M S Palya, Bengaluru - 560097

DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering

BE-IVSEMESTER
Technical Writing Using
LaTeX

BCS456D

Nameofthestudent:
USN:
Section&Batch:

SambhramInstituteOfTechnology
MS Palya,Bengaluru– 560097

2023-2024
 INDEX
S.NO TITLE PAGE
NO
1 Simple Document 04

10
2 Abstract/Summary

3 Title page of the VTU Project Report 18

C Certificate 24
4

Ta Tbles in LaTeX 28
5

SuSubgraph Concept 29
6

7 30
M Mathematical Equations in LaTeX

N Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries and 32

8
lemmas

RReferences in LaTeX 34
9

TT Tikz library
10 37

PageNo:2
 Algorithms in LaTeX 41
11

Si Simple Report 44
12

PageNo:3
1. Simple Document
Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple document that consists of 2 sections
[Section1, Section2], and a paragraph with dummy text in each section. And also include
header [title of document] and footer [institute name, page number] in the document.

Latex Code

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\begin{document}
% Set the page style to "fancy"...
\pagestyle{fancy}
\title{GNU Project}
\fancyhf{} % clear existing header/footer entries
% We don't need to specify the O coordinate
\fancyhead{} % clear all header fields
\fancyhead[R]{GNU Project}
\fancyfoot{} % clear all footer fields
\fancyfoot[LO,CE]{Siddaganga Institute of Technology}
\fancyfoot[R]{\thepage}
\maketitle
\section{What is GNU?}
GNU is an operating system that is free software—that is, it respects users' freedom.
The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically
released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The
development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would
trample your freedom.

\section{More about GNU}

GNU is a Unix-like operating system. That means it is a collection of many
programs: applications, libraries, developer tools, even games. The development of
GNU, started in January 1984, is known as the GNU Project. Many of the programs
in GNU are released under the auspices of the GNU Project; those we call GNU
packages. \\
The name "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix." "GNU" is
pronounced g'noo, as one syllable, like saying "grew" but replacing the r with n. \\
The program in a Unix-like system that allocates machine resources and talks to the
hardware is called the "kernel." GNU is typically used with a kernel called LinuxThis
Page No:4
combination is the GNU/Linux operating system. GNU/Linux is used by millions,
though many call it "Linux" by mistake.

\section{What is the Free Software Movement?}

The free software movement campaigns to win for the users of computing the
freedom that comes from free software. Free software puts its users in control of their
own computing. Nonfree software puts its users under the power of the software's
developer. \\

\section{What is Free Software?}

\textbf{Free software means the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute,
study, change and improve the software.}

Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should
think of "free" as in "free speech," not as in "free beer". More precisely, free software
means users of a program have the four essential freedoms:

\begin{itemize}
\item The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
\item The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for
this.
\item The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2).
\item The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom
3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your
changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

Developments in technology and network use have made these freedoms even more
important now than they were in 1983. Nowadays the free software movement goes
far beyond developing the GNU system.

\end{itemize}
\end{document}

Page No:4
 Output
GNUProject

March14,2024

1WhatisGNU?

GNUisanoperatingsystemthatisfreesoftware—
thatis,itrespectsusers’freedom.TheGNUoperatingsystemconsistsofGNUpackages(programsspecificallyreleasedbytheGNUPro
ject)aswellasfreesoftwarereleasedbythirdparties.
ThedevelopmentofGNUmadeitpossibletouseacomputerwithoutsoftwarethatwouldtrampleyourfreedom.

2MoreaboutGNU

GNUisaUnix-likeoperatingsystem.Thatmeansitisacollectionof manyprograms: appli-

cations,libraries,developertools,evengames.
ThedevelopmentofGNU,startedinJanuary1984,isknownastheGNUProject.ManyoftheprogramsinGNUarereleasedundertheau
spicesof theGNUProject;thosewecallGNUpackages.

Thename”GNU”isarecursiveacronymfor”GNU’sNotUnix.””GNU”ispronounced
g’noo,asonesyllable,likesaying”grew”butreplacingtherwithn.

TheprograminaUnix-likesystemthatallocatesmachineresourcesandtalkstothehard- wareiscalledthe ”kernel.”

GNUistypicallyusedwithakernelcalledLinux. Thiscombination istheGNU/Linuxoperatingsystem.
GNU/Linuxisusedbymillions,thoughmanycallit”Linux”bymistake.

