completion.
– Resource-Dependent: Requires allocation of resources, including
finances, personnel, and materials.
– Unique: Produces a distinct output that is not a routine operation or
task.
 Project and Research(Definition...)

• Research is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new knowledge,

validating existing theories, or exploring new insights.
• It involves a structured methodology to collect, analyze, and interpret data.
• Research can be basic (theoretical) or applied (practical), and
• It often contributes to a broader understanding of a particular field.
• Key Characteristics of Research:
– Knowledge-Driven: Aims to expand the body of knowledge in a
specific area.
– Methodological: Follows a structured process, typically involving
hypothesis formulation, data collection, analysis, and conclusions.
 Project and Research(Definition...)

– Iterative: Often involves cycles of inquiry, allowing for refinement and

deeper investigation.
– Contributes to Theory: Results can lead to new theories, models, or
applications.
 Project and Research(Objectives)

• The main objective of a project is to deliver a specific product, service, or

result that meets predetermined criteria.
• Projects are typically focused on achieving practical outcomes, such as
developing a software application, constructing a building, or organizing an
event.
• The primary objective of research is to generate new knowledge or insights.
• Research aims to explore questions, test hypotheses, and contribute to
theoretical frameworks.
• The focus is on understanding phenomena, rather than just delivering a
product or service.
 Project and Research(Scopes)

• Projects have a well-defined scope that outlines the specific tasks and
deliverables.
• The scope is often limited to a particular timeframe and set of objectives.
• Changes to scope can impact the project's success and require careful
management.
• Research has a broader scope, often encompassing various questions,
theories, and methodologies.
• It may evolve over time as new insights are gained.
• Research can lead to multiple outputs, including publications, presentations,
and further studies.
 Project and Research(Methodologies)

• Projects typically follow established project management methodologies,

such as Agile, Waterfall, or others.
• These methodologies emphasize planning, execution, monitoring, and
completion.
• Research employs scientific methodologies, which may include qualitative,
quantitative, or mixed methods approaches.
• Researchers develop hypotheses, collect data through experiments or
surveys, and analyze results to draw conclusions.
 Project and Research(Outcomes)

• The outcome of a project is a tangible deliverable, such as a finished

product, report, or event.
• Success is measured against predefined criteria, such as quality, timeliness,
and budget.
• The outcomes of research typically include new knowledge, theories, or
insights.
• Research findings may be published in academic journals, presented at
conferences, or used to inform policy and practice.
• Success is measured by the contribution to the field and the rigor of the
methodology.
 Project and Research(Examples)

• Software Development Project: Creating a mobile application within six

months, adhering to a specific budget and feature set.
• Construction Project: Building a bridge with defined timelines, costs, and
safety standards.
• Scientific Research: Investigating the effects of a new drug on a specific
disease through a systematic clinical trial.
• Social Science Research: Studying the impact of remote work on
employee productivity through surveys and data analysis.
 Project and Research(Stakeholders)

• Projects often involve various stakeholders, including project managers,

team members, clients, and sponsors.
• Each stakeholder has specific roles and responsibilities related to the
project’s success.
• Research typically involves researchers, academic advisors, funding bodies,
and peer reviewers.
• Collaborations may also occur with other institutions or communities,
especially in applied research.
 What is Research and Not Research?

• What is Research?
– Research is a systematic and organized inquiry that seeks to discover,
interpret, or revise facts, events, behaviors, or theories.
– It is characterized by the application of scientific methods to gather and
analyze data, ultimately leading to new knowledge or insights.
– Research can be conducted in various fields, including social sciences,
natural sciences, humanities, and applied sciences.
• Characteristics of Research
– Systematic: Research follows a structured approach, employing
specific methodologies to ensure reliability and validity.
– Objective: It aims to minimize subjectivity, focusing on facts and
evidence rather than personal beliefs or opinions.
 What is Research and Not Research?

– Reproducible: Research findings should be replicable by other

researchers, allowing for verification and further exploration.
– Empirical: It relies on observable and measurable evidence, often
gathered through experiments, surveys, or observations.
• What is Not Research?
– Not all inquiries or investigations qualify as research.
– Activities such as:
– Mere opinion gathering, or casual observations do not meet the rigorous
standards of research.
 Scientific Research

• Definition and Purpose

– Scientific research is a specific type of research that employs the
scientific method to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or
validate existing theories.
– Its primary purpose is to establish facts and develop a deeper
understanding of the natural world.
• The scientific method consists of several steps:
– Observation: Identifying a phenomenon or problem that requires
investigation.
– Hypothesis Formation: Developing a testable statement or prediction
based on initial observations.
 Scientific Research(...)

– Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test the

hypothesis.
– Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering quantitative or qualitative data
and analyzing it to draw conclusions.
– Conclusion: Evaluating the results to determine whether they support or
refute the hypothesis.
– Communication: Sharing findings with the scientific community through
publications, presentations, or reports.
 Scientific Research(...)

• Importance of Scientific Research

– Scientific research is essential for advancing knowledge, driving
innovation, and informing policy decisions.
– It promote technological advancements and contributes to societal
progress by addressing complex problems and enhancing our
understanding of various phenomena.
 Objectives, Motivations, and Significance of Research

• Objectives of Research
– The objectives of research can vary depending on the discipline
and context :
• Exploration: Investigating new areas of inquiry or understanding
phenomena that are not well-studied.
• Description: Providing detailed accounts of specific events,
behaviors, or conditions.
• Explanation: Clarifying the relationships between variables
 Objectives, Motivations, and Significance of Research

• Prediction: Anticipating future events or behaviors based on

existing data and models.
• Application: Utilizing research findings to address practical
problems or inform decision-making.
• Motivations for Conducting Research
– Researchers are motivated by various factors, including:
• Curiosity: A desire to understand and discover new knowledge.
• Professional Development: Advancing one’s career through
research contributions and publications.
 Objectives, Motivations, and Significance of Research

• Social Responsibility: Addressing societal challenges and

contributing to the public good.
• Financial Incentives: Obtaining funding or grants to support
research initiatives.
• Significance of Research
– Research plays a crucial role in:
• Advancing Knowledge: Contributing to the body of knowledge in
a specific field.
• Informing Policy: Providing evidence-based insights that guide
public policy and decision-making.
Objectives, Motivations, and Significance of Research

• Driving Innovation: Fostering new technologies, processes, and

solutions to complex problems.
• Enhancing Education: Supporting the development of curricula
and educational practices based on research findings.
 Requirements and Characteristics of Research

• Requirements for Conducting Research

– Successful research requires several key components:
• Clear Research Questions: Defining specific, focused questions
that guide the inquiry.
• Methodology: Employing appropriate research methods to ensure
validity and reliability.
• Ethical Considerations: Adhering to ethical standards in
research conduct, including informed consent and confidentiality.
• Access to Resources: Securing the necessary tools, funding,
and materials to conduct the research effectively.
 Requirements and Characteristics of Research

• Characteristics of Good Research

– Good research is characterized by:
• Clarity and Precision: Well-defined objectives and clear
methodology.
• Logical Consistency: Coherent reasoning and justification for
choices made during the research process.
• Empirical Support: Findings that are grounded in data and
evidence.
• Generalizability: The ability to apply findings to broader contexts
beyond the specific study.
 Types and Approaches of Research

• Types of Research
– Research can be categorized into several types based on various
criteria:
• Basic vs. Applied Research: Basic research aims to expand
knowledge without immediate practical application, while applied
research seeks to address specific, practical problems.
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research: Quantitative research
involves numerical data and statistical analysis, while qualitative
research focuses on understanding experiences and meanings
through non-numerical data.
• Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research:
Descriptive research observes and describes phenomena,
correlational research examines relationships between variables,
and experimental research tests causal relationships through
controlled experiments.
 Types and Approaches of Research...

