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ODE Assign 5

The document outlines a series of assignments focused on solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using various methods, including operator methods and Cauchy-Euler equations. It includes problems on finding particular integrals, analyzing zeros of solutions, and applying the variation of parameters. Additionally, it explores the properties of solutions to specific types of differential equations, including Bessel equations and conditions on the function q(x).

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G Meganathan
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14 views2 pages

ODE Assign 5

The document outlines a series of assignments focused on solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using various methods, including operator methods and Cauchy-Euler equations. It includes problems on finding particular integrals, analyzing zeros of solutions, and applying the variation of parameters. Additionally, it explores the properties of solutions to specific types of differential equations, including Bessel equations and conditions on the function q(x).

Uploaded by

G Meganathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ODE: Assignment-5

(For calculations of Particular Integrals by operator method, see Simmons books, page 161,
section 23 of the chapter Second order linear equations.)

1. Solve: (i) x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 − 12y = 0 (ii)(T) x2 y 00 + 5xy 0 + 13y = 0 (iii) x2 y 00 − xy 0 + y = 0


d
2. (Higher order Cauchy-Euler equations) Let us denote D = dx and D = dtd where x = et .
Show that
xD = D, x2 D2 = D(D − 1), x3 D3 = D(D − 1)(D − 2).
Hence conclude that (x3 D + ax2 D2 + bxD + c)y = 0, x > 0 is transformed into constant
coefficients ODE [D(D − 1)(D − 2) + aD(D − 1) + bD + c]y = 0 by the substitution
x = et .

3. Find a particular solution of each of the following equations by operator methods and
hence find its general solution:
(i) y 00 + 4y = 2 cos2 x + 10ex (ii)(T) y 00 + y = sin x + (1 + x2 )ex
(T) (iii) y 00 − y = e−x (sin x + cos x) (iv) y 000 − 3y 00 − y 0 + 3y = x2 ex

4. Solve y 00 + y 0 − 2y = ex .

5. Solve by using operator method (D2 + 9)y = sin 2x cos x.

6. Find a particular integral by operator method: D2 − 6D + 9 = 1 + x + x2 .

7. Find P.I: y 00 + 9y = x cos x.

8. (T) Solve x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 − 4y = x2 + 2 log x, x > 0.

9. (T) (Higher order variation of parameter) Consider the n-th order linear equation
n
X
(n)
y + ai (x)y (i) = y (n) + an−1 (x)y (n−1) + · · · + a0 (x)y = r(x).
1

Assume that y1 , · · · , yn are n-independent solutions of the associated homogeneous equa-


tion. Prove that a particular integral of the given ODE is
X Ri
yp = vi yi where vi0 = .
W
Here W is the wronskian of y1 , · · · , yn and Ri is the determinant obtained by replacing
i-th column of W by [0, 0, · · · , 0, r(x)].

10. (i) Let y1 (x), y2 (x) are two linearly independent solutions of y 00 +p(x)y 0 +q(x)y = 0. Show
that φ(x) = αy1 (x) + βy2 (x) and ψ(x) = γy1 (x) + δy2 (x) are two linearly independent
solutions if and only if αδ 6= βγ.
(ii) Show that the zeros of the functions a sin x + b cos x and c sin x + d cos x are distinct
and occur alternately whenever ad − bc 6= 0.
11. (T) Show that any nontrivial solution u(x) of u00 + q(x)u = 0, q(x) < 0 for all x, has at
most one zero.

12. Let u(x) be any nontrivial solution of u00 + [1 + q(x)]u = 0, where q(x) > 0. Show that
u(x) has infinitely many zeros.

13. Let u(x) be any nontrivial solution of u00 + q(x)u = 0 on a closed interval [a, b]. Show
that u(x) has at most a finite number of zeros in [a, b].

14. (T) Let Jp be any non-trivial solution of the Bessel equation

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − p2 )y = 0, x > 0.

Show that Jp has infinitely many positive zeros.

15. (T) Consider u00 + q(x)u = 0 on an interval I = (0, ∞) with q(x) ≥ m2 for all t ∈ I.
Show any non trivial solution u(x) has infinitely many zeros and distance between two
consecutive zeros is at most π/m.

16. Consider u00 + q(x)u = 0 on an interval I = (0, ∞) with q(x) ≤ m2 for all t ∈ I. Show
that distance between two consecutive zeros is at least π/m.

17. (T) Let Jp be any non-trivial solution of the Bessel equation

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − p2 )y = 0, x > 0.

Show that (i) If 0 ≤ p ≤ 1/2, then every interval of length π has at least contains at
least one zero of Jp .
(ii) If p = 1/2 then distance between consecutive zeros of Jp is exactly π.
(iii) If p > 1/2 then every interval of length π contains at most one zero of Jp .

18. Let y(x) be a non-trivial solution of y 00 + q(x)y = 0. Prove that if q(x) > k/x2 for some
k > 1/4 then y has infinitely many positive zeros. If q(x) < 4x12 then y has only finitely
many positive zeros.

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