3 WhatistheFreeSoftwareMovement?

Thefreesoftwaremovementcampaignstowinfortheusersofcomputingthefreedomthatcomesfromfreesoftware.Freesoftwareputs
itsusersincontrolof theirowncomputing.Non-freesoftwareputsitsusersunderthepowerof thesoftware’sdeveloper.

4 WhatisFreeSoftware?

Freesoftwaremeanstheusershavethefreedomtorun,copy,distribute,study,changeandimprovethesoftware.
Free software isa matter ofliberty,notprice. To understandtheconcept,youshouldthinkof
”free”asin”freespeech,”notasin”freebeer”.Moreprecisely,freesoftwaremeansusersofaprogramhavethefouressentialfreedoms:

• Thefreedomtoruntheprogramasyou,foranypurpose(freedom0)

•
Thefreedomtostudyhowtheprogramworks,andchangeitsoitdoesyourcomputingasyouwish(freedom1).Accesstothesou
rcecodeisapreconditionforthis.

• Thefreedomtoredistributecopiessoyoucanhelpothers(freedom2).

•Thefreedomtodistributecopiesofyourmodifiedversionstoothers(freedom3).Bydoingthisyoucangivethewholecommunit
yachancetobenefitfromyourchanges.
Accesstothesourcecodeisapreconditionforthis.
Developments in technology and network use have madethesefreedomsevenmoreimpor-
tantnowthantheywerein1983.NowadaysthefreesoftwaremovementgoesfarbeyonddevelopingtheGNUsystem.

Page No:4
 Question 2
Abstract/Summary
Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that displays the sample Abstract/Summary
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[left=3cm,right=3cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
%\usepackage{lipsum}

\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{plain}

\begin{center}
\Large
\textbf{Thesis Title}

\vspace{0.4cm}
\large
Thesis Subtitle

\vspace{0.4cm}
\textbf{Author Name}

\vspace{0.9cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\end{center}
%\lipsum[1]

News has become an important medium for everyone to stay aware and updated with the latest happenings in the world. It is important to
note that in recent times with the rise in social media the amount of fake news has surged to dangerous levels. Fake news causes a lot of
economic and social problems. It also gets difficult to trace back the source of fake news and hold someone accountable in order to curb it
down. It is important to have a mechanism which evicts out fake news and contains only authentic news.

Fake news causes a lot of economic and social problems. It also gets difficult to trace back the source of fake news and hold someone
accountable in order to curb it down. It is important to have a mechanism whichevicts out fake news and contains only authentic news.
With digitization, there has been a drastic increase in the usage of some of the popular social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook,
Yahoo, YouTube as a medium of spreading news. There is very little check on the spreading of fake news. Accountability, in terms of how
authentic the news is, is very less.

Our project aims to create a platform that runs on a blockchain network. News based media will be shared across this network. The origin
of data and every user interaction will be recorded and get updated in the decentralized ledger and since it is in the blockchain, it remains
immutable and nearly immune to any cyber threat.

The platform will be highly intuitive and interactive for users to browse through different sections of news. Users can view articles, blogs,
headlines and other news-based content. Users can also push their own content on the network. The platform also allows the users to
manually rate a piece of news based on its authenticity.
\end{document}

Output
Page No:4
 Thesis Title

Thesis subtile

Author Name

Abstract

Thesis Title Thesis Subtitle Author Name Abstract News has become an important medium for everyone to stay aware and updated with
the latest happenings in the world. It is important to note that in recent times with the rise in social media the amount of fake news has
surged to dangerous levels. Fake news causes a lot of economic and social problems. It also gets difficult to trace back the source of fake
news and hold someone accountable in order to curb it down. It is important to have a mechanism which evicts out fake news and
contains only authentic news. Fake news causes a lot of economic and social problems. It also gets difficult to trace back the source of
fake news and hold someone accountable in order to curb it down. It is important to have a mechanism whichevicts out fake news and
contains only authentic news. With digitization, there has been a drastic increase in the usage of some of the popular social media sites
such as Twitter, Facebook, Yahoo, YouTube as a medium of spreading news. There is very little check on the spreading of fake news.
Accountability, in terms of how authentic the news is, is very less. Our project aims to create a platform that runs on a blockchain
network. News based media will be shared across this network. The origin of data and every user interaction will be recorded and get
updated in the decentralized ledger and since it is in the blockchain, it remains immutable and nearly immune to any cyber threat. The
platform will be highly intuitive and interactive for users to browse through different sections of news. Users can view articles, blogs,
headlines and other news-based content. Users can also push their own content on the network. The platform also allows the users to
manually rate a piece of news based on its authenticity.