• Approaches to Research
– Different approaches can be employed based on the research
questions and objectives:
• Deductive Approach: Begins with a theory or hypothesis and tests
it through data collection and analysis.
• Inductive Approach: Starts with observations and develops
theories based on the analysis of data.
• Mixed Methods: Combines both quantitative and qualitative
approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of a
research problem.
 Research Methods and Problem Solving

• Research Methods
– Choosing appropriate research methods is critical for obtaining valid
and reliable results.
– Common research methods include:
• Surveys and Questionnaires: Collecting data from a large sample
through structured questions.
• Interviews: Conducting one-on-one discussions to gather in-depth
insights into experiences and perspectives.
• Observations: Systematically observing subjects in their natural
environment to gather qualitative data.
• Experiments: Conducting controlled studies to test hypotheses and
examine causal relationships.
 Research Methods and Problem Solving

• Problem-Solving in Research
– Research often involves identifying and addressing complex problems.
– Effective problem-solving strategies include:
• Defining the Problem: Clearly articulating the issue to be
investigated.
• Conducting a Literature Review: Reviewing existing research to
understand the current state of knowledge and identify gaps.
• Developing a Research Design: Planning the methodology and
data collection methods to address the problem effectively.
• Analyzing Data: Employing appropriate analytical techniques to
interpret findings and draw conclusions.
 Effective Report Writing Principles and Crit eria for Good Research

• Principles of Effective Report Writing

– Effective report writing is essential for communicating research findings.
– Key principles include:
• Clarity: Using clear and concise language to convey ideas and
results.
• Structure: Organizing the report logically, with distinct sections for
introduction, methodology, results, and discussion.
• Objectivity: Presenting findings impartially, without personal bias.
• Citations and References: Properly citing sources to acknowledge
contributions and avoid plagiarism.
 Effective Report Writing Principles and Criteria for Good Research

• Criteria for Good Research Reports

– Good research reports should meet the following criteria:
• Comprehensiveness: Covering all relevant aspects of the research,
including background, methodology, findings, and implications.
• Accuracy: Ensuring that data and interpretations are correct and
supported by evidence.
• Relevance: Addressing the research questions and contributing to
the field of study.
• Timeliness: Providing up-to-date information and insights,
especially in rapidly evolving fields.
 Evaluating and Reviewing Research Results

• Importance of Evaluation
– Evaluating research results is crucial for assessing the quality and
reliability of findings.
– This process helps determine the validity of conclusions and their
applicability to real-world contexts.
– Key criteria for evaluating research results include:
• Validity: Assessing whether the research accurately measures what
it intends to measure.
• Reliability: Evaluating the consistency of results across different
studies or measurements.
• Generalizability: Considering whether findings can be applied to
broader populations or settings.
 Evaluating and Reviewing Research Results

• Reproducibility: Checking if other researchers can replicate the

study and obtain similar results.
• Peer Review Process
– The peer review process is an essential mechanism for evaluating
research before publication.
– It involves experts in the field reviewing the research for quality, rigor,
and relevance, providing feedback and recommendations for
improvement.
 What is Research in Computing?

• Definition and Scope

– Research in computing encompasses a wide range of inquiries related
to computer science, information technology, and software engineering.
– It includes the study of algorithms, data structures, artificial intelligence,
cybersecurity, human-computer interaction, and more.
• Importance of Research in Computing
– Research in computing is vital for:
• Driving Innovation: Advancing technologies that enhance
productivity and efficiency.
• Addressing Challenges: Tackling complex problems related to
data security, software reliability, and system performance.
 What is Research in Computing?

• Enhancing User Experience: Improving the interaction between

humans and computers through better design and usability.
• Types of Research in Computing
– Common types of research in computing include:
• Theoretical Research: Exploring fundamental principles and
theories in computer science.
• Applied Research: Developing practical applications and solutions
to real-world problems.
• Experimental Research: Conducting experiments to test
hypotheses related to algorithms and system performance.
 Conclusion

• In conclusion, research is a multifaceted process that requires a systematic

approach to inquiry.
• Understanding its definitions, characteristics, types, and methodologies is
essential for conducting effective research.
• This chapter has provided an overview of the fundamental aspects of
research, setting the stage for more in-depth exploration in subsequent
chapters.
• Research in computing, in particular, plays a critical role in advancing
technology and addressing the challenges of the digital age, making it an
essential area of study for future innovations.
Thank
you
Chapter 2: Processes in Conducting Research
 Chapter outline

• Current State of the Art and Techniques

• Actors, Roles and Relationship
• The Process
• Conclusion
 Current State of the Art and Techniques

• The field of computing is rapidly evolving, with several areas at the

forefront of innovation.
• Among these, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
stand out due to their transformative impact across various sectors.
1) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI refers to the simulation of
human intelligence processes by machines, particularly
computer systems, encompassing learning, reasoning, and
self-correction.
• Machine Learning (ML): ML is a subset of AI that focuses
on the development of algorithms that enable computers to
learn from data without being explicitly programmed.
 Current State of the Art and Techniques

– Types of AI
• AI can be classified into several types based on functionality,
capability, and methodologies:
A) Based on Functionality
– Narrow AI (Weak AI)
» Designed to perform specific tasks.
» Examples: Virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa), image
recognition systems.
– General AI (Strong AI)
» Hypothetical AI that possesses human-like cognitive
abilities.
» Capable of understanding and reasoning across a
wide range of tasks.
Current State of the Art and Techniques

– Superintelligent AI
» An advanced form of AI that surpasses human
intelligence in all aspects.
» Still in the realm of theoretical discussion.
B) Based on Capability
– Reactive Machines
» Basic systems that respond to current situations
without memory or past experiences.
» Example: IBM’s Deep Blue chess-playing computer.
– Limited Memory
» Systems that can use past experiences to inform
future decisions.
» Example: Self-driving cars that learn from historical
data
Current State of the Art and Techniques
– Theory of Mind
» AI that understands emotions, beliefs, and other
mental processes.
» This is still largely a theoretical concept.
– Self-Aware AI
» AI that possesses self-awareness and
consciousness, a concept that remains speculative.
 Current State of the Art and Techniques
– Methodologies in AI
• The implementation of AI technologies often relies on various
methodologies, which can be categorized as follows:

