INTRO TO LINGUISTICS linguistics are the famous fields of psycholinguistics and

sociolinguistics.
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
Sociolinguistics,
LINGUISTICS as a branch of linguistics, it deals with the study of the effects
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is a of the different social and cultural factors on the use of
science that studies the rules, systems, and principles of human language. It examines the patterns and variations in language
language. It is also concerned with human life, behavior, within a society or community. It analyzes how people, or a
society, and so forth. It is divided into two broad fields, namely: certain group of people, make choices in terms of language
Micro-linguistics style or the way they use language to express their personal
Macro-linguistics and social identity.

Micro-linguistics Psycholinguistics
also called as theoretical linguistics or general linguistics, is the is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the interrelation
linguistic branch that studies the nature of language that is, between linguistic and psychological factors that enable
what a language is all about and how it works. It focuses on the humans to understand, acquire, and use language. Hence, it is
structural components of language under the broad level of primarily concerned with the processes related to word
grammar, which is divided into few structures or levels such as cognition and learning in particular and language acquisition in
phonetics, morphology, and syntax. general.

STRUCTURES OF MICRO-LINGUISTICS Computational linguistics

is the branch of linguistics that studies the application of
Phonology computer science in the analysis of language and speech and
is the branch of linguistics that studies the systems of sound other linguistic studies. It is primarily concerned with how
within a language or between different languages. It is primarily computational modeling and approaches can be used to help
concerned with the language systematic organization of sound describe linguistic processes and analyze research data related
especially in spoken language. It study the patterns of sounds in to linguistic issues and problems.
a language, how speech sounds are organized, and how they
used to convey meaning. Phonology is different from phonetics. Historical linguistics
is a branch of linguistics that is also known as diachronic
Phonetics linguistics. It deals with the study of language change or change
is a brach of linguistics that studies the physical properties of of a group of languages over time, including phonological,
sounds - that is, how sounds an produced and articulated grammatical, and semantic changes. It is concerned with
through the interaction of the different vocal organs. Because tracing the history of language family and identifying how a
phonetics deals with the physical properties of sounds particular language develops into its present form.
irrespective of the language, the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) comes in here. The goal of IPA is to provide Comparative linguistics
unique but generalized symbol for every sound or phoneme in Comparative linguistics, also called comparative-historical
a language. linguistics, is a sub- field of historical linguistics that is primarily
concerned with comparing languages to establish their
Morphology similarities and differences especially in identifying whether or
is the linguistic branch that focuses on the study of not they have a common ancestral language.
morphemes - the smallest meaningful unit of a language that
cannot be further divided. Hence morphology studies different Structural Linguistics
morphological structures of words, describes how words are Structural linguistics is a linguistic branch that focuses on the
formed, and demonstrates how word formation processes (e.g. study of language as an independent network of formal
derivation and inflection) affect the meaning of words and their systems or structures. It is based on theories and principles that
pronunciation. language is composed of structural units such as lexical and
syntactic elements.
Syntax
is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the of words and Biolinguistics
phrases to form sentences Biolinguistics, as an interdisciplinary study and other
disciplines such as biology, linguistics, psychology, and
Semantics neurolinguistics, primarily aims to explain the evolution and
ne of the major branches of linguistics, deals with the study of formation of language.
the linguistic meaning of words and sentences.
Applied linguistics
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that is primarily concerned with the
it deals with meaning beyond the surface or literal level-that is, application of language studies in real life, such as in language
it focuses more on the intended meaning of the speaker rather teaching and learning. It is a broad term referring to the range
than what the sentence literally Therefore, it analyses implied of activities that involve the solving of some language-related
meanings or what people actually mean when they make use of problems and concerns.
language.
Clinical Linguistics
Macro-linguistics is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics that focuses on the
Macro-linguistics views language from a broader perspective. It application of linguistic concepts and theories in the field of
is concerned with how language is acquired or used and how it Speech-Language Pathology. It involves the description,
relates to society as a whole. Hence, it focuses on the analysis, and treatment of language disabilities disorders.
application of language in daily life. Under this branch of
Developmental linguistics
 is a field of linguistics that studies the development of the The Monitor Hypothesis
linguistic ability of an individual especially children. It focuses Krashen argued that while our acquired competence is
on how children acquire language in childhood, such as of responsible for our language production such as our utterance
syntax and other linguistic the results of learning ( learned Competence ) functions as a
monitor, editing or self correcting our language output.
Linguistic Typology
Linguistic Typology, is another field of linguistic which aims to Natural Order Hypothesis
clarify language based on their structural and functional Claimed that there is a natural or predictable order by which
components. It focuses on describing the diversity of the all learners acquire language.
languages in the world especially in terms of their properties
and structures. The Input Hypothesis
The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a
Neurolinguistics group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition
Neurolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and
relationship between language and the structures and 1980s.
functions of the brain. Its aim is to analyze the different brain
functions and mechanisms that are related to language Affective - filter Hypothesis
production, acquisition. Affective filter acts like a screen or an opening that either
facilities or blocks meaningful inputs from reaching the
Stylistics language acquisition part of the brain.
is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study on how
individuals or social groups use language in all types or forms, Communicative Competence Model
spoken or written in their communication. The linguist Dell Hymes first coined the term communicative
Competence in 1972, it was developed further and expounded
Etymology by Canale and Swain into a language model composed of four
is the branch of linguistics that investigates the origins of components: grammatical, sociolinguistics, discourse and
words, their birth, and development, often delineating their strategic competence.
spread from one language to another and their evolving
changes in form and meaning. Grammatical Competence
Also known as linguistics competence, Includes the ability to
Linguistics Theories and Model create grammaticaly correct utterances, incorporating the
Behaviorism linguistics knowledge of morphology, phonology, syntax, and
The behaviorist, most notably BF skinner, believe that for semantics.
Language learning to occur, imitation, drills and constant
practice are very important.
Behaviorist demand that language teachers must be proficient
enough or posses native-like fluency so that what will be
thought to the learners are only the perfect ones Sociolinguistics Competence
Is concerned with the appropriateness of the utterances, This
Nativism/Innatism includes the learners ability to apply linguistics knowledge in
innatism is the view that the mind is born with already-formed different communicative function to various sociolinguistics
ideas, knowledge, and beliefs. The opposing doctrine, that the contexts that is, their ability to determine when to speak, when
mind is a tabula rasa at birth and all knowledge is gained from not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, and
experience and the senses, is called empiricism. in what manner.

