Resource Extraction: Highlights the importance

of resources such as gold, spices, and timber in

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
the economic activities of both indigenous people
MAGELLAN
and Spanish explorers.
WRITTEN BY: ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
Timeline of Key Events
Author's Background
(Dates)
Antonio Pigafetta
1505 - Ferdinand Magellan joined the expedition
 Born Around 1490, Vicenza, Venice, Italy.
of Francisco d'Ameida to India.
 Studied astronomy, geography, and
cartography.
 Served as Magellan’s assistant, documented 1512 - Magellan participated in the Portuguese
the voyage in detail. expedition to Morocco but had a disagreement
 His journal is the primary source for the with his commanding officer.
voyage’s historical account.
1513 - Magellan requested permission from King
Historical Background of the Document Manuel of Portugal for a voyage to the Spice
Islands but was denied.
Written during the first circumnavigation led by
Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522). After 1518 - Magellan convinced King Charles I of
Magellan’s death, Juan Sebastián Elcano Spain to support his voyage.
completed the voyage.
March 22, 1519 - King Charles I promised
Four versions survive, one in Italian and three in Magellan one-fifth of the profits from the voyage.
French.
August 1519 - The expedition began from
A crucial primary source for understanding Seville, Spain.
European exploration and encounters with
indigenous cultures. 1520

Customs and Traditions March: The fleet anchored at Puerto San Julian
in Southern Argentina for winter, and a mutiny
Socio-cultural Significance occurred.

Burial Practices: Use of boats as coffins and September: The Santiago was destroyed in a
rituals reflect indigenous beliefs and values. storm.

Clothing and Adornment: Details about tattoos October: Magellan and his crew resumed their
and piercings show cultural identity and social voyage.
status.
November 21: They entered the Strait of
Religious Beliefs: Descriptions of worship Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to cross
practices illustrate the spiritual life of the natives. into the Pacific Ocean.

Political Significance 1521

Social Hierarchies: Details about chiefs and February 3: The fleet reached the Equator. (A
social classes reveal political structures. fleet is a group of ships or vessels)
March 6: The fleet reached the Pacific island of
Guam.
Inter-Tribal Relations: Conflicts and alliances
March 16: Arrival in Zamal (Samar, Philippines).
show the complex political landscape.

March 31: First mass held in the Philippines at

Spanish Colonialism: Early encounters that
Mazaua (Limasawa).
paved the way for Spanish influence.

April 7: The fleet entered the port of Zubu

Economic Significance
(Cebu).
Trade and Barter: Insights into the value of
April 14: Mass held, and 800 people, including
commodities and exchange practices.
the king and queen, were baptized. The Image of
baby Jesus (Santo Niño statue) was given to the
Spanish Expansion: Pursuit of valuable
wife of Rajah Humabon.
resources like spices.
April 26: Lapu-Lapu refused to acknowledge
Slavery: Mention of its prevalence highlights
Spanish authority and pay tribute.
social and economic impacts.
April 27: Magellan was killed in the Battle of The five ships in Magellan's expedition are
Mactan. collectively known as Magellan's fleet or the
Armada de Molucca.
April 28: Survivors left Cebu after some were
poisoned during a feast. Trinidad (Portuguese) – Captained by
Ferdinand Magellan, who was the Captain
1522 General of the fleet.
September 6: The Victoria, the last remaining
ship, reached Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain. San Antonio (Spanish) – Captained by Juan
September 8: The exhausted crew anchored at de Cartagena.
Seville, marking the end of the voyage.
Concepcion (Spanish) – Captained by Gaspar
PLACES de Quesada.

Seville, Spain: Starting point of the expedition. Victoria (Spanish) – Captained by Luis
Mendoza.
Tenerife, Canary Islands:Supply stops before
crossing the Atlantic. Santiago (Portuguese) – Captained by Juan
Serrano.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Stop for wood and
supplies. Factors that Influenced Pigafetta’s Writing

Strait of Magellan: Passage between the Personal Experience: Firsthand observations

Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. provided detailed insights.

Philippines: Archipelago where Magellan was Political and Religious Context: Reflected
killed. European ambitions and rivalry.