– Systems that use a set of predefined rules to make

decisions and solve problems.
– Simple to implement and understand; transparent
decision-making.
– Limited scalability and flexibility.
– Example: Expert systems in medical diagnosis.
• Between Gender and Age which one seems more decisive for
predicting what app will the users download
Current State of the Art and Techniques

2) Machine Learning Approaches

A) Supervised Learning
» Models are trained on labeled datasets.
» Techniques: Regression, classification algorithms.
» Example: Email spam filters.
Current State of the Art and Techniques

B) Unsupervised Learning
» Models identify patterns in unlabeled data.
» Techniques: Clustering, association rules.
» Example: Customer segmentation in marketing.
Current State of the Art and Techniques
C) Reinforcement Learning
» Models learn through trial and error, receiving
feedback from actions.
» Techniques: Q-learning, policy gradients.
» Example: Game-playing AI, robotics navigation.
Current State of the Art and Techniques

D) Deep Learning
» A subset of ML that uses neural networks with many
layers.
» Techniques: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs),
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs).
» Example: Image and speech recognition.
Current State of the Art and Techniques

E) Transformer Learning
» Transformers use self-attention mechanisms to
weigh the relevance of different words in a sentence,
enabling better context understanding.
• Example: Used in language translation systems
like Google Translate to convert text from one
language to another.
Current State of the Art and Techniques
3) Hybrid Approaches
– Combines multiple methodologies to leverage strengths
and mitigate weaknesses.
– Example: Integrating rule-based systems with machine
learning for enhanced decision-making.
Current State of the Art and Techniques
2) Natural Language Processing (NLP)
– Focuses on the interaction between computers and
human language.
– Techniques: Tokenization, named entity recognition,
sentiment analysis.
– Example: Chatbots and translation services.
 Current State of the Art and Techniques...

3) Big Data and Data Analytics

• The increasing volume of data generated daily necessitates
sophisticated techniques for data storage, processing, and analysis.
• Big data technologies, such as Hadoop and Spark, enable
organizations to derive insights from vast datasets, driving decision-
making and strategic planning.
4) Cloud Computing
• Cloud services offer scalable resources and on-demand access to
computing power and storage.
• This technology enables organizations to reduce costs, enhance
collaboration, and improve accessibility to applications and data.
 Current State of the Art and Techniques...

5) Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT refers to interconnected devices that communicate and
exchange data over the internet.
• This technology has applications in smart homes, healthcare
monitoring, and industrial automation, enabling real-time data
collection and processing.
6) Blockchain Technology
• Originally developed for cryptocurrency, blockchain provides a
secure and transparent way to record transactions and manage
data.
• Its potential applications include supply chain management,
healthcare records, and digital identity verification.
 Actors, Roles, and Relationships

• In the research process, various actors play essential roles, each

contributing to the overall success of the project.
1) The Student
• The student is often the primary researcher responsible for conducting the
study.
• Key responsibilities include:
– Defining Research Goals: Establishing clear objectives and questions
to guide the research process.
– Literature Review: Conducting a thorough review of existing research
to identify gaps and inform the study design.
– Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering data through appropriate
methods and analyzing it to draw conclusions.
 Actors, Roles, and Relationships...

– Communication: Effectively presenting findings to supervisors, evaluators,

and the academic community.
2) The Supervisor
• The supervisor serves as a mentor and guide throughout the research
process.
• Their roles include:
– Providing Guidance: Offering advice on research design, methodology,
and data analysis.
– Reviewing Progress: Monitoring the student's progress and providing
constructive feedback on their work.
– Supporting Development: Encouraging the student's intellectual
growth and helping them navigate challenges.
 Actors, Roles, and Relationships...

3) The Examiner/Evaluator
• The examiner or evaluator assesses the quality and rigor of the research.
• Their responsibilities involve:
– Evaluating Research Proposals: Assessing the feasibility and
relevance of proposed research projects.
– Reviewing Final Submissions: Critically evaluating the final research
documentation and presentations for clarity, depth, and rigor.
– Providing Feedback: Offering insights and recommendations for
improvement based on the evaluation.
 The Process

• Conducting research involves a series of structured steps that guide the

researcher from proposal development to final submission.
A) Developing Research Proposal
• The research proposal outlines the intended study, including objectives,
methodology, and significance.
• Key components include:
– Title: A concise and descriptive title reflecting the research focus.
– Introduction: An overview of the research problem and its relevance.
– Objectives: Clearly defined goals that the research aims to achieve.
– Methodology: A detailed explanation of the research design, data
collection methods, and analysis techniques.
 The Process...

i) Choosing a Subject Area

• Selecting a relevant subject area is a critical first step in the research
process.
• Considerations include:
– Personal Interest: Choosing a subject that aligns with personal
interests and career goals.
– Relevance: Ensuring that the subject area addresses current issues or
gaps in knowledge.
– Feasibility: Assessing the availability of resources, data, and support
for the chosen area.
ii) Choosing a Problem within the Subject Area
• Once a subject area is identified, researchers must narrow their focus to a
specific problem.
 The Process...

• Steps include:
– Identifying Gaps: Reviewing existing literature to find unanswered
questions or areas needing further exploration.
– Formulating Research Questions: Developing clear and focused
questions that the research will address.
iii) Quality Assurance of Initial Ideas
• Before proceeding with the proposal, researchers should evaluate their
initial ideas for quality.
• This involves:
– Seeking Feedback: Discussing ideas with peers or mentors to gain
insights and suggestions.
 The Process...

– Conducting Preliminary Research: Gathering initial data or literature to

support the feasibility of the proposed study.
iv) Writing the Research Proposal
• The research proposal should be clear, concise, and well-structured.
• Key components include:
– Introduction: Presenting the research problem and its significance.
– Objectives: Clearly defining the goals of the research.
– Methodology: Outlining the research design and data collection
methods.
 The Process...

v) Sample and More Acceptable Research Proposal Structure

• A well-structured research proposal typically includes:
1.Title Page
2.Abstract
3.Introduction
4.Literature Review
5.Research Questions/Hypotheses
6.Methodology
7.Significance of the Study
8.Timeline
9.References
 The Process...

vi) Research Proposal Checklist

• A checklist can help ensure the proposal is comprehensive and well-
prepared:
– Is the research problem clearly defined?
– Are the objectives specific and measurable?
– Is the methodology appropriate for the research questions?
– Have relevant literature and sources been reviewed?
– Is the proposal well-structured and free of errors?
 The Process...

B) Developing Problem Description

• A well-defined problem statement is crucial for guiding research efforts.
– Identify the Issue: Clearly articulate the specific problem to be
addressed.
– Contextualize the Problem: Provide background information and
context to highlight the significance of the issue.
– State Research Questions: Formulate specific questions that the
research will answer.
C) Following the Objectives
• Throughout the research process, it is essential to remain focused on the
established objectives.
– Regularly Revisiting Objectives: Ensuring that research activities
align with the initial goals.
 The Process...

