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Numerical Methods
(Practice Questions)
Bisection Method
1. Use Bisection Method to solve the following: (3 iterations)
a. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −2 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 2 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −2 2 2.5 −0.25
II 2.5 3 −0.25 2 2.75 0.8125
III 2.5 2.75 −0.25 0.8125 2.625 −

b. 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 9 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 9
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −9 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 6 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −9 6 2.5 −3.375
II 2.5 3 −3.375 6 2.75 0.7969
III 2.5 2.75 −3.375 0.7969 2.625 −

c. 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 1
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 13 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3

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𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −1 13 2.5 4.125
II 2 2.5 −1 4.125 2.25 1.1406
III 2 2.25 −1 2.1406 2.125 −

d. 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution:
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 − 1
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(3) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(4) = 27 > 0
∴ root lies between 3 and 4
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2
I 3 4 −1 27 3.5 10.375
II 3 3.5 −1 10.375 3.25 4.0781
III 3 3.25 −1 4.0781 3.125 −

e. 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 3
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(0) = 3 > 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(1) = −2 < 0
∴ root lies between 0 and 1
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥= 𝑓(𝑥)
2
I 0 1 3 −2 0.5 0.125
II 0.5 1 0.125 −2 0.75 −1.0781
III 0.5 0.75 0.125 −1.0781 0.625 −

f. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(1) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2

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𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)
I 1 2 −1 7 1.5 1.875
II 1 1.5 −1 1.875 1.25 0.2031
III 1 1.25 −1 0.2031 1.125 −

g. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 in (2,3)
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 16 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2
I 2 3 −1 16 2.5 5.625
II 2 2.5 −1 5.625 2.25 1.8906
III 2 2.25 −1 1.8906 2.125 −

h. √10
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = √10
∴ 𝑥 2 = 10
∴ 𝑥 2 − 10 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 10
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(3) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(4) = 6 > 0
∴ root lies between 3 and 4
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2
I 3 4 −1 6 3.5 2.25
II 3 3.5 −1 2.25 3.25 0.5625
III 3 3.25 −1 0.5625 3.125 −

i. √18
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = √18
∴ 𝑥 2 = 18
∴ 𝑥 2 − 18 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 18
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Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(4) = −2 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(5) = 7 > 0
∴ root lies between 4 and 5
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)
I 4 5 −2 7 4.5 2.25
II 4 4.5 −2 2.25 4.25 0.0625
III 4 4.25 −2 0.0625 4.125 −

j. √8
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = √8
∴ 𝑥2 = 8
∴ 𝑥2 − 8 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −4 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 1 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎+𝑏
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −4 1 2.5 −1.75
II 2.5 3 −1.75 1 2.75 −0.4375
III 2.75 3 −0.4375 1 2.875 −

Regula Falsi Method

2. Use Regula Falsi Method to solve the following: (3 iterations)
a. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(1) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(2) = 5 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 1 2 −1 5 1.1667 −0.5787
II 1.1667 2 −0.5787 5 1.2531 −0.2853
III 1.2531 2 −0.2853 5 1.2934 −

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b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(1) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(2) = 3 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 1 2 −1 3 1.25 −0.1875
II 1.25 2 −0.1875 3 1.2941 −0.0312
III 1.2941 2 −0.0312 3 1.3014 −

c. 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 1
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −9 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 1 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −9 1 2.9 −0.711
II 2.9 3 −0.711 1 2.9416 −0.0215
III 2.9416 3 −0.0215 1 2.9428 −

d. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 4
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(1) = −4 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(2) = 2 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 1 2 −4 2 1.6667 −1.0370
II 1.6667 2 −1.0370 2 1.7805 −0.1359
III 1.7805 2 −0.1359 2 1.7945 −

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e. 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(0) = 1 > 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(1) = −2 < 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
I 0 1 1 −2 0.3333 −0.2963
II 0 0.3333 1 −0.2963 0.2571 −0.0115
III 0 0.2571 1 −0.0115 0.2542 −

f. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 16 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −1 16 2.0588 −0.3911
II 2.0588 3 −0.3911 16 2.0813 −0.1468
III 2.0813 3 −0.1468 16 2.0897 −

g. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 8 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 8
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(1) = −5 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(2) = 8 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 1 2 −5 8 1.3846 −1.5113
II 1.3846 2 −1.5113 8 1.4824 −0.3474
III 1.4824 2 −0.3474 8 1.5040 −