Port St. Julian, Patagonia: Wintering site and Scientific Curiosity: Motivated by documenting
location of a mutiny. the natural and cultural world.

Ladrone Islands: Encountered indigenous Audience: Aimed at scholars and European

people who stole supplies. nobility interested in exploration.

Borneo: Encountered a powerful king and Desire to Inform: Aimed to inform his readers
diverse population. about the wonders and challenges of the voyage.

Cape Verde Islands: Supply stops for Victoria

before returning to Spain.
Contribution of the Document in Philippine
Tidore, Moluccas (Spice Islands): Ultimate History
destination for trading valuable spices.
Primary Source/First European Account:
Timor: A site with cultural encounters and Provides a firsthand European account of the
challenges. pre-colonial Philippines.

Cultural Insights: Detailed descriptions of early

Filipino life and customs.
PERSONALITIES INVOLVED
Historical Context: Essential for understanding
Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer, early Spanish encounters and colonial impact.
leader of the expedition.
Magellan's Legacy: Introduced Christianity and
Juan Sebastián Elcano: Completed the voyage influenced subsequent Spanish colonization
after Magellan's death. efforts.

King Charles I of Spain: Supported and funded ADDITIONAL DEETS

the expedition.
Detailed Records: First European account to
Antonio Pigafetta: Venetian nobleman and document Visayan vocabulary.
chronicler of the journey.
Cultural Understanding: Offers a glimpse into
Rajah Humabon and Lapu-Lapu:Indigenous how early Filipinos resisted colonization.
leaders involved in key events.
Primary Insight: Aids in reconstructing the
ARMADA DE MOLUCCA socio-cultural dynamics before Spanish rule.
Customs of the Tagalogs The council ensured the enforcement of laws and
customs.
WRITTEN BY: JUAN DE PLASENCIA

Author's Background
MODE OF DRESSING MODE OF
Juan de Plasencia(Joan de Portocarrero)
Men DRESSING
Women
 Juan de Plasencia was a Spanish friar and
missionary who arrived in the Philippines in
Males wore the Women wore a
the late 16th century. He was a member of
the Franciscan Order and worked extensively
kanggan (sleeveless baro or camisa
to convert the indigenous people to jacket) (jacket with
Christianity. sleeves)
 His understanding of Tagalog customs and
beliefs was crucial for his evangelization Bahag (loincloth) Saya or
efforts, aiming to integrate Filipinos into patadyong (long
Spanish colonial society and Catholicism. skirt)
 Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalog provides
one of the earliest detailed accounts of pre- The color of the A tapis (a piece of
colonial Philippine society, recording the kanggan indicated red or white cloth)
political, social, and economic structures of rank—red for the chief was sometimes
the Tagalog people. and black or blue for draped over the
 His continuous interaction with the people he commoners. skirt.
converted to Christianity enabled him to
write a book entitled Relacion de las Men also wore a
Costumbre de los Tagalogs (Customs of the
putong (turban) that
Tagalogs, 1589).
 1593 - he published the book Doctrina
represented their
Christiana en Lengua Española Y Tagala, the status or
first printed book in the Philippines. achievements.

Historical Background of the Document

The document, "Customs of the Tagalogs," was

written in 1589 during the Spanish colonial
period. It is either a chapter or subsections of a
longer manuscript written by the chroniclers of
the early Spanish expeditions to the Philippines
during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Datu (Chieftain) - The datu was the community
Content Analysis
leader, wielding authority over the barangay. He
oversaw law enforcement, settled disputes, and
Community Laws and Political System distributed land.
Maharlica (Nobles) Free-born people exempt
Barangay System from paying tributes. They were duty-bound to
The basic political unit was the "barangay," an assist the datu in battles and had a high social
independent community led by a "datu" status.
(chieftain).
Aliping Namamahay (Commoners) These
The datu held executive, legislative, and judicial were lower-status citizens who maintained a
powers. level of independence but were required to work
a portion of their land for the datu or another
Laws were often unwritten and passed higher-ranking individual.
down orally through generations.
Aliping Saguiguilid (Slaves) Bound to serve
Crimes were punished with fines or corporal their master’s household and lands directly. They
punishment. could be sold or transferred as property,
illustrating the more servile end of the social
Council of Elders spectrum.
The datu was advised by a council of elders who
helped in administering justice. ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Land Ownership and Agriculture