– Adjusting Strategies: Being flexible and willing to modify approaches if

new insights or challenges arise.
D) Presenting and Analyzing the Data
• Data presentation and analysis are critical components of the research
process.
– Data Visualization: Using charts, graphs, and tables to present data
clearly and effectively.
– Statistical Analysis: Applying appropriate statistical techniques to
analyze quantitative data and draw conclusions.
– Qualitative Analysis: Employing methods such as thematic analysis or
content analysis to interpret qualitative data.
 The Process...

E) Drawing Conclusion and Identifying Future Work

• After analyzing data, researchers must draw conclusions based on their
findings.
– Summarizing Key Findings: Clearly communicating the main insights
derived from the research.
– Identifying Limitations: Acknowledging any limitations encountered
during the study that may impact the results.
– Suggesting Future Research: Proposing areas for further investigation
based on the study's outcomes.
 The Process...

F) Presenting and Defending Orally

• Oral presentations are an integral part of the research process.
• Key considerations include:
– Preparation: Developing a clear and engaging presentation that
summarizes the research.
– Effective Communication: Practicing delivery to ensure clarity and
confidence during the defense.
– Handling Questions: Preparing to address questions and critiques
from evaluators and peers.
 The Process...

G) Preparing Final Research Documentation (Thesis)

• The final research documentation, often in the form of a thesis or
dissertation, should include:
– Title Page: A formal title page with author details, institution, and date.
– Abstract: A concise summary of the research, including objectives,
methods, findings, and conclusions.
– Introduction: An overview of the research problem, objectives, and
significance.
– Literature Review: A comprehensive review of relevant literature and
theoretical frameworks.
– Methodology: Detailed descriptions of research design, data collection,
and analysis methods.
 The Process...

– Results and Discussion: Presentation of findings and interpretation in

relation to existing literature.
– Conclusion and Recommendations: Summarizing key insights and
suggesting future research directions.
 The Process...

H) Literature Review
1) Importance and Roles of Literature Review
• A literature review serves multiple purposes in the research process:
– Contextualizing Research: It situates the study within the existing
body of knowledge.
– Identifying Gaps: It highlights areas that require further investigation.
– Informing Methodology: It provides insights into effective research
methods used in previous studies.
2) Skills and Keys to Effective Literature Review
• Conducting a thorough literature review requires several skills:
– Critical Thinking: Evaluating the quality and relevance of sources.
– Analytical Skills: Synthesizing information from various studies to
identify patterns and trends.
 The Process...

– Organizational Skills: Keeping track of references and organizing the

review logically.
3) Literature Sources
• Researchers should utilize diverse sources for a comprehensive literature
review:
– Journals: Peer-reviewed articles provide the most reliable research
findings.
– Conference Proceedings: Present cutting-edge research and
emerging trends.
– Books: Offer in-depth discussions on specific topics.
– Reports and Theses: Provide insights into applied research and case
studies.
 The Process...

4) Literature Review Writing

• Writing the literature review involves:
– Summarizing Key Findings: Highlighting significant contributions from
the literature.
– Identifying Themes: Organizing findings around common themes or
research questions.
– Citing Sources: Properly referencing all sources to maintain academic
integrity.
 The Process...

I) Criteria for Assessing Research Quality

• Evaluating the quality of research involves several criteria:
– Relevance: Assessing whether the research addresses significant
questions in the field.
– Rigor: Evaluating the robustness of the methodology and data analysis.
– Originality: Considering the novelty of the research contribution.
– Clarity: Ensuring the research is presented in a clear and
understandable manner.
 The Process...

2) Feedback and Iteration

• The research process is often iterative; researchers should be open to
feedback and willing to make adjustments based on evaluations from
supervisors and peers.
• Regular progress reviews can help identify areas for improvement and
ensure the research remains on track.
 Conclusion

• This chapter provided a comprehensive overview of the processes

involved in conducting research, particularly within the computing field.
• From understanding the current state of technology to defining roles,
developing proposals, and conducting literature reviews, each step is
crucial for successful research.
• By adhering to established methodologies and maintaining a focus on
quality, researchers can contribute valuable insights to their respective
fields.
Chapter 3: Resources to Conduct Research
 Chapter Outline

• Digital Libraries (IEEE, ACM, Science Direct, Springer, etc.)

• Documentation Tools (Ex: Latex) and Language Skill
• Team Work
• Datasets
• Simulation, Experimental or Visualization Tools
 Digital Libraries

• Digital libraries play a crucial role in facilitating access to scholarly work,

research papers, and technical documents.
• These resources are essential for researchers seeking to gather information,
review existing literature, and build upon previous studies.
• Some prominent digital libraries in the field of computing and their unique
offerings.
– IEEE Xplore
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) Xplore
Digital Library is one of the most comprehensive resources for
electrical engineering, computer science, and electronics research.
• It provides access to:
– Journals: Over 200 journals covering various topics in
engineering and technology.
 Digital Libraries...

– Conference Proceedings: Papers from leading conferences in

the fields of electronics and computer science.
– Standards: A repository of industry standards, which is crucial
for researchers working on practical applications.
• Key Features:
– User-friendly interface with advanced search capabilities.
– Access to full-text articles, papers, and supplementary
materials.
– Options for citation and reference management.
 Digital Libraries...

– ACM Digital Library

• The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital Library
offers a rich collection of publications in computing and information
technology.
• This library includes:
– Journals and Magazines: Access to more than 50 journals
and magazines covering multiple aspects of computing.
– Conference Proceedings: Papers from ACM-sponsored
conferences, which are significant for staying updated on the
latest trends and research.
• Key Features:
– Comprehensive search tools that allow filtering by author,
publication type, and subject area.
– The ability to create alerts for new publications in specific
research areas.
 Digital Libraries...

» Access to multimedia content, including videos of presentations.

– ScienceDirect
• ScienceDirect, provides access to a vast collection of scientific and
technical research articles.
• Researchers can find:
– Journals: Covering a wide array of disciplines, including
computer science and engineering.
– Books and Book Series: Access to e-books and book
chapters that provide in-depth coverage of specific topics.
• Key Features:
– Advanced search functionalities, including specific filters for
article type and publication year.
 Digital Libraries...

– Tools for citation export and reference management.

– Options to read articles offline through downloadable PDFs.
– SpringerLink
• SpringerLink is another key digital library, known for its extensive collection
of scientific documents, articles, and books.
• It offers:
– Journals: Over 2,000 journals across various disciplines,
including computer science and information technology.
– Book Series: A wide range of academic books and series,
providing comprehensive insights into various fields.
 Digital Libraries...

• Key Features:
– Intuitive search features that allow users to find relevant
literature efficiently.
– The ability to create personalized accounts for managing
searches and saving articles.
– Access to high-quality content with options for downloading and
sharing.
 Documentation Tools

• Effective documentation is a critical component of the research process.

