MODULE 1

TOPICS- Various mobile technologies- Apple IOS – Android

operating system- install and configure Eclipse, Android Studio
and Android sdk - android virtual device- creation of android
virtual device- sample programs – features of Eclipse and
Android studio.

1. VARIOUS MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

Mobile technology is a type of technology in which a user utilizes a mobile

phone to perform communications-related tasks, such as communicating
with friends, relatives, and others. It is used to send data from one system to
another. Portable two-way communications systems, computing devices,
and accompanying networking equipment make up mobile technology.
Mobile technology is largely employed in cellular communication systems
and other related areas. It employs a network architecture that allows
multiple transmitters to deliver data on a single channel at the same time.
Because it reduces the potential of frequency interference from two or more
sources, this platform allows multiple users to use single frequencies.
This is fast expanding; its applications are getting increasingly broad over
time, and it is gradually replacing other similar sources of communication
on the market, such as post offices and landlines. Mobile technology has
progressed from a simple phone and texting device to a multi-tasking system
that can be used for GPS navigation, internet browsing, gaming, and instant
messaging, among other things. With the rise, experts claim that the future
of computer technology is dependent on wireless networking and mobile
computing.
This smartphone system has since been improved to a big multitasking
computer that can be used for GPS navigation, gaming, internet browsing,
and instant messaging.

Types of Mobile Technologies

 SMS- “SMS” stands for “Short Message Service.” It is now the most widely used and
oldest text messaging service.
- SMS are also sent over cellular networks, therefore you’ll need a wireless plan
and a wireless carrier.
-SMS is fast gaining popularity in the world as a low-cost messaging medium.

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  MMS- MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) messaging is a standard method of
delivering multimedia material, including messages.
- MMS, as opposed to SMS, can send up to forty seconds of video, one picture,
a multi-image slideshow, or audio.
- MMS texting will be supported by the majority of contemporary devices.
- MMS capability is typically embedded within the text message interface and is
turned on automatically when needed.
-If you enter in a text-only message, for example, it will be transmitted by SMS.
 4G -The fourth generation of mobile networking technology is known as 4G, which
comes after the 2G and 3G networks.
- Although it’s commonly referred to as 4G LTE, this isn’t exactly right because
LTE is just one sort of 4G.
- Most mobile network service providers use it now since it is the most developed
technology.
 3G -The third letter in the designation 3G stands for third-generation access
technology, which allows mobile phones to connect to the internet.
- Every new technology introduces new frequency bands and data transmission
rates.
- The first generation emerged in the 1980s.
- First-generation uses large phones that had to be mounted on top of cars
because they were too heavy to hold.
- Text messaging was made possible by the second-generation network, which
became available in the 1990s.
- This huge and game-changing advancement also provided a more secure
network and laid the path for today’s ubiquitous 3G and 4G technology.
 5G- wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds
- Ultra-low latency
- more reliability
- massive network capacity
- increased availability
- more uniform user experience to more users.
 GSM - The (GSM) is an acronym for Global System for Mobile Communication.
- GSM is a cellular technology that is open and digital and is used for mobile
communication.
- It operates on the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency
ranges.
- It employs a hybrid of FDMA and TDMA.
 CDMA - (CDMA) is an acronym for code division multiple access.
- It is a channel access mechanism that also serves as an example of multiple
access.
- Multiple access simply means that data from multiple transmitters can be
delivered onto a single communication channel at the same time
 Wi-Fi- Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows us to connect to a
network or to other computers or mobile devices across a wireless channel.
- Data is delivered in a circular region over radio frequencies in Wi-Fi.

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 - Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic acronym for a communication standard
for a wireless network that functions as a Local Area Network without the use
of cables or other types of cabling.

2. APPLE IOS
 iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed
by Apple exclusively for its mobile devices.
 It was unveiled in January 2007 for the first-generation iPhone, which
launched in June 2007.
 Major versions of iOS are released annually; the current stable version, iOS
18, was released to the public on September 16, 2024.
 It is the operating system that powers many of the company's mobile devices,
including the iPhone, and is the basis for three other operating systems made
by Apple: iPadOS, tvOS, and watch OS iOS formerly also powered iPads until
iPadOS was introduced in 2019, and the iPod Touch line of devices until its
discontinuation.

 iOS is the world's second most widely installed mobile operating system,
after Android. As of December 2023, Apple's App Store contains more than
3.8 million iOS mobile apps.

 iOS is based on macOS. Like macOS, it includes components of

the Mach microkernel and FreeBSD.

 It is a Unix-like operating system. Although some parts of iOS are open

source under the Apple Public Source License and other licenses, iOS
is proprietary software.