Land within the barangay was considered This practice suggests a belief in the importance
communal, though individuals could clear and of the head, perhaps as the seat of the soul or
cultivate land for personal use. However, spirit.
ownership remained with the community,
ensuring resource access for all members. Death and Afterlife

Agriculture was central, especially rice cultivation. Plasencia describes the Aetas' belief in an
Other crops included cotton, sugarcane, and alternate life called "macaa," a village of rest for
various fruits and vegetables. Supplementary the just and valiant.
activities included fishing, hunting, and gathering.
This suggests a concept of an afterlife where
Barter and Trade System individuals are judged based on their actions in
life.
A barter system formed the backbone of trade.
Agricultural products, fish, and handicrafts were While Plasencia doesn't explicitly state that the
traded for necessities. Gold, primarily in tiles, Tagalogs shared this belief, their shared cultural
was also used, especially for dowries, tributes, and geographical proximity suggests they might
and fines, reflecting a form of currency. have held similar notions about the afterlife.

Spiritual Beings and the Supernatural

Plasencia mentions the Tagalogs' belief in various

spiritual beings and supernatural phenomena.

Social Hierarchy and Economic Roles He refers to "vibit," which he translates as

"ghost," and "casana an," a place of punishment
Social class influenced economic roles. For for the wicked.
instance, the maharlica were not obligated to pay
taxes but supported the datu in warfare, while He also mentions "tig bala ang and patianac,"
the alipin provided labor. which he describes as "phantoms."

Religious Beliefs and Superstitions Raiders of the Sulu Sea

Tagalogs believed in omens and signs, such as A Historical Analysis

sneezing, encountering a rat or serpent, or
hearing the song of the Tigmamanuguin bird. "Raiders of the Sulu Sea" is a historical
documentary examining the lives and struggles
The Tigmamanuguin bird's song could be of indigenous groups in the Philippines,
interpreted as either a good or bad omen. particularly in the Sulu Sea region, during the era
of Spanish colonization. The documentary was
Burial and Death produced by Oak3 Films and directed by Idzwan
Othman, with contributors like Dr. Samuel Tan, a
The deceased was placed beside their house and historian; Barbara Watson Andaya, a historian
mourned for four days. The body was then and author; and Halman Abubakar, a Taosug
placed in a boat that served as a coffin, guarded descendant.
by a slave. The mourning period was followed by
eating and drinking. The indigenous Moro groups, including the Samal
Balangingi, Ilanun, and Taosug tribes, are often
Chiefs were placed beneath a small house built labeled as “brutal savages” or “fearless slave
for them. They were mourned for four days raiders” in historical accounts. However, the
before being placed in a boat that served as a documentary challenges this perspective,
coffin. suggesting that these groups were defending
their freedom, culture, and territory against
A living slave was tied beneath the warrior's body colonial oppression.
as a sacrifice. The family mourned the warrior for
many days until they finally wearied of it. The Three Muslim Tribes

Burial Practices Samal Balangingi Known primarily as a raiding

group, they played a key role in maritime raids
He mentioned the burial practices of the Aetas against colonial forces and other groups.
(Negritos), who were a distinct group inhabiting
the Philippines. Ilanun (or Iranun) Another raiding group,
skilled in naval warfare and known for their
Aetas buried their dead in a deep hole, placing significant role in the slave-raiding economy of
the deceased upright with their head or crown the region.
unburied and a coconut on top.
Taosug (Tausug) Known as fierce warriors, the
Taosug were deeply involved in defending their
territory and culture and were central to the
Sultanate of Sulu’s resistance efforts against
colonial powers. Historical Background and Content Analysis