Strategic Competence
Interactionalism refers to the learner's ability to solve problems during
Proponents of interactionalism assert that language acquisition communication.
has both biological and social components. It is the result of the
application of the princples profounded by the behaviorist and Discourse Competence
nativist. The interactionalist believe that there must be a good Is concerned to the learners mastery of producing coherent
interplay between the biological and environment factors for and cohesive language in the modes of listening, speaking,
language acquisition to occur. reading and writing.

4 Concepts under the Communicative Competence Model Descriptive versus Perspective

Monitor Model Descriptive Approach

Another idea supporting the principle that acquiring a language describe and analyze language according to how people
has both biological and social components is Stephen Krashen's verbally use it. It emphasize on recounting language linguist
Monitor Model, also known as the input hypothesis, which is view descriptive language as the product of natural speech and
composed by five hypothesis or components expounding the observe principle that look at the language exactly as how its
process of language acquisition. spoken.

The Acquisition Learning Hypothesis. Prescriptive Approach

In this hypothesis, krashen argued that acquiring the language It lays down the correct way of the structural arrangement of
Is different from learning it. In other words, acquisition and the words in sentence. It is an approach based on what in
learning are different krashen cited the experience of children sentence. It is an approach based on what is considered to be
when they "acquire" Their first language. They do not go to structurally correct and accurate as determine by the group of
school but just naturally and gradually acquire the language. academics. In short, it describe how language is prescribed to
be used. This approach shows a complete disregard of how the
language community speaks. Certain forms of language are
more "accurate" than others based on the social prestige of the
users.

Synchronic Versus Diachronic

Synchronic means synchronous and Diachronic means through

time. This, when language is studied at a particular time or a
certain time in history, it is considered synchronic, while,
diachronic focuses on language development through time.

Langue versus Parole

Langue is the Intangible linguistic scheme used by all the

members of a speech community. It refers to the set of rules
and pattern which people need to follow.
Parole, however, is the concretization of language is
concretized using the rules and a set of conventions, while
parole is naturally occurring and concrete.

Language Competence
Versus
Language Performance

According to Chomsky , Competence is the speakers knowledge

of the grammatical rules of language while Performance is the
actual use of language and application of the grammatical
rules.

Language competence makes the speakers compose a chain of

sentences in different structure patterns and allow them to
recognize errors

performance is not stable is the sense that is always dependent

on the circumstances of the speaker which includes social,
psychological, and physical factors.

ETIC VERSUS EMIC

Etic is the approach to language study that denotes the
description of a particular language or language culture that is
generally objective in perspective and non-structural.

Emic on the other hand , involved speech acts and situation

that are confirmed as real, as perceived by the speech
community.

SYNTAGMATIC
VERSUS
PARADIGMATIC

Syntagmatic relation describes the dimensions of language in a

horizontal mode such as sequential order of phones in the
word pen /p/, /e/, /n/ or the linear order of morpheme in the
word impossibility as Im-possible-ity. It looks at the sequence
of words that people are using such as sentence " I am here"
which is subject -verb -adverb combination.

Paradigmatic is a relation describe the relation of the linguistic

element of the language outside utterances.

SPEECH VERSUS WRITING

language is primary oral, which involves speech or

communicating meaning verbally. Therefore, if speech is
primary, the writing is secondary.
Writing is the record of the language represented in letter.
Speech involves articulation of language using the speech
organs and the reception of the message.