• Researchers need tools that facilitate writing, formatting, and collaboration.
• Some popular documentation tools, focusing on LaTeX and language skills.
– LaTeX
• LaTeX is a powerful typesetting system widely used for producing
scientific and technical documents.
• It is particularly favored in fields such as mathematics, computer
science, and engineering due to its ability to handle complex
formatting.
• Advantages:
– High-Quality Output: LaTeX produces professionally
formatted documents, particularly for mathematical equations,
figures, and tables.
 Documentation Tools...

– Version Control: Documents can be managed using version

control systems like Git, allowing multiple collaborators to work
on the same project without conflict.
– Bibliography Management: Integration with tools like BibTeX
simplifies citation management, making it easier to format
references according to various styles.
• Applications:
– Writing research papers, theses, and dissertations.
– Preparing presentations with Beamer, a LaTeX class for
creating slides.
– Producing technical reports and documentation for software
projects.
 Documentation Tools...

– Language Skills
• Effective communication is vital in research, and strong language
skills are essential for articulating ideas and findings clearly.
• Researchers should focus on:
– Academic Writing: Understanding the conventions of
academic writing, including structure, tone, and style.
– Technical Vocabulary: Familiarity with discipline-specific
terminology to convey complex concepts accurately.
– Editing and Proofreading: Skills in reviewing documents to
eliminate errors and enhance clarity.
– Training in writing and language skills can significantly improve
the quality of research documentation and presentations.
 Team Work

• Collaboration is a cornerstone of successful research. Working in teams

allows researchers to leverage diverse skills and perspectives, enhancing
the overall quality of the project.
– Importance of Team Work
• D i v e r s e E x p e r t i s e : Te a m m e m b e r s o f t e n b r i n g d i ff e r e n t
backgrounds and expertise, leading to more innovative solutions.
• Increased Productivity: Collaborating can increase efficiency, as
tasks can be divided based on individual strengths.
• Enhanced Problem Solving: Collective brainstorming often leads
to more effective problem-solving strategies.
 Team Work...

– Effective Collaboration Strategies

• To maximize the benefits of teamwork, researchers should adopt
the following strategies:
– Clear Communication: Establish open channels of
communication among team members to ensure that everyone
is on the same page.
– Defined Roles and Responsibilities: Clearly outline each
member's role to avoid confusion and overlap.
– Regular Meetings: Schedule regular check-ins to discuss
progress, challenges, and next steps.
– Collaborative Tools: Utilize tools such as Slack, Trello, or
Microsoft Teams to facilitate communication and project
management.
 Datasets

• Datasets are fundamental to empirical research, providing the data

necessary for analysis and validation of hypotheses.
– Types of Datasets
• Public Datasets: Many organizations and institutions provide
access to datasets for research purposes.
– Examples include government databases, open-source
projects, and academic repositories.
• Proprietary Datasets: Some datasets are proprietary and require
purchase or subscription to access.
– These may include specialized datasets from commercial
vendors.
• Synthetic Datasets: Researchers may generate synthetic datasets
for testing algorithms or models, especially in fields like machine
learning.
 Datasets...

– Finding Datasets
• Researchers can find relevant datasets through:
– Data Repositories: Websites like Kaggle, University of
California, Irvine(UCI) Machine Learning Repository, and
Data.gov offer a variety of datasets across different fields.
– Academic Journals: Some journals publish supplementary
datasets alongside research articles.
– Institutional Repositories: Many universities maintain
repositories where researchers can share and access datasets.
 Datasets...

– Data Management
• Proper data management practices are essential for maintaining
data integrity and usability.
• Key considerations include:
– Data Cleaning: Ensuring that datasets are free from errors and
inconsistencies.
– Documentation: Keeping detailed records of dataset sources,
variables, and methodologies used for data collection.
– Ethical Considerations: Adhering to ethical standards
regarding data privacy and usage, particularly when working
with sensitive information.
 Simulation, Experimental, or Visualization Tools

• Simulation is the process of creating a model that replicates the behavior

or characteristics of a real-world system or process over time.
• It allows researchers and engineers to study complex systems, predict
outcomes, and analyze scenarios without the need for physical experiments.
• Used in fields like physics, economics, engineering, and environmental
science to understand dynamics, test hypotheses, and optimize designs.
• Experimentation involves conducting controlled tests or trials to investigate
hypotheses, validate theories, or observe phenomena.
• It allows researchers to gather empirical data and examine cause-and-effect
relationships by manipulating variables in a systematic way.
• Common in scientific research, engineering design, and product
development to test new ideas and measure effects.
 Simulation, Experimental, or Visualization Tools...

• Visualization is the graphical representation of data or information to help

communicate insights, patterns, or trends effectively.
• It aids in understanding complex data by transforming it into graphical
formats such as charts, graphs, and interactive dashboards.
• Widely used in data analysis, scientific research, and presentations to
enhance comprehension and facilitate decision-making.
 Simulation, Experimental, or Visualization Tools

• Simulation, experimental, and visualization tools are vital for conducting

research, especially in computational fields.
– Simulation Tools
• Simulation tools allow researchers to model complex systems and
phenomena without the need for physical experimentation.
• Key tools include:
– MATLAB: Widely used for numerical computation, simulation,
and algorithm development.
» MATLAB is particularly effective for signal processing,
control systems, and image processing.
– Simulink: An extension of MATLAB, Simulink provides a
graphical interface for modeling and simulating dynamic
systems.
 Simulation, Experimental, or Visualization Tools...

– Experimental Tools
• Experimental tools facili t at e t he des i gn and ex ecut i on of
experiments.
• These may include:
– LabVIEW: A system-design platform and development
environment used for data acquisition, instrument control, and
industrial automation.
– RoboCup Soccer Simulator: A platform for simulating robotic
soccer competitions, used to develop and test algorithms for
autonomous agents.
– Visualization Tools
• Data visualization tools help researchers present their findings in an
easily understandable format.
 Simulation, Experimental, or Visualization Tools...

• Effective tools include:

– Tableau: A powerful tool for creating interactive and shareable
dashboards that visualize data trends and patterns.
– Matplotlib and Seaborn: Python libraries for creating static,
animated, and interactive visualizations in Python.
– Importance of Simulation and Visualization
• Understanding Complex Systems: Simulation tools enable
researchers to study systems that are difficult or impossible to
observe directly.
• Effective Communication: Visualization tools enhance the
presentation of data, making it easier for audiences to grasp
complex findings.
 Conclusion

• This chapter has provided an in-depth exploration of the resources available

to researchers in computing.
• From digital libraries that offer access to scholarly articles to documentation
tools that facilitate high-quality writing, each resource plays a critical role in
the research process.
• Effective teamwork, reliable datasets, and powerful simulation and
visualization tools further enhance the research experience, enabling
researchers to conduct thorough investigations and communicate their
findings effectively.
• As technology continues to advance, the landscape of research resources
will evolve, offering new opportunities for exploration and discovery.
Chapter 4: Writing Research Papers and Making Presentations
 Chapter Outline

4.1. Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations and References

4.2. Making Excellent Presentation
4.3. How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers (Journal and
Conferences)
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References

1) Structure of a Good Quality Research Paper

• A well-structured research paper is crucial for effectively communicating
findings and insights.
• The standard structure typically includes the following sections:
– Title:
• A concise and descriptive title that reflects the main topic and
findings of the research.
– Abstract:
• A brief summary (usually 150-250 words) that encapsulates the
research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions.
• An effective abstract allows readers to quickly grasp the essence of
the paper.
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References...