Slave Raiding - is the practice of attacking The documentary centers on Fort Pilar in
people to capture them and force them into Zamboanga City, Spain's last defense base in
slavery. the Philippines, which played a significant role in
controlling regional trade and slave raiding. The
narrative highlights events like the December 8,
1720 attack led by Raja Dalasi, backed by
Ancient Maritime Vessels three Muslim tribes: Samal Balangingi,
Ilanun, and Taosug.
Salisipan (Kakap) A small, canoe-like boat
used primarily for quick and stealthy movements. Fort Pilar - A 10 meter high wall that acted as
This vessel allowed raiders to navigate through a defense fortress. The Fort serves as the base of
shallow waters and escape quickly after raids. operations to check on slave raiding going on the
north and back.
Garay A traditional warship used by the
Balangingi people. The Garay was larger than the Indigenous groups, often branded as
Salisipan and equipped for both transportation “pirates,” raided Spanish-controlled territories,
and combat, allowing the raiders to carry more using tactics such as disguising as fishermen to
men and supplies during their expeditions. capture people and force them into slavery.
These raids, while seen as brutal by some, were
Lanong A large, outrigger warship used by both partly a response to the Spanish.
the Ilanun and Balangingi. The Lanong was
designed for speed and stability on the open sea, The raiders’ actions reflected a fight to
making it ideal for large-scale raids. With its preserve their cultural identity against
sizable crew capacity and weapon storage, it was foreign colonizers who imposed new
a powerful vessel used in naval confrontations economic and religious systems.
against the Spanish and other enemies.
The ongoing clash between the Moros and
Ancient Weapons of Raiders Spanish represents not only a struggle over
land and resources but also over
Kalis (Kris) - A traditional double-edged sword ideologies—Islam versus Christianity, and
with a distinctive wavy blade. The Kalis was indigenous values versus colonial interests.
valued for its sharpness and effectiveness in
slashing and thrusting, and it held cultural and Piracy was an essential aspect of the region's
spiritual significance. history, rooted in both survival and resistance.
The documentary asks viewers to reflect on
Barong - A heavy, single-edged sword with a whether these raiders should be considered
leaf-shaped blade made of thick steel. Known for pirates or freedom fighters.
its durability, the Barong was particularly deadly
in close combat, often used by the Moro warriors Kartilya ng Katipunan
for its cutting power.
WRITTEN BY: EMILIO JACINTO
Kampilan - The longest of the Moro swords, with
a single-edged blade and a distinctive hilt with Author's Background
two "horns." The Kampilan was used mainly by
the Ilanun warriors and was particularly effective Emilio Jacinto
in hacking and slashing.
Brains of the Katipunan
Armor - The Moro raiders used armor crafted
from carabao horn and steel plates, which were Born in Trozo (Tondo), Manila on December
molded to fit the body and held together by chain 15, 1875.
mail. This armor provided protection against
bladed weapons and was designed to balance
His father died shortly after he was born so he
defense with mobility.
was adopted by his uncle Don Jose Dizon

Spanish Weapons
Obtained the Bachelor of Arts' degree in Colegio
de San Juan de Letran
Muskets - Firearms that could reach targets up
to 90 meters away but were inaccurate and slow
Studied Law in UST but was not able to finish it.
to reload.
Remained loyal to Bonifacio even after his deathl.
Cannons - Large artillery used to defend
fortifications like Fort Pilar, providing the
Spaniards a significant advantage in long-range He died on April 16, 1899 at the age of 23
attacks. years old because of Malaria.
FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN 2. Comptroller (Intervenor) - Andres Bonifacio

Founded on the night of July 7, 1892. 3. Fiscal - Ladislao Diwa

Azcarraga St. (Claro M. Recto St.) 4. Secretary - Teodoro Plata

The Katipunan was a secret revolutionary 5. Treasurer - Valentin Diaz

society of Filipino patriots.
Deodato Arellano was the first President of
Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan.
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
Roman Basa - (2nd President) became the
Founder: Andres Bonifacio, with the aid of Supremo because Bonifacio was disgusted over
his friends: Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, the performance of Arellano.

Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz Two years after, another election was held with
the following as officers:
(ADDITIONAL DEETS)
Supremo - Andres Bonifacio
Katipunan was split into 2 main factions;
Magdalo and Magdiwang. However, they Secretary of State - Emilio Jacinto
differed in leadership, strategy, and allegiance,
which eventually led to tensions and conflicts Secretary of War - Teodoro Plata
between the two groups. The Magdalo Faction
was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo; they Secretary of Justice - Briccio Pantas
focused on establishing a structured
revolutionary government. They wanted a clear
Secretary of Interior - Aguedo del Rosario
leadership hierarchy and supported Emilio
Aguinaldo as a leader. On the other hand, The
Magdiwang Faction was led by Mariano Secretary of Finance - Enrique Pacheco
Alvarez, an uncle of Andres Bonifacio’s wife.
They believed that the Katipunan was already a KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP
government itself and there's no need to
reorganize or create a new structure, which Originally the KKK recruited new members by
caused friction with the Magdalo faction. means of TRIANGLE SYSTEM

Aim of KKK (GOAL) An original member would recruit two new

members who did not know each other. (e.g.
 To unite the Filipinos Bonifacio formed the first triangle with Diwa and
 To fight for Philippine Independence. Plata)

Katipunan Government They also agreed that they would pay a

membership fee amounting to one real fuerte
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of
Council) – for the whole country media real (twelve centavos).

Consisted of a president, a fiscal, a Every member of the Katipunan adopted a

secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller. symbolic name:

Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) - Andres Bonifacio - May Pagasa

for every province.
Emilio Jacinto - Pingkian
Sangguniang Balangay (Municipal Council) -
for every town. Artemio Ricarte - Vibora

The Judicial power of KKK was exercised by Emilio Aguinaldo - Magdalo

the Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
THE THREE GRADES OF KATIPUNAN
It decided cases involving treachery among
the members and quarrels between them. Katipun (Associate) – first grade, password was
ANAK NG BAYAN
Officers of KKK
Kawal (Soldier) - second grade, password was
The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was GOMBURZA
organized on August 1, 1892. It was composed
of the following: Bayani (Patriot) – third grade, password was
RIZAL
1. President - Deodato Arellano (1st President)
Women of the Katipunan

At the beginning, the Katipunan was exclusively He wrote the following:

for men.
A la Patria - his poetical masterpiece
Women were later admitted to preserve peace in
the family, because the wives of the Katipuneros Liwanag at Dilim a series of essays on human
were becoming jealous of the nightly absences of rights, liberty, equality of men, labor, and love of
their husbands and the reduction of their country.
monthly earnings.
Kartilya ng Katipunan - contains the teachings of
the KKK.

Qualifications for Female Members KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

Daughter of a Katipunero (Article)

Wife of a Katipunero

Sister of a Katipunero  A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is

like a tree without a shade or a poisonous
Any close relative of a Katipunero weed.
 A deed lacks nobility if it is motivated by
Prominent Katipuneras self-interest and not by a sincere desire to
help.
1. Gregoria de Jesus – wife of Bonifacio and was  True piety consists of being charitable, loving
called Lakambini of the Katipunan. one's fellow men, and being judicious in
behavior, speech and deed.
 All persons are equal, regardless of the color
2. Maria Dizon – cousin of Emilio Jacinto
of their skin. While one could have more
schooling, wealth, or beauty than another, all
3. Simeona de Remigio - wife of Tomas Remigio. that does not make one more human than
anybody else.
4. Josefa Rizal - sisters of Rizal  A person with a noble character values honor
above self-interest, while a person with a
5. Trinidad Rizal base character values self-interest above
honor.
6. Melchora Ramos y Aquino  To a person of honor, his/her word is a
pledge.
Tandang Sora (January 6, 1812-March 2, 1919)  Don't waste time; lost wealth can be
retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.
Mother of the Katipunan  Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor.
 The wise person is careful in all he/she has
She fed the Katipuneros and nursed the wounded
to say ano 15 discreet about things that need
patriots
to be kept secret. An intelligent man is he
who is cautious in speech and knows how to
Later she was arrested by the Spanish authorities keep the secrets that must be guarded.
and was exiled in Marianas.  In the thorny path of life, the man leads the
way and his wife and children follow. If the
Services of the Women in the Katipunan leader goes the way to perdition, so do the
followers. (Note: This begins with an
They guarded the secret documents and observation of the vertical relationship of
paraphernalia of the society. husband and wife during the time of the
Katipunan; now, we can say that the parents
They helped recruiting new members of the lead the way and the children follow.)
society.  Never regard a woman as an object for you
to trifle with; rather you should consider her
Whenever the Katipuneros were holding their as a partner and helpmate. Give proper
secret meeting, they held a gay party to cover up consideration to a woman's frailty and never
the revolutionary activity. forget that your own mother, who brought
you forth and nurtured you from infancy, is
herself such a person.
Literature of the Katipunan
 Don't do to the wife, children, brothers, and
sisters of others what you do not want done
Emilio Jacinto - youngest and greatest writer of
to your wife, children, brothers, and sisters.
the Katipunan
 A man's worth is not measured by his station
in li neither by the height of his nose nor the
His pen name was Dimas-llaw fairness of skin, and certainly not by whether
 he is a priest claiming to be God's deputy. Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Even if he a tribesman from the hills and
speaks only his tongue, a man has fine The physician of the Katipunan.
perceptions and is loyal to his native land.
 When these teachings shall have been He helped Jacinto in putting up the Kalayaan, the
propagated and the glorious sun of freedom Katipunan's newspaper.
begins to shine on these poor Islands to
enlighten a united race and people, then all
Madlang-away (fight of the people) - his pen
the lives lost, all the struggle and the
name.
sacrifices will not have been in vain.
Collaborated with his best friend Bonifacio in
writing the manifesto entitled Sa Mga Kababayan.

