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integrating ecological principles into urban development to address the challenges posed by rapid
urbanisation, climate change and environmental degradation and the need for nature driven solutions.
The research by Frederick Steiner identifies four critical research areas: ecosystem services, adaptation
to natural disasters, ecological renewal of degraded urban spaces and application of theoretical
knowledge into real-world problems.
The idea of ecosystem services are natural systems that positively impact people, sustaining life and
improving well-being. Historically underestimated in economic analysis, the services offer services like air
filtration, water filtration and carbon capture are now coming into prominence as key components of
sustainable urban planning. Case studies, including New York City's watershed protection initiative and
China's eco-sensitive urban parks, demonstrate how combining ecosystem services can improve
environmental quality while saving money. Another important consideration of urban ecological
planning is responding to natural disasters. As climate change intensifies, cities are increasingly
vulnerable to extreme weather events, making cities more vulnerable to flooding and rising sea levels.
The literature highlights the importance of green infrastructure- such as bioswales, wetlands and
permeable surfaces to mitigate such risks. Additionally, historic settlement patterns seen in New Orleans,
emphasizes the result of neglecting ecological limitations in urban growth with ecological limitations in
order to promote resilience-oriented planning. Implementation of green infrastructure not only provides
urban resilience but also provides social and economic benefits by reducing the cost of disaster
mitigation. Initiatives such as Freshkills Park and High Line in New York City represent the potential of
transformation in using brownfield land as ecologically diverse and socially vibrant landscapes.
Landscape urbanism gives priority to ecological networks over strict architectural forms and presents
itself as a compelling approach to future urban renewal initiatives. But gentrification and equal access
concerns for green spaces mandate planning strategies that balance social justice with ecological
benefits. Inclusive planning strategies through the integration of affordable housing and
community-based design processes can contribute to reconciling ecological and social imperatives. The
challenge of translating knowledge into practical situations remains a persistent barrier in urban
ecological design. Despite extensive research on sustainable urban strategies, implementation is often
hindered by political, economic and cultural differences. The research emphasises on improved case
study methodologies, interdisciplinary collaboration and policy integration to ensure that ecological
insights are effectively applied in practice. The Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES) serves as an example of
how ecological performance metrics can be incorporated into urban planning, providing a standardized
approach to evaluating sustainability.
Overall, the literature highlights the need for adaptive, integration and equity-driven approaches to
urban ecological planning. By giving nature-based solutions precedence, increasing resilience, urban
spaces and knowledge application, cities have the ability to work through the intricacies of 21st-century
urbanisation while driving environmental sustainability and human health. Sustained research has to
tackle long-term monitoring of urban ecological intervention and how adaptive measures can be further
honed in the long term to function with shifting environmental and social challenges. Combining
ecological science and urban planning will become key to creating resilient cities that are inclusive and
sustainable.