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h. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(−2) = 2 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(−3) = −14 > 0
∴ root lies between -2 and -3
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I −2 −3 2 −14 −2.125 0.7793
II −2.125 −3 0.7793 −14 −2.1711 0.2794
III −2.1711 −3 0.2794 −14 −2.1873 −

i. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −1 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 2 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −1 2 2.3333 −0.2222
II 2.3333 3 −0.2222 2 2.4 −0.0401
III 2.4 3 −0.0401 2 2.4118 −

j. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(3) = −2 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(4) = 3 > 0
∴ root lies between 3 and 4
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥)
I 3 4 −2 3 3.4 −0.24
II 3.4 4 −0.24 3 3.4444 −0.0249
III 3.4444 4 −0.0249 3 3.4490 −

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k. √12 in (3,4)
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = √12
𝑥 2 = 12
𝑥 2 − 12 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 12
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(3) = −3 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(4) = 4 > 0
∴ root lies between 3 and 4
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥)
I 3 4 −3 4 3.4286 −0.2447
II 3.4286 4 −0.2447 4 3.4615 −0.0180
III 3.4615 4 −0.0180 4 3.4639 −

l. √6
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = √6
𝑥2 = 6
𝑥2 − 6 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6
Consider,
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(2) = −2 < 0
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(3) = 3 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
Iteration 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥)
I 2 3 −2 3 2.4 −0.24
II 2.4 3 −0.24 3 2.4444 −0.0249
III 2.4444 3 −0.0249 3 2.4490 −

Newton Raphson Method

3. Use Newton Raphson method to solve the following: (3 iterations)
a. 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5
Consider,
𝑓(1) = −1 < 0
𝑓(2) = 1 > 0
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∴ root lies between 1 and 2
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −5𝑥 +3
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 −5
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 2
𝑥03 −5𝑥0 +3
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 1.8571
3𝑥02 −5
3
𝑥1 −5𝑥1 +3
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 1.8348
3𝑥12 −5
𝑥23 −5𝑥2 +3
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 1.8342
3𝑥22 −5

b. 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 − 9 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 − 9
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 1
Consider,
𝑓(1) = −9 < 0
𝑓(2) = 5 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
4 −𝑥 −9
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 3 −1
4𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 2
𝑥04 −𝑥0 −9
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 1.8387
4𝑥03 −1
𝑥14 −𝑥1 −9
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 1.8139
4𝑥13 −1
𝑥24 −𝑥2 −9
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 1.8134
4𝑥23 −1

c. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 1
Consider,
𝑓(1) = −1 < 0
𝑓(2) = 5 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
By Newton-Raphson formula,
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𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −𝑥 −1
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 −1
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 2
𝑥03 −𝑥0 −1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 1.5455
3𝑥02 −1
𝑥13 −𝑥1 −1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 1.3496
3𝑥12 −1
𝑥23 −𝑥2 −1
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 1.3258
3𝑥22 −1

d. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
Consider,
𝑓(1) = −3 < 0
𝑓(2) = 1 > 0
∴ root lies between 1 and 2
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
2 +𝑥 −5
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
2𝑥𝑛 +1
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 2
𝑥02 +𝑥0 −5
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 1.8
2𝑥0 +1
𝑥12 +𝑥1 −5
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 1.7913
2𝑥1 +1
𝑥22 +𝑥2 −5
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 1.7913
2𝑥2 +1

e. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 1
Consider,
𝑓(0) = −1 < 0
𝑓(1) = 1 > 0
∴ root lies between 0 and 1
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )

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3 +𝑥 −1
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 +1
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 1
𝑥03 +𝑥0 −1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 0.75
3𝑥02 +1
𝑥13 +𝑥1 −1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 0.686
3𝑥12 +1
𝑥23 +𝑥2 −1
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 0.6823
3𝑥22 +1

f. 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 9 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 9
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4
Consider,
𝑓(2) = −9 < 0
𝑓(3) = 6 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −4𝑥 −9
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 −4
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 3
𝑥03 −4𝑥0 −9
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 2.7391
3𝑥02 −4
3
𝑥1 −4𝑥1 −9
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 2.7070
3𝑥12 −4
3
𝑥2 −4𝑥2 −9
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 2.7065
3𝑥22 −4

g. 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4
Consider,
𝑓(0) = 1 > 0
𝑓(1) = −2 < 0
∴ root lies between 0 and 1
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −4𝑥 +1
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 −4
3𝑥𝑛

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Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 0
𝑥03 −4𝑥0 +1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 0.25
3𝑥02 −4
3
𝑥1 −4𝑥1 +1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 0.2541
3𝑥12 −4
3
𝑥2 −4𝑥2 +1
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 0.2541
3𝑥22 −4

h. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 3
Consider,
𝑓(2) = −3 < 0
𝑓(3) = 13 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −3𝑥 −5
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 −3
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 3
𝑥03 −3𝑥0 −5
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 2.4583
3𝑥02 −3
3
𝑥1 −3𝑥1 −5
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 2.2943
3𝑥12 −3
3
𝑥2 −3𝑥2 −5
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 2.2791
3𝑥22 −3

i. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2
Consider,
𝑓(2) = −1 < 0
𝑓(3) = 16 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −2𝑥 −5
𝑥𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2 −2
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 3

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𝑥03 −2𝑥0 −5
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 2.36
3𝑥02 −2
3
𝑥1 −2𝑥1 −5
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 2.1272
3𝑥12 −2
3
𝑥2 −2𝑥2 −5
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 2.0951
3𝑥22 −2

3
j. √100
Solution:
3
Let 𝑥 = √100
𝑥 3 = 100 i.e. 𝑥 3 − 100 = 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 100
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
Consider,
𝑓(4) = −36 < 0
𝑓(5) = 25 > 0
∴ root lies between 4 and 5
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −100
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 4
𝑥03 −100
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 4.75
3𝑥02
3
𝑥1 −100
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 4.644
3𝑥12
3
𝑥2 −100
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 4.6416
3𝑥22

3
k. √20
Solution:
3
Let 𝑥 = √20
𝑥 3 = 20
𝑥 3 − 20 = 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 20
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
Consider,
𝑓(2) = −12 < 0
𝑓(3) = 7 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
By Newton-Raphson formula,

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𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
3 −20
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 2
3𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 3
𝑥03 −20
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 2.7407
3𝑥02
3
𝑥1 −20
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 2.7147
3𝑥12
𝑥23 −20
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 2.7144
3𝑥22

5
l. √35
Solution:
5
Let 𝑥 = √35
𝑥 5 = 35
𝑥 5 − 35 = 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 35
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4
Consider,
𝑓(2) = −3 < 0
𝑓(3) = 208 > 0
∴ root lies between 2 and 3
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
5 −35
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 4
5𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 3
𝑥05 −35
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 2.4864
5𝑥04
𝑥15 −35
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 2.1723
5𝑥14
𝑥25 −35
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 2.0522
5𝑥24

m. √28
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = √28
𝑥 2 = 28
𝑥 2 − 28 = 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 28
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥
Consider,
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𝑓(5) = −3 < 0
𝑓(6) = 12 > 0
∴ root lies between 5 and 6
By Newton-Raphson formula,
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 )
2 −28
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
2𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 6
𝑥02 −28
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 5.3333
2𝑥0
𝑥12 −28
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 5.2917
2𝑥1
𝑥22 −28
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 5.2915
2𝑥2