– Introduction:
• This section provides context for the research, outlining the problem
being addressed, the significance of the study, and the research
objectives.
• It often concludes with a clear statement of the research questions
or hypotheses.
– Literature Review:
• A comprehensive review of existing research relevant to the study.
• This section identifies gaps in the literature and positions the current
research within the broader academic context.
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References...

– Methodology:
• A detailed description of the research design, including the
approach, data collection methods, and analytical techniques.
• This section should be clear enough that other researchers could
replicate the study.
– Results:
• Presentation of the findings, often accompanied by tables, graphs,
and charts to illustrate data clearly.
• This section should be objective and focused solely on the data
collected.
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References...

– Discussion:
• Interpretation of the results in relation to the research questions and
existing literature.
• This section analyzes the implications of the findings, discusses
limitations, and suggests areas for future research.
– Conclusion:
• A summary of the key findings and their significance.
• This section should reiterate the importance of the study and its
contributions to the field.
– References:
• A comprehensive list of all sources cited throughout the paper,
formatted according to the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA,
IEEE).
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References...

2) Citations and References

• Citations and references are critical for giving credit to original authors and
allowing readers to locate the sources used in the research.
• Proper citation practices enhance the credibility of the paper and prevent
plagiarism.
– In-Text Citations:
• These are brief references within the text, usually containing the
author's last name and the year of publication.
• Different citation styles have specific formats (e.g., APA uses (Smith,
2020), while IEEE uses [1]).
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References...

– Reference List:
• This section at the end of the paper includes full details of all
sources cited in the text.
• Each entry should include the author’s name, publication year, title
of the work, publication information, and DOI or URL (if applicable).
• Types of Citation Styles:
– APA (American Psychological Association): Commonly used in
social sciences, emphasizing the date of publication.
– MLA (Modern Language Association): Often used in humanities,
focusing on authorship and page numbers.
– IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Used in
technical fields, featuring numbered references.
 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations, and References...

3) Importance of Proper Structure and Citation

• Clarity: A well-structured paper aids understanding and allows readers to
follow the argument logically.
• Credibility: Proper citations demonstrate the research is grounded in
existing literature, enhancing the author’s authority.
• Ethical Responsibility: Citing sources appropriately acknowledges the
contributions of other researchers and upholds academic integrity.
 Making Excellent Presentations
1) Importance of Presentation Skills
• Effective presentation skills are essential for conveying research findings
clearly and engagingly.
• A successful presentation can significantly impact how the audience
perceives the research.
2) Key Elements of a Good Presentation
• Clear Structure:
– A well-organized presentation typically follows a structure similar to that
of a research paper:
 Making Excellent Presentations...
• Introduction: Introduce the topic and outline the presentation's
objectives.
• Main Content: Present findings, methodologies, and discussions in
a logical sequence.
• Conclusion: Summarize key points and emphasize the significance
of the research.
• Visual Aids:
– Use slides, charts, and graphs to illustrate key points.
– Visual aids can enhance understanding and retention.
 Making Excellent Presentations...
– Tools like PowerPoint, Google Slides, or Prezi can help create engaging
presentations.
• Engagement with the Audience:
– Encourage audience interaction through questions or discussions.
– Engaging with the audience can make the presentation more dynamic
and memorable.
• Practice:
– Rehearsing the presentation multiple times helps build confidence and
allows the presenter to refine their delivery.
– Practicing in front of peers can also provide valuable feedback.
 Making Excellent Presentations...
3) Effective Delivery Techniques
• Body Language:
– Maintain an open posture, make eye contact, and use gestures to
emphasize points.
– Positive body language can enhance audience engagement.
• Voice Modulation:
– Vary your tone, pitch, and pace to maintain interest.
– A monotonous delivery can cause the audience to lose focus.
 Making Excellent Presentations...
• Timing:
– Be mindful of the allotted time for the presentation.
– Practicing will help ensure that you stay within the time limit while
covering all key points.
4) Handling Questions
• Be prepared to address questions from the audience.
• Strategies include:
– Anticipating Questions:
• Consider potential questions in advance and prepare thoughtful
responses.
– Clarifying Questions:
• If a question is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask for clarification before
answering.
 Making Excellent Presentations...
– Staying Calm:
• Maintain composure when faced with challenging questions.
• If you don’t know the answer, it’s acceptable to acknowledge it and
offer to follow up later.
 How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers

1) Understanding the Requirements

• Different academic institutions and journals have specific requirements for
thesis and paper submissions.
• Familiarize yourself with these guidelines to ensure compliance.
• Key aspects to consider include:
– Formatting Guidelines: Adhere to specified font sizes, margins, and
spacing.
– Length Requirements: Ensure that your document meets the specified
length requirements for both text and references.
– Submission Deadlines: Stay aware of submission deadlines for
journals and conferences.
 How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers...

2) Writing a Good Quality Thesis

• A thesis is a comprehensive document that presents original research
findings.
• Key components include:
– Title Page: Includes the title, author's name, institution, and submission
date.
– Acknowledgments: A section to thank those who contributed to the
research.
– Table of Contents: Provides an overview of the document structure
and page numbers for each section.
– Chapters: Organize the thesis into well-defined chapters,
 How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers...

– Including:
• Introduction: Background and significance of the research.
• Literature Review: Comprehensive analysis of existing research.
• Methodology: Detailed explanation of the research methods used.
• Results: Presentation of research findings.
• Discussion: Interpretation of results and implications.
• Conclusion: Summary of findings and recommendations for future
research.
 How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers...

3) Writing Good Quality Papers for Journals and Conferences

• When writing papers for journals and conferences, consider the
following:
– Select the Right Journal or Conference:
• Choose venues that align with your research topic and audience.
• Review their scope and aims to ensure a good fit.
– Follow Submission Guidelines:
• Each journal and conference has specific submission guidelines.
• Adhering to these is crucial for acceptance.
– Writing Style:
• Maintain a formal academic tone.
• Be concise and clear, avoiding unnecessary jargon.
 How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers...

• Use active voice where possible to enhance readability.

– Review and Revise:
• After completing the draft, take time to review and revise.
• Editing for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy is essential.
– Seek Feedback:
• Before submission, seek feedback from peers, mentors, or advisors.
• Constructive criticism can help improve the quality of your paper.
 How to Write Good Quality Thesis and Papers...