FEATURES
1. INTERFACE
 The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-
touch gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch.
 Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and buttons.
 Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the
device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three
dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape.
mode).
 Various accessibility described in § Accessibility functions enable users with
vision and hearing disabilities to properly use iOS.
2. HOME SCREEN
 The home screen, rendered by Spring Board, displays application icons and a
dock at the bottom where users can pin their most frequently used apps.
 iOS home screens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons
launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content,
such as a weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the
home screen.

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 3. SYSTEM FONT
 iOS originally used Helvetica as the system font. Apple switched to Helvetica
Neue exclusively for the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display, and retained Helvetica
as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4. ]
 With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to
Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of
a light, thin typeface for low-resolution mobile screens.
 Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.
 The release of iOS 7 also introduced the ability to scale text or apply other forms
of text accessibility changes through Settings
4. APPLICATIONS
 Applications ("apps") are the most general form of application software that can
be installed on iOS.
 They are downloaded from the official catalog of the App Store digital store,
where apps are subjected to security checks before being made available to users.
 In June 2017, Apple updated its guidelines to specify that app developers will no
longer have the ability to use custom prompts for encouraging users to leave
reviews for their apps.
 The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools, including an audio
mixer and an iPhone simulator.
 It is a free download for Mac users.
 It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs.
 To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications
through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer
Program.

 iOS enforces strict sandboxing to maintain security and privacy. Apps are
generally limited to accessing their own containers and specific system-provided
directories, such as the Photos library.

 To access files outside of their sandbox, iOS uses mechanisms like document
pickers, file providers, and app extensions.

 iOS 8 introduced the Document Picker and Document Provider extensions as part
of the document interaction controller.

 This allows apps to open, save, and interact with documents stored in a central
location or cloud storage services

5. MULTITASKING

Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of iOS
4. Only certain devices—iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—
were able to multitask. The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in that
November.

The implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach,
which limits the work that applications in the background can perform to a limited
function set and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.

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 Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple
included on the device. Users could however "jailbreak" their device in order to
unofficially multitask. Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS
devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:

1. Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is

playing audio or video content
2. Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress
3. Background location – application is notified of location changes
4. Push notifications
5. Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a
predetermined time
6. Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task
7. Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from
memory at any time.

In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:

1. Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the
user
2. External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares
data at regular intervals
3. Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a Bluetooth accessory and
shares data at regular intervals

In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the
ability to perform background updates. This feature prefers to update the user's most
frequently used apps and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network,
without markedly reducing the device's battery life.

6. SIRI

 Siri (/ˈsɪri/) is a virtual assistant integrated into iOS.

 The assistant uses voice queries and a natural-language user interface to answer
questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to
a set of Internet services.
 The software adapts to users' individual language usages, searches, and
preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are individualized.
 Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010, it was acquired by Apple
two months later and then integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October
2011.
 At that time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS App Store.
 Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone
actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling
device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on
entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps.

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  With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to
Siri, including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and
Internet calling apps.
 With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri's voices for more clear, human
voices, it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and
additional third-party actions. iOS 17 enabled users to activate Siri by simply
saying “Siri”, while the previous command, “Hey Siri”, is still supported.

Fig 1- iPhone

ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM

Google developed an operating system for mobiles. They called it Android. The Android
operating system is primarily designed for smartphone devices which implement a touch
screen input interface.

This means that it was designed for systems with little memory and a processor that isn't as
fast as desktop processors. While keeping the limitations in mind, Google's vision for
Android is that it would have a robust set of programming APIs and a very responsive UI. In
order to facilitate this vision, they created an abstraction layer, which allows application
developers to be hardware agnostic in their design.

HISTORY

❏ Developed by Android, Inc (bought by Google in 2005)

❏ Unveiled in 2007

❏ Android 1. 0, 2008

❏ Developed by Open Handset Alliance

❏ Android 6.0 Marshmallow, 2015

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ANDROID VERSIONS

Internal Version
Name API level Release date
codename number(s)
September 23,
Android 1.0 — 1.0 1
2008
February 9,
Android 1.1 Petit Four 1.1 2
2009
Android Cupcake Cupcake 1.5 3 April 27, 2009
September 15,
Android Donut Donut 1.6 4
2009
October 27,
2.0 5
2009

Android Eclair Eclair December 3,

2.0.1 6
2009
January 11,
2.1 7
2010
Android Froyo Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 8 May 20, 2010
December 6,
2.3 – 2.3.2 9
Android 2010
Gingerbread
Gingerbread February 9,
2.3.3 – 2.3.7 10
2011
February 22,
3.0 11
2011
Android Honeycomb Honeycomb
3.1 12 May 10, 2011
3.2 – 3.2.6 13 July 15, 2011
October 18,
4.0 – 4.0.2 14
Android Ice Cream Ice Cream 2011
Sandwich Sandwich December 16,
4.0.3 – 4.0.4 15
2011
4.1 – 4.1.2 16 July 9, 2012
November 13,
Android Jelly Bean Jelly Bean 4.2 – 4.2.2 17
2012
4.3 – 4.3.1 18 July 24, 2013
October 31,
4.4 – 4.4.4 19
2013
Android KitKat Key Lime Pie
4.4W –
20 June 25, 2014
4.4W.2