Bakhshali Method
4. Use Bakhshali method to find the approximate value of:
a. √17
Solution:
Here, 𝑁 = 17
By Bakhshali method,
2
𝑁−𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
17−𝑥𝑛2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 4
17−𝑥02
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + = 4.1250
2𝑥0
17−𝑥12
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + = 4.1231
2𝑥1
17−𝑥22
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 + = 4.1231
2𝑥2

b. √26
Solution:
Here, 𝑁 = 26
By Bakhshali method,
2
𝑁−𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
26−𝑥𝑛2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 5
26−𝑥02
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + = 5.1
2𝑥0
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26−𝑥12
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + = 5.0990
2𝑥1
17−𝑥22
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 + = 5.0990
2𝑥2

c. √67
Solution:
Here, 𝑁 = 67
By Bakhshali method,
2
𝑁−𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
67−𝑥𝑛2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 8
67−𝑥02
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + = 8.1875
2𝑥0
67−𝑥12
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + = 8.1854
2𝑥1
67−𝑥22
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 + = 8.1854
2𝑥2

d. √102
Solution:
Here, 𝑁 = 102
By Bakhshali method,
2
𝑁−𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
2
102−𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 10
102−𝑥02
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + = 10.1
2𝑥0
102−𝑥12
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + = 10.0995
2𝑥1
102−𝑥22
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 + = 10.0995
2𝑥2

e. √85
Solution:
Here, 𝑁 = 85
By Bakhshali method,
2
𝑁−𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
85−𝑥𝑛2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥𝑛
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Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 and 𝑥0 = 9
85−𝑥02
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + = 9.2222
2𝑥0
85−𝑥12
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + = 9.2195
2𝑥1
85−𝑥22
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 + = 9.2195
2𝑥2

Jacobi’s Method
5. Solve the following by Jacobi’s iterative method: (3 iterations)
a. 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 20
Solution:
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 20
We have,
12−2𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
5
15−𝑥−2𝑧
𝑦=
4
20−𝑥−2𝑦
𝑧=
5
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 2.4 3.75 4
II 0.1 1.15 2.02
III 1.536 2.715 3.52

b. 20𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 17, 3𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 𝑧 = −18, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 25

Solution:
20𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 17
3𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 𝑧 = −18
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 25
We have,
17−𝑦+2𝑧
𝑥=
20
−18−3𝑥+𝑧
𝑦=
20
25−2𝑥+3𝑦
𝑧=
20
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 0.85 −0.9 1.25
II 1.02 −0.965 1.03
III 1.0012 −1.0015 1.0032
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c. 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 6, −𝑥 − 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 8, −𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 7
Solution:
10𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 6
−𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 7
−𝑥 − 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 8
We have,
6+2𝑦+2𝑧
𝑥=
10
7+𝑥+2𝑧
𝑦=
10
8+𝑥+𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 0.6 0.7 0.8
II 0.9 0.92 0.93
III 0.97 0.976 0.982

d. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1, 5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 17, 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
Solution:
8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 17
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1
We have,
5+2𝑦+𝑧
𝑥=
8
17−5𝑥−3𝑧
𝑦=
9
1−2𝑥−3𝑦
𝑧=
−4
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 0.6250 1.8889 −0.25
II 1.0660 1.6250 1.4792
III 1.2161 0.8036 1.5018

e. 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13, 3𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 15

Solution:
10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
3𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 15
We have,
13−𝑦−2𝑧
𝑥=
10

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14−3𝑥−𝑧
𝑦=
10
15−2𝑥−3𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.3 1.4 1.5
II 0.86 0.86 0.82
III 1.05 1.06 1.07

f. 10𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15, 2𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 25, −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 25𝑧 = 45

Solution:
10𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15
2𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 25
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 25𝑧 = 45
We have,
15+𝑦−2𝑧
𝑥=
10
25−2𝑥−4𝑧
𝑦=
−15
45+3𝑥−2𝑦
𝑧=
25
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.5 −1.6667 1.8
II 0.9733 −0.9867 2.1133
III 0.9787 −0.9733 1.9957

g. 15𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 18, 2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 19, 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25𝑧 = 22

Solution:
15𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 18
2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 19
3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25𝑧 = 22
We have,
18−2𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
15
19−2𝑥+3𝑧
𝑦=
20
22−3𝑥+6𝑦
𝑧=
25
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.2 0.95 0.88
II 1.0147 0.962 0.964
III 1.0075 0.9931 0.9891
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h. 10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −44, −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 22
Solution:
10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9
2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −44
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 22
We have,
9−2𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
10
−44−2𝑥+2𝑧
𝑦=
20
22+2𝑥−3𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 0.9 −2.2 2.2
II 1.12 −2.07 3.04
III 1.01 −2.008 3.045

i. 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9, −𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2
Solution:
4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9
−𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2
We have,
4+𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
4
9−𝑥−2𝑧
𝑦=
6
2+𝑥+2𝑦
𝑧=
5
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1 1.5 0.4
II 1.2750 1.2 1.2
III 1 0.8875 1.135

j. 10𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 13

Solution:
10𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9
2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 13
We have,
9+3𝑦−2𝑧
𝑥=
10