4) Importance of Peer Review

• Quality Assurance: The peer review process serves as a quality control
mechanism, ensuring that only high-quality research is published.
• Constructive Feedback: Reviewers provide valuable insights and
suggestions for improvement.
• Increased Credibility: Papers that undergo peer review are generally
regarded as more credible and reliable.
 Conclusion
• Writing high-quality research papers and making effective presentations are
critical skills for researchers.
• By adhering to structured formats, following proper citation practices, and
honing presentation skills, researchers can effectively communicate their
findings and contributions to their fields.
• This chapter has provided an overview of the essential elements involved in
writing and presenting research, emphasizing the importance of clarity,
organization, and engagement in both written and oral communication.
• As researchers continue to contribute to the body of knowledge, mastering
these skills will be vital for their success and impact in academia and
beyond.
Article: The Intersection of Technology and Education: Impacts on
Student Learning Outcomes
Introduction
In recent years, the integration of technology into educational
settings has transformed traditional teaching methodologies. From
online learning platforms to interactive educational applications,
technology is reshaping how educators deliver content and how
students engage with learning materials. While numerous studies
have explored various aspects of technology's impact on education,
significant gaps remain in understanding its long-term effects on
diverse student populations.
Current Findings:
Research indicates that technology can enhance student
engagement and improve learning outcomes. For instance, studies
have shown that multimedia resources, such as videos and
interactive simulations, can facilitate deeper understanding of
complex subjects. Additionally, online collaborative tools have been
linked to improved peer interaction and teamwork skills.
However, the benefits of technology are not uniformly experienced
across all demographics. Variables such as socioeconomic status,
access to technology, and varying levels of digital literacy can
influence the effectiveness of technological interventions in
education.
Research Gaps:
1. Longitudinal Effects: Many studies focus on short-term outcomes
of technology integration, with insufficient exploration of its long-
term impacts on academic performance and retention rates.
2. Diverse Populations: There is a lack of research examining how
different student demographics—such as students with disabilities,
low-income students, and students from rural areas—respond to
technology-enhanced learning environments.
3. Quality vs. Quantity of Technology Use: While the availability of
technology in classrooms has increased, there is limited research
on how the quality of technology use (i.e., the effectiveness of the
tools used) affects learning outcomes compared to the sheer
amount of technology utilized.
Hypotheses:
1. Students who engage in technology-enhanced learning
environments over a sustained period will demonstrate higher
retention rates and improved academic performance compared to
those in traditional learning settings."
2. Students from low-income backgrounds with access to high-
quality educational technology will show greater improvements in
academic outcomes than those with limited access to such
resources."
3. "The quality of technology use in classrooms will significantly
correlate with student engagement levels, influencing their overall
academic success more than the quantity of technology available."
Chapter 5: Research Ethics
 Couse Outline

5.1. Ethical Issues in Research

5.2. Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication
5.3. Academic Honesty Related Issues – Ex. Misleading Authorship
5.4. Other Ethical Issues in Computing
 Ethical Issues in Research
• Research ethics encompasses the principles and guidelines that govern the
conduct of research to ensure integrity, respect for participants, and
adherence to professional standards.
• Ethical issues arise at various stages of the research process, and
addressing them is crucial for maintaining public trust and the credibility of
the research community.
1) Informed Consent
• One of the fundamental ethical principles in research involving human
subjects is obtaining informed consent.
• Researchers must ensure that participants are fully aware of the nature of
the study, the procedures involved, potential risks, and their right to
withdraw at any time without penalty.
 Ethical Issues in Research...
• Informed consent should be documented, and participants should have the
opportunity to ask questions.
2) Confidentiality and Privacy
• Researchers must respect the confidentiality and privacy of participants.
• This includes protecting personal data and ensuring that identifiable
information is not disclosed without consent.
• Researchers should implement strategies for data anonymization and
secure storage to protect sensitive information.
 Ethical Issues in Research...
3) Vulnerable Populations
• Special consideration is required when conducting research involving
vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, or individuals with
cognitive impairments.
• Researchers must take extra precautions to ensure that these groups are
not exploited and that their rights and welfare are protected.
4) Conflict of Interest
• Researchers must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may
influence the research process or outcomes.
• This includes financial interests, personal relationships, or affiliations that
could compromise objectivity.
• Transparency is essential for maintaining trust with participants and the
academic community.
 Ethical Issues in Research...
5) Ethical Review Boards
• Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or Ethics Committees play a critical role
in overseeing research involving human subjects.
• These boards evaluate research proposals to ensure that ethical standards
are upheld, providing guidance on issues related to consent, risk
assessment, and participant welfare.
 Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication
1) Plagiarism
• Plagiarism involves presenting someone else's work, ideas, or intellectual
property as one's own without proper attribution.
• It undermines the integrity of research and can have serious consequences,
including academic penalties and damage to reputation.
• Types of Plagiarism
– Direct Plagiarism: Copying text verbatim without quotation marks or
citation.
– Self-Plagiarism: Reusing one's previously published work without
acknowledgment.
– Mosaic Plagiarism: Interspersing copied phrases with original text
without proper citation.
 Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication...
2) Falsification
• Falsification refers to the manipulation of research data or results to
produce a desired outcome.
• This includes altering data, omitting significant findings, or misrepresenting
methodologies.
• Falsification compromises the validity of research and can lead to the
dissemination of misleading information.
3) Fabrication
• Fabrication is the act of inventing data, results, or citations that do not exist.
• This unethical practice not only misleads the scientific community but also
puts public safety at risk, especially in fields such as medicine and
engineering where accurate data is crucial for decision-making.
 Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication...
4) Consequences of Ethical Violations
• Violating ethical standards can result in severe consequences, including
retraction of published papers, loss of funding, and damage to professional
reputation.
• Institutions often have strict policies in place to address ethical violations,
and individuals found guilty may face disciplinary action.
 Academic Honesty Related Issues
1) Authorship Criteria
• Authorship should accurately reflect contributions to the research.
• Misleading authorship practices include:
– Ghost Authorship: Failing to credit individuals who contributed
significantly to the research.
– Honorary Authorship: Granting authorship to individuals who did not
contribute to the research, often to enhance credibility or influence.
 Academic Honesty Related Issues...
2) Responsibilities of Authors
• Authors have a responsibility to ensure that all contributors are
appropriately acknowledged.
• This includes:
– Transparency: Disclosing all individuals involved in the research
process, including those who assisted in data collection or analysis.
– Agreement: Ensuring that all authors agree on the content and
conclusions of the paper before submission.
3) Impact of Misleading Authorship
• Misleading authorship can distort the academic record and misinform
readers.
• It can also lead to conflicts among collaborators and undermine trust within
the research community.
 Other Ethical Issues in Computing
1) Data Security and Privacy
• In computing research, ethical considerations extend to data security and
privacy.
• Researchers must implement robust measures to protect sensitive data
from unauthorized access.
• This includes encryption, secure storage solutions, and adherence to data
protection regulations such as GDPR.
2 Algorithmic Bias
• As algorithms increasingly influence decision-making processes,
researchers must consider the ethical implications of algorithmic bias.
• Bias in algorithms can perpetuate discrimination and inequality.
 Other Ethical Issues in Computing...
• Researchers should strive for fairness, transparency, and accountability in
the design and deployment of algorithms.
3) Responsible AI
• The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) brings ethical challenges related to
autonomy, responsibility, and accountability.
• Researchers must address issues such as:
– Autonomous Systems: Ensuring that AI systems operate safely and
ethically, particularly in high-stakes environments like healthcare and
transportation.
– Accountability: Determining who is responsible for the actions of AI
systems and ensuring that there are mechanisms for redress in case of
harm.
 Other Ethical Issues in Computing...
4) Ethical Implications of Emerging Technologies
• R a p i d a d v a n c e m e n t s i n t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h a s b i o t e c h n o l o g y,
nanotechnology, and cybersecurity necessitate ongoing ethical reflection.
• Researchers must consider the broader societal impacts of their work and
engage in public discourse about the ethical implications of their research.
Chapter 6: Data Collection and Analysis
 Chapter Outline