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 November 4,
Lemon Meringue 5.0 – 5.0.2 21
Android Lollipop 2014
Pie
5.1 – 5.1.1 22 March 2, 2015
Android Macadamia Nut September 29,
6.0 – 6.0.1 23
Marshmallow Cookie 2015
August 22,
7.0 24
New York 2016
Android Nougat
Cheesecake October 4,
7.1 – 7.1.2 25
2016
August 21,
8.0 26
2017
Android Oreo Oatmeal Cookie
December 5,
8.1 27
2017
Pistachio Ice
Android Pie 9 28 August 6, 2018
Cream
September 3,
Android 10 Quince Tart 10 29
2019
September 8,
Android 11 Red Velvet Cake 11 30
2020
October 4,
Android 12 Snow Cone 12 31
2021
Android 12L Snow Cone v2 12.1 32 March 7, 2022
August 15,
Android 13 Tiramisu 13 33
2022
Upside Down October 4,
Android 14 14 34
Cake 2023
Vanilla Ice September 3,
Android 15 15 35
Cream 2024
December 18,
Android 16 Baklava 16 DP2 36
2024

Installation Instructions for Android SDK and Eclipse

Download the software by saving the following files to your desktop (or any other location).
This software has been especially packaged for this class; general users should download the
original versions). Even if you already have a version of Eclipse, please install this: it won't
interfere with any other version(s) you might have.

1. Eclipse - an Integrated Development Editor (IDE)

2. Android SDK - the Android software development kit

Install Eclipse

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 1. Double-click on the eclipseAndroid.exe file you just downloaded
2. When prompted for a Destination folder, enter: c:\android\eclipse
3. When installation is done, open that directory
4. Right-click on "eclipse.exe" and pick "Send to | Desktop (create shortcut)"

This will create a shortcut on your desktop from which to start Eclipse (soon).

Install the Android SDK

1. Double-click on the androidSDK file you downloaded before

2. The zip file should open to show the folder android-sdk-windows
3. Drag that folder to c:\android

Install the remaining Tools

1. Open the directory c:\android\android-sdk-windows and double-click on "SDK Setup"

(ignore errors)
2. On the left side, click "Settings"
3. Check the box "Force https:// as http://" and click on "Save & Apply"
4. Go back to "Available packages" and check the server
5. You should see a number of API's and a USB driver. Make sure all are checked (for
in-class only check the two 2.1 entries and download the rest, including the
documentation, later), then click "Install selected..."
6. Accept all license agreements (!) and prepare to wait until everything downloads and
installs
7. When everything is done, close the SDK Setup program

Setup the Android Plugin for Eclipse

1. Start Eclipse using the shortcut created previously. When prompted for a workspace,
enter c:\android\workspace
2. , then select Help > Install New Softare.
3. In the Available Software dialog, click Add....
4. In the Add Site dialog that appears, enter a name for the remote site (for example,
"Android Plugin") in the "Name" field. In the "Location" field, enter the following
URL, the click OK:

http://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/

5. Back in the Available Software view, you should now see "Developer Tools" added to
the list. Select the checkbox next to Developer Tools, which will automatically select
the nested tools Android DDMS and Android Development Tools. Click Next.
6. In the resulting Install Details dialog, the Android DDMS and Android Development
Tools features are listed. Click Next to read and accept the license agreement and
install any dependencies, then click Finish.
7. Restart Eclipse.

Modify your Eclipse preferences

1. Select Window > Preferences... to open the Preferences panel

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 2. Select Android from the left panel.
3. For the SDK Location in the main panel, click Browse... and locate your downloaded
SDK directory.
4. Click Apply, then OK
5. Quit Eclipse

ANDROID VIRTUAL DEVICE

An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is a configuration that simulates an Android device

in the Android Emulator. An AVD runs the Android operating system in a virtual machine,
simulating the characteristics of an Android device. This allows you to test your app in a
variety of configurations that simulate different physical Android devices.

 A hardware profile that defines the device's hardware features, such as the camera,
keyboard, and memory
 A mapping to a system image that defines the version of the Android platform that
will run on the device
 An emulator skin that controls the screen dimensions and appearance
 An emulated SD card
 Private storage for user data, such as installed applications and settings

CREATION OF AVD
1. Creating an Android Virtual Device (AVD)

An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is an emulator that simulates a physical Android device
on your computer. It allows you to test Android apps without needing a physical device.