Page No:4
 Question 3
Title page of the VTU Project Report
Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple title page of the VTU project Report [Use suitable
Logos and text formatting]

%This template was written by Prabodh C P

% Memoir is more versatile than other document classes like article, report, book etc,
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{memoir}

% To handle image, like scaling

\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[english]{babel}

% Used for modifying page layout

\usepackage[a4paper,right=1in]{geometry}

% For referencing contents,figure,table...

\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}

% For including source code

\usepackage{listings}

% For using text colors

\usepackage{color}

% To attach pdf files

\usepackage{pdfpages}

% Document starts here

\begin{document}

\newlength{\toptafiddle}
\newlength{\bottafiddle}
\definecolor{therablue}{RGB}{41, 134, 230}

\include{Title} % Include Title Page, (i.e. title.tex)

% Page layout according to VTU specification

% Right: 1.25in, Left: 1in, Top & Bottom: 0.75in in each page

Page No:4
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.25in} % Left side margin {1in by default + 0.25in}

% Header specification
\setlength{\headheight}{\onelineskip}
\setlength{\headsep}{6pt}
\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.25in}

% Footer specification
\setlength{\footskip}{\onelineskip}
\setlength{\footnotesep}{\onelineskip}

% A4 paper height = 11.69in

% thus 11.69in - 9.67in - 1in (top + header) is approx 0.75in left for bottom
\setlength{\textheight}{9.67in}

\brokenpenalty=10000 % Disallow page breaks at hyphens

\OnehalfSpacing % Line Spacing set to 1.5

%\pagenumbering{roman}

%\include{Certificate}

\pagestyle{plain}

\end{document}

Title.tex

%This template was written by Prabodh C P

\begin{titlingpage}

\thispagestyle{empty}
\centering

\setlength{\toptafiddle}{1in}
\setlength{\bottafiddle}{1in}

\vspace*{-0.75in}
\enlargethispage{\toptafiddle}

\begin{LARGE}
\textbf{Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru}\\
Page No:4
\end{LARGE}

\begin{small}

(An Autonomous institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,\\ Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by
NAAC and ISO 9001:2015 certified)
\end{small}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=4cm]{images/vtu.png}
\end{figure}

\vfill
\Huge{\textbf{\textcolor{therablue}{Employee Emotion Detection}}}\\
\Large{\textbf{Keeping Your Employees Happy}}
\vfill

\begin{small}
A project report submitted to \\Visvesvaraya Technological University. Belgaum, Karnataka \\
\textit{in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of} \\
\end{small}
\begin{normalsize}
\textbf{\textit{Bachelor of Engineering }} \\
in \\
\textbf{\textit{Computer Science and Engineering}} \\
by \\
\end{normalsize}
\vfill
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\textbf{Student-1 }&& \textbf{1SI12CS001}\\
\textbf{Student-2 }&& \textbf{1SI12CS002}\\
\textbf{Student-3 }&& \textbf{1SI12CS003}\\
\textbf{Student-4 }&& \textbf{1SI12CS004}\\
\end{tabular}
\vfill

{\normalsize under the guidance of}\\

\Large{\textbf{Prof. ABC}}\\
Assistant Professor\\
\vfill
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=3.7cm]{images/sit.png}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Department of Computer Science \& Engineering}\\

{\normalsize (Program Accredited by NBA)} \\
\textbf{Siddaganga Institute of Technology}\\

\begin{normalsize}
B.H Road, Tumakuru-572 103, Karnataka, India.\\
Web : www.sit.ac.in \\
\end{normalsize}

\textbf{June, 2024}
\end{titlingpage}

Page No:4
Output

Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru

(An Autonomous institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC and ISO 9001:2015 certified)

Employee Emotion Detection

Keeping Your Employees Happy
A project report submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University. Belgaum, Karnataka
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by
Student-1 1SI12CS001
Student-2 1SI12CS002
Student-3 1SI12CS003
Student-4 1SI12CS004
under the guidance of
Prof. ABC
Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

(Program Accredited by NBA)
Siddaganga Institute of Technology
B.H Road, Tumakuru-572 103, Karnataka, India.
Web : www.sit.ac.in
June, 2024

Page No:4
Question 4
Certificate Page
Develop a LaTeX script to create the Certificate Page of the Report [Use suitable commands to
leave the blank spaces for user entry]
%This template was written by Prabodh C P

% Memoir is more versatile than other document classes like article, report, book etc,
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{memoir}

% To handle image, like scaling

\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[english]{babel}

% Used for modifying page layout

\usepackage[a4paper,right=1in]{geometry}

% For referencing contents,figure,table...