Isabelo delos Reyes

 Andres Bonifacio - a self trained writer.

The printing press was purchased from him.
 His pen name was Agapito Bagumbayan
The money used to by the printing press was
donated by two Visayan katipuneros:

 His writings were:

Francisco del Castillo
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan - a patriotic
poem
 Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Candido Iban - whose ticket won the lottery
Bayan - a Katipunan Decalogue
 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog - a Jose Rizal and the Katipunan
politico - historical essay.
From the time that Rizal was banished in Dapitan
Decalogue of the Katipunan in July of 1892, he has devoted himself to
helping the people in Dapitan.
 Love God with all your heart.
 Bear always in mind that the love of God is Bonifacio tried hard to convince Rizal to support
also the love of Country, and this too, is love the armed revolt, because he believed that if
of one's fellowmen. Rizal would give his approval, that would enable
 Engrave in your heart that the true measure the reluctant ilustrados to support the cause of
of honor and happiness is to die for the the Katipunan.
freedom of your country.
 All your good wishes will be crowned with Pio Valenzuela was sent by Bonifacio in Dapitan
success if you have serenity, constancy, to convince Rizal to give his approval.
reason, and faith in your acts and endeavor.
 Guard the mandates and aims of the KKK as Rizal - believed that it was foolishness to fight
you guard your honor, the Spaniards without sufficient arms and funds.
 It is the duty of all to deliver, at the risk of
their own lives and wealth, anyone who runs He suggested that the Katipuneros wait for
great risks in the performance of his duty. sometime before the launching of an armed
 Our responsibility to ourselves and the struggle.
performance of our duties will be the
example set for our fellowmen to follow. Even so, he suggested as to why not attract the
 In so far as it is within your power, share influential and wealthy Filipinos to the cause to
your means with the poor and the ensure the success of the revolution. He also
unfortunate. suggested ANTONIO LUNA to be appointed as
 Diligence in the work that gives sustenance their MILITARY LEADER
to you is the true basis of love – love
yourself, for your wife and children, and for
Valenzuela came back to Manila and reported the
your brothers and countrymen.
results of his mission, Bonifacio admitted that it
 Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise
would be fatal for them to start a revolution
all good works. Believe, likewise, that the
without enough weaponry with which to fight the
aims of the KKK are God-given for the will of
enemy.
the people is also the will of God.

Paciano Rizal – Jose Rizal's older brother

Kalayaan (newspaper)
supported Bonifacio.

Organ of the KKK

Bonifacio - hang Rizal's portrait in their
headquarters.
Realizing the value of the printed word, Bonifacio
and his friends established a printing press and
an organ of for the society.