Steps to Create an AVD:

1. Open the AVD Manager in Eclipse or Android Studio:

- In Eclipse: Go to Window > Android > AVD Manager.
- In Android Studio: Click on the AVD Manager icon in the toolbar or go to Tools> AVD
Manager.

2. Create a New Virtual Device:

- Click Create Virtual Device in the AVD Manager.
- Choose the device you want to simulate. You can choose from predefined devices (e.g.,
Nexus 5, Pixel) or create a custom one.
- Click Next.

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3. Select a System Image:
- Select the Android version (system image) you want to run on your virtual device. You
might need to download additional system images, such as for **Google APIs** or a specific
Android version.
- Once downloaded, select the system image and click Next.

4. Configure AVD Settings:

- Give your AVD a name.
- Select the device orientation (Portrait or Landscape).
- Set the RAM and internal storage (You can use default settings unless specific
configurations are needed).
- Optionally, you can enable graphics acceleration for better performance.

5. Finish and Launch the AVD:

- Click Finish to create the AVD.
- Select your newly created AVD from the list and click the green **Play** button to start
the emulator.

2. Sample Android Program:

Here’s a simple "Hello World" Android app to test your AVD or physical device.

Step 1: Create a New Project

- Open Eclipse or Android Studio and create a new Android project.
- Eclipse: File > New > Android Project.
- Android Studio: File > New > New Project.

Step 2: Modify the MainActivity Code

MainActivity initializes the app's UI and implements its UI buttons.

Step 3: Run the Program

- Select the AVD you created earlier or a physical Android device.
- Click Run to launch the app on the emulator or device.

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Setup at least one AVD (Android Virtual Device)

1. Start Eclipse and accept the default workspace c:\android\workspace

2. Click "Windows" then "Android SDK and AVD Manager"
3. Click "New ..."
4. Give it a name and select an available target (including "Google API's")
5. Give it 512 MiB for the SD Card and click "Create"
6. Finally, "Start" your newly created Android Virtual Device

Note that you should create new AVD's for each of your available targets so that you can test
your program, eventually, against different versions of Android. Settle on a naming
convention that you'll remember, such as avd1.5_sd for Android version 1.5 with simulated
SD card, avd1.5_sd_g for Android 1.5 + SD card + Google API, etc.

Features of Eclipse vs Android Studio

Eclipse Features:
-Plugin-Based Architecture: Eclipse relies on plugins to add functionality. The Android
Development Tools (ADT) plugin integrates Android development features into Eclipse.
- Code Assistance: Eclipse provides code completion, syntax highlighting, and quick fixes
but is somewhat limited compared to Android Studio.
- Less Integrated Environment: Eclipse does not provide the same level of integration as
Android Studio, especially in terms of project structure, Gradle, and performance
optimization.
- Debugging and Profiling: Basic debugging tools are available, but advanced features like
GPU profiling, APK size analyzer, and memory profiler are limited.
- Layout Editor: Eclipse has a basic layout editor but lacks many of the advanced visual tools
available in Android Studio.
- Compatibility: Eclipse can be used for cross-platform development (Java, C++, etc.), but
Android Studio is tailored specifically for Android development.

Android Studio Features:

- Official IDE: Android Studio is the official IDE for Android development, regularly
updated by Google.
- Built-In Gradle Support: Android Studio has built-in Gradle support for dependency
management, build automation, and versioning.
- Layout Editor: Android Studio has a powerful visual layout editor, making it easier to
design UIs with drag-and-drop components.
- Smart Code Completion: Android Studio offers advanced code completion features,
including suggestions for XML attributes, Java/Kotlin code, and Android-specific
components.
- Profiler Tools: Android Studio includes built-in profiling tools for CPU, memory, and
network usage, which helps in optimizing app performance.

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- Instant Run: A feature that allows you to quickly see changes in your app without restarting
it completely. This improves development speed.
- Emulator Performance: Android Studio provides a more efficient Android Emulator with
better performance, including support for hardware acceleration (HAXM).
- Refactoring: Android Studio offers advanced refactoring tools that can automatically
refactor code and resources (e.g., renaming classes, moving files, etc.).
- Support for Kotlin: Android Studio has full support for Kotlin, which is now the preferred
language for Android development.

Eclipse vs Android Studio

Feature Eclipse Android Studio

Official IDE No (ADT plugin) Yes (Official Android IDE)
UI Design Tools Basic Layout Editor Advanced Layout (Drag &
Drop)
Gradle Support Limited (Requires plugins) Full, Built-In
Debugging/Profiling Basic Debugger Advanced Profiling &
Debugging Tools
Performance Slower, No hardware Optimized, supports
acceleration for Emulator hardware acceleration
(HAXM)
Language Support Java, C++ Java, Kotlin
Ease of Use Moderate (requires setup). High (IDE is tailored for
Android).

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