\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}

% For including source code

\usepackage{listings}

% For using text colors

\usepackage{color}

% To attach pdf files

\usepackage{pdfpages}

% Document starts here

\begin{document}

\newlength{\toptafiddle}
\newlength{\bottafiddle}
\definecolor{therablue}{RGB}{41, 134, 230}

%\include{Title} % Include Title Page, (i.e. title.tex)

% Page layout according to VTU specification

% Right: 1.25in, Left: 1in, Top & Bottom: 0.75in in each page

\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.25in} % Left side margin {1in by default + 0.25in}

% Header specification
\setlength{\headheight}{\onelineskip}
\setlength{\headsep}{6pt}
\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.25in}

% Footer specification
\setlength{\footskip}{\onelineskip}
\setlength{\footnotesep}{\onelineskip}

% A4 paper height = 11.69in

% thus 11.69in - 9.67in - 1in (top + header) is approx 0.75in left for bottom
\setlength{\textheight}{9.67in}

\brokenpenalty=10000 % Disallow page breaks at hyphens

Page No:4
\OnehalfSpacing % Line Spacing set to 1.5

%\pagenumbering{roman}

\include{Certificate}

\pagestyle{plain}

\end{document}

%This template was written by Prabodh C P

\thispagestyle{empty}

\setlength{\toptafiddle}{1in}
\setlength{\bottafiddle}{1in}

\vspace*{-0.75in}
\enlargethispage{\toptafiddle}

\begin{center}

\begin{Large}
\textbf{Department of Computer Science and Engineering} \\
\end{Large}

\begin{Large}
\textbf{Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru}\\
\end{Large}

%\hspace{0.1cm}\\
\begin{small}

(An Autonomous institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,\\ Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by
NAAC and ISO 9001:2015 certified)
\end{small}
\vspace{0.2cm}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=4cm]{images/vtu.png}
\hspace{0.1\textwidth}
\includegraphics[height=3.7cm]{images/sit.png}
\end{figure}

\Huge{Certificate}
\end{center}

\begin{large}
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled
\textbf{"My Wonderful Project"}
is a bonafide work carried out by
\textbf{Student-1(1SI23CS001)},
\textbf{Student-2(1SI23CS002)},
\textbf{Student-3(1SI23CS003)}
and
\textbf{Student-4(1SI23CS004)}
in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering,
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 20XX-XX.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal
assessment have been incorporated in the report.The project report has been
Page No:4
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project
work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
\end{large}
\vfill
\vfill
\vfill

\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{cccccccccc}
.................................&&&&&&&&& .................................\\
\textbf{{\footnotesize Guide}} &&&&&&&&&\textbf{{\footnotesize Group Convener}}\\
\textbf{Prof. John Doe}&&&&&&&&& \textbf{Dr. John Doe} \\
\textbf{{\footnotesize Asst. Professor}} &&&&&&&&& \textbf{{\footnotesize Professor}}\\
\textbf{{\footnotesize Dept of CSE, SIT}} &&&&&&&&& \textbf{{\footnotesize Dept of CSE, SIT}}\\
\\
\\
.................................&&&&&&&&& .................................\\
\textbf{Dr. John Doe} &&&&&&&&& \textbf{Dr. John Doe} \\
\textbf{{\footnotesize Professor and Head}} &&&&&&&&& \textbf{{\footnotesize Principal}} \\
\textbf{{\footnotesize Dept of CSE, SIT}} &&&&&&&&& \textbf{{\footnotesize SIT, Tumakuru}}\\

\end{tabular}

\end{table}
Name of the Examiners \hfill Signature with Date
\begin{small}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Prof.
\item Prof.
\end{enumerate}
\end{small}

Page No:4
 Output

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru
(An Autonomous institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC and ISO 9001:2015 certified)

Certificate
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled ”My Wonderful Project” is a
bonafide work carried out by Student-1(1SI23CS001), Student-2(1SI23CS002),
Student-3(1SI23CS003) and Student-4(1SI23CS004) in the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Science and Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
year 20XX-XX. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal
assessment have been incorporated in the report.The project report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
................................. .................................
Guide Group Convener
Prof. John Doe Dr. John Doe
Asst. Professor Professor
Dept of CSE, SIT Dept of CSE, SIT
................................. .................................
Dr. John Doe Dr. John Doe
Professor and Head Principal
Dept of CSE, SIT SIT, Tumakuru

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1. Prof
2. prof

Page No:4
 Question 5
Tables in LaTeX
Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that contains the following table with proper
labels.