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11−2𝑥+𝑧
𝑦=
10
13−𝑥−2𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 0.9 1.1 1.3
II 0.97 1.05 0.99
III 1.017 1.005 0.993

k. 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 12

Solution:
10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 12
We have,
12−𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
10
12−𝑥−𝑧
𝑦=
10
12−𝑥−𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.2 1.2 1.2
II 0.96 0.96 0.96
III 1.008 1.008 1.008

Gauss Seidel Method

6. Solve the following by Gauss Seidel method: (3 iterations)
a. 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13, 3𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 15
Solution:
10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
3𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 15
We have,
13−𝑦−2𝑧
𝑥=
10
14−3𝑥−𝑧
𝑦=
10
15−2𝑥−3𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get

AR
FY Dip/Applied Maths 21 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….………………..….………....For Research in Education
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.3 1.01 0.937
II 1.0116 1.0028 0.9968
III 1.0003 1.0002 0.9999

b. 10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −44, −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 22

Solution:
10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9
2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −44
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 22
We have,
9−2𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
10
−44−2𝑥+2𝑧
𝑦=
20
22+2𝑥−3𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 0.9 −2.29 3.067
II 1.0513 −1.9984 3.0098
III 0.9987 −1.9989 2.9994

c. 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 30, 𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 31
Solution:
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 30
𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 31
We have,
30−2𝑦−3𝑧
𝑥=
8
1−𝑥−2𝑧
𝑦=
−9
31−2𝑥−3𝑦
𝑧=
6
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 3.75 0.3056 3.7639
II 2.2622 0.9767 3.9243
III 2.0342 0.9879 3.9951

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FY Dip/Applied Maths 22 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….………………..….………....For Research in Education
d. 6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 105, 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 155, 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 10𝑧 = 65
Solution:
6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 105
4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 155
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 10𝑧 = 65
We have,
105−𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
6
155−4𝑥−3𝑧
𝑦=
8
65−5𝑥−4𝑦
𝑧=
−10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 17.5 10.625 6.5
II 14.6458 9.6146 4.6688
III 15.1194 10.0645 5.0855

e. 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 12

Solution:
10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 12
We have,
12−𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
10
12−𝑥−𝑧
𝑦=
10
12−𝑥−𝑦
𝑧=
10
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.2 1.08 0.972
II 0.9948 1.0033 1.0002
III 0.9996 1 1

f. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 14, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 20, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14
Solution:
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 20
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 14
We have,
14−4𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
3

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FY Dip/Applied Maths 23 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….………………..….………....For Research in Education
20−2𝑥−4𝑧
𝑦=
3
14−𝑥−2𝑦
𝑧=
3
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 4.6667 3.5556 0.7407
II −0.3210 5.8930 0.8450
III −3.4723 7.8549 0.5875

g. 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9, 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = −4, 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 15
Solution:
5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9
𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = −4
𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 15
We have,
9+𝑦
𝑥=
5
−4−𝑥−𝑧
𝑦=
−5
19−𝑦
𝑧=
−5
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.8 1.16 -3.568
II 2.032 0.4928 -3.7014
III 1.8986 0.4394 -3.7121

h. 15𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 18, 2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 19, 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25𝑧 = 20

Solution:
15𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 18
2𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 19
3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25𝑧 = 20
We have,
18−2𝑦−𝑧
𝑥=
15
19−2𝑥+3𝑧
𝑦=
20
20−3𝑥+6𝑦
𝑧=
25
Starting with 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 we get
Iteration 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
I 1.2 0.83 0.8552
II 1.0323 0.975 0.9101
III 1.0093 0.9856 0.9154
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FY Dip/Applied Maths 24 By: Kashif Shaikh