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Euler's Theorem

The document explains homogeneous functions, defining a function as homogeneous of degree n if it satisfies a specific equation involving scaling. It provides examples to demonstrate how to determine if a function is homogeneous and to find its degree, including the application of Euler's theorem. Additionally, it includes problems related to proving Euler's theorem for specific functions and calculating derivatives of homogeneous functions.

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it.khan1973
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58 views3 pages

Euler's Theorem

The document explains homogeneous functions, defining a function as homogeneous of degree n if it satisfies a specific equation involving scaling. It provides examples to demonstrate how to determine if a function is homogeneous and to find its degree, including the application of Euler's theorem. Additionally, it includes problems related to proving Euler's theorem for specific functions and calculating derivatives of homogeneous functions.

Uploaded by

it.khan1973
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Homogeneous Function

A function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogeneous of degree n if:

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Example: See whether the following function is homogeneous, if so, find its degree.

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

Solution: Replace 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝜆𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝜆𝑦

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = (𝜆𝑥)2 + 2(𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦) + (𝜆𝑦)2

= 𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 2𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2

= 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

= 𝜆2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

i.e.

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Therefore f(x, y) is homogeneous of degree 2.

Example: check whether the following function is homogenous, if so, find its degree.
4
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = [ ]
𝑥−𝑦

Answer: Replace 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝜆𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝜆𝑦


4
𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = [ ]
𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦
4
𝜆2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = [ ]
𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦)
4
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
4
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆 [ ] = 𝜆4 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Therefore f(x, y) is homogeneous of degree 4.

Note: Quick method to find degree

𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = (𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 − 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷) × 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Topic: Euler’s Theorem

If f(x, y) is homogeneous of degree n then:

𝒙𝒇𝒙 + 𝒚𝒇𝒚 = 𝒏𝒇
Example: Prove Euler’s theorem is satisfied for:

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐

Answer: the given function is homogeneous of degree 2

𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 0 𝑓𝑦 = 0 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
× 𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏. 𝑠. 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 × 𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏. 𝑠. 𝑏𝑦 𝑦
𝑥𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2
Adding

𝑥𝑓𝑥 + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2

= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2

= 2(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )

𝑥𝑓𝑥 + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑓

Therefore Euler’s theorem is satisfied.

Final Tem 2023:


𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
If 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) then show that 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 = sin(2𝑢)
𝑥−𝑦

Answer: Given

−1
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝑢 = tan ( )
𝑥−𝑦

𝑥3 + 𝑦3
tan 𝑢 = ( ) [𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠]
𝑥−𝑦

Degree = n = (3 – 1)(1) = 2

Let

𝑧 = tan 𝑢

𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝑧𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = sec 2 𝑢 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝑧𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = sec 2 𝑢 .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

As z is homogeneous of degree 2, so by Euler’s theorem

𝑥𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 (sec 2 𝑢 . ) + 𝑦 (sec 2 𝑢 . ) = 2 tan 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 ( 2 . ) + 𝑦 ( 2 . ) = 2 tan 𝑢
cos 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 cos 𝑢 𝜕𝑦

× 𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏. 𝑠. 𝑏𝑦 cos2 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 sin 𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢 cos 2 𝑢 = 2. . cos 2 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 cos 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢 . cos 𝑢 = sin(2𝑢)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Proved
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
1. If 𝑢 = cos−1 ( ) then show that 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 = (? ? ? )
𝑥−𝑦
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
2. If 𝑢 = sin−1 ( ) then show that 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 = (? ? ? )
𝑥−𝑦

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