Data Collection (primary and secondary data)

Analysis of Data with case studies
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)

• Data collection is a critical phase in the research process, involving the

systematic gathering of information to answer research questions and test
hypotheses.
• This chapter explores two primary types of data: primary and secondary
data.
1) Primary Data
• Primary data refers to information collected firsthand for a specific research
purpose.
• This type of data is original and directly related to the research objectives.
• Methods of Collecting Primary Data are:
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

– Surveys and Questionnaires:

• These tools allow researchers to gather data from a large number of
respondents.
• Surveys can be administered online, via telephone, or in person.
• Questions can be open-ended or closed-ended, depending on the
desired depth of information.
– Interviews:
• Conducting one-on-one or group interviews provides detailed
qualitative data.
• Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured,
allowing for flexibility in responses.
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

– Observations:
• Researchers can collect data through direct observation of subjects
in their natural environment.
• This method is particularly useful in fields like anthropology and
sociology.
– Experiments:
• Experimental research involves manipulating variables to observe
their effects.
• This method is commonly used in scientific studies to establish
causal relationships.
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

– Focus Groups:
• A focus group involves gathering a small group of participants to
discuss a specific topic.
• This qualitative method allows researchers to explore participants'
attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions.
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

2) Secondary Data
• Secondary data refers to information that has already been collected and
published by other researchers or organizations.
• This data is often used to complement primary data or provide context for
the research.
• Sources of Secondary Data
– Published Research Studies: Academic journals, books, and
conference proceedings provide a wealth of information relevant to
various fields of study.
– Government Reports: Many government agencies publish reports and
statistics that can be valuable for research, including census data,
economic indicators, and health statistics.
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

– Databases: Online databases such as PubMed, JSTOR, and Google

Scholar allow researchers to access a wide range of published literature
and data sets.
– Industry Reports: Market research firms and industry associations
often publish reports that provide insights into specific markets or
sectors.
– Media Sources: News articles, blogs, and other media outlets can offer
relevant information about current events, trends, and public opinion.
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

3) Choosing Between Primary and Secondary Data

• The choice between primary and secondary data depends on various
factors,including:
• Research Objectives:
– If specific, original data is required, primary data may be necessary.
– For broader context or background information, secondary data may
suffice.
• Resource Availability:
– Primary data collection can be time-consuming and costly.
– Researchers must consider their available resources, including time,
budget, and expertise.
 Data Collection (Primary and Secondary Data)...

• Data Quality:
– The reliability and validity of secondary data must be assessed before
use.
– Researchers should evaluate the credibility of sources and potential
biases in the data.
 Analysis of Data with Case Studies
• Data analysis involves systematically applying statistical or qualitative
techniques to interpret and derive insights from collected data.
• This section discusses various methods of data analysis and the use of
case studies.
1) Quantitative Data Analysis
• Quantitative data analysis focuses on numerical data and statistical
techniques to identify patterns, relationships, and trends.
• Common methods include:
– Descriptive Statistics:
• These statistics summarize data using measures such as mean,
median, mode, and standard deviation.
• They provide a basic understanding of the data distribution.
 Analysis of Data with Case Studies...

– Inferential Statistics:
• Researchers use inferential statistics to draw conclusions about
populations based on sample data.
• Techniques include hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and
analysis of variance (ANOVA).
– Correlation Analysis:
• This method assesses the strength and direction of relationships
between variables.
• Correlation coefficients (e.g., Pearson’s r) quantify the degree of
association.
– Data Visualization:
• Visual tools like charts, graphs, and tables are essential for
presenting quantitative findings clearly and effectively.
 Analysis of Data with Case Studies...

• Visualization aids in identifying trends and patterns.

2) Qualitative Data Analysis
• Qualitative data analysis focuses on non-numerical data, such as text, audio,
or visual materials.
• Common methods include:
– Thematic Analysis:
• This approach involves identifying and analyzing patterns or themes
within qualitative data.
• Researchers code data segments and group them into themes to
interpret findings.
 Analysis of Data with Case Studies...

– Content Analysis:
• Content analysis systematically evaluates the presence of specific
words, phrases, or concepts within qualitative data.
• It allows researchers to quantify qualitative information.
– Grounded Theory:
• This method aims to develop theories grounded in the data itself.
• Researchers iteratively collect and analyze data, allowing insights to
emerge and inform theoretical development.
– Narrative Analysis:
• Researchers use narrative analysis to explore and interpret the
stories told by participants.
 Analysis of Data with Case Studies...

• This method emphasizes the context and meaning of narratives in

understanding experiences.
3) Case Studies
• Case studies provide an in-depth examination of specific instances or
phenomena within real-world contexts.
• They are particularly valuable for exploring complex issues and generating
rich qualitative data.
• Types of Case Studies
– Exploratory Case Studies: These studies investigate a phenomenon
where little prior research exists, helping to identify variables and
formulate hypotheses.
 Analysis of Data with Case Studies...

– Descriptive Case Studies: These studies provide comprehensive

descriptions of a specific case, offering insights into its context,
processes, and outcomes.
– Explanatory Case Studies: These studies seek to explain causal
relationships and understand the underlying mechanisms of a
phenomenon.
• Conducting Case Studies
– Selection of Cases: Choose cases that are relevant to the research
question and provide the opportunity for in-depth analysis.
– Data Collection: Use a combination of methods (e.g., interviews,
observations, document analysis) to gather rich, qualitative data.
– Analysis: Analyze data thematically or using other qualitative
techniques to draw insights and conclusions.
 Conclusion
• Data collection and analysis are fundamental components of the research
process.
• Researchers must carefully choose between primary and secondary data
based on their research objectives and available resources.
• Employing appropriate analysis techniques, whether quantitative or
qualitative, enables researchers to derive meaningful insights from their
data.
• Case studies serve as a valuable method for exploring complex phenomena
in real-world contexts, enriching the understanding of various issues.
• By adhering to ethical standards and employing rigorous analysis methods,
researchers can contribute valuable knowledge to their fields.
Thank you