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{multirow}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\begin{Large}
\textbf{Table Demo}
\end{Large}
\end{center}

\section*{Marks Table}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{S.No} & \multirow{2}{*}{USN} & \multirow{2}{*}{Student Name} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Marks} \\
\cline{4-6}
&&& Subject1 & Subject2 & Subject3 \\
\hline
1 & 4XX22XX001 & Name 1 & 88 & 77 & 97 \\
\hline
2 & 4XX22XX002 & Name 2 & 74 & 78 & 66 \\
\hline
3 & 4XX22XX003 & Name 3 & 88 & 82 & 79 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{document}

Page No:4
Output

Table Demo

Marks Table
Marks
Sl.No USN Student Name Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3
1 4XX22XX00 Name 1 88 74 97
1
2 4XX22XX00 Name 2 74 77 66
2
3 4XX22XX00 Name 3 88 82 79
3

Page No:4
 Question 6
Subgraph Concept
Develop a LaTeX script to include the side-by-side graphics/pictures/figures in the document by
using the subgraph concept.

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}
\section*{Subfigure Demo}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.3\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{graph1.png}
\caption{$y=x$}
\label{fig:y equals x}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.3\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{graph2.png}
\caption{$y=3\sin x$}
\label{fig:three sin x}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.3\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{graph3.png}
\caption{$y=5/x$}
\label{fig:five over x}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Three simple graphs arranged side-by-side}
\label{fig:three graphs}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Page No:4
Output

Page No:4
 Question 7
Mathematical Equations in LaTeX
Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that consists of the following two mathematical
equations

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath,nccmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}

\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Equations in \LaTeX}}
\end{center}

\section*{Equation 1}

%\begin{eqnarray}
%x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a} \\
%= \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{2^{2}-4*(1)*(-8)}}{2*1}
%\end{eqnarray}

\begin{fleqn}
\[
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}
\]

\[
= \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{2^{2}-4*(1)*(-8)}}{2*1}
\]

\[
= \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{4+32}}{2}
\]
\end{fleqn}

\section*{Equation 2}

\begin{fleqn}
\[
\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}A_{t} = \sum_{\pi \in C_{t}} sgn(\pi)\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}\varphi^{\lambda}_{\pi}
\]

Page No:4
\[
= \sum_{\tau \in C_{\sigma t}} sgn(\sigma^{-1}\tau\sigma)\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}\varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma^{-1}\tau\sigma}
\]

\[
= A_{\sigma t} \varphi^{\lambda}_{\sigma}
\]

\end{fleqn}
\end{document}

Output

Equations in LATEX

Equation 1

=−2 ± p 2 2 − 4 ∗ (1) ∗ (−8) 2 ∗ 1 = −2 ± √ 4 + 32 2

x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac 2a

Equation 2
φ λ σAt = X π∈Ct sgn(π)φ λ σφ λ π
= X τ∈Cσt sgn(σ −1 τσ)φ λ σφ λ σ−1τσ
= Aσtφ λ

Page No:4
 Question 8
Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries and lemmas
Develop a LaTeX script to demonstrate the presentation of Numbered theorems, definitions,
corollaries, and lemmas in the document.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{amsthm}

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section]

\begin{document}
\section{Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries and lemmas}
Theorems can easily be defined:

\begin{theorem}
Let \(f\) be a function whose derivative exists in every point, then \(f\) is
a continuous function.
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem}[Pythagorean theorem]
\label{pythagorean}
This is a theorem about right triangles and can be summarised in the next
equation
\[ x^2 + y^2 = z^2 \]
\end{theorem}

And a consequence of theorem \ref{pythagorean} is the statement in the next

corollary.

\begin{corollary}
There's no right rectangle whose sides measure 3cm, 4cm, and 6cm.
\end{corollary}

You can reference theorems such as \ref{pythagorean} when a label is assigned.

\begin{lemma}
Given two line segments whose lengths are \(a\) and \(b\) respectively there is a
real number \(r\) such that \(b=ra\).
\end{lemma}

\begin{definition}[Absolute value function]

The absolute value function can be specified as a two-part definition as follows: \\
$
|x| =
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
x & \mbox{if } x \geq 0 \\
-x & \mbox{if } x < 0
\end{array}
\right.
$
\end{definition}
\end{document}

Page No:4
Output
1 Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries
and lemmas
Theorems can easily be defined:
Theorem 1.1. Let f be a function whose derivative exists in every point, then
f is a continuous function.
Theorem 1.2 (Pythagorean theorem). This is a theorem about right triangles
and can be summarised in the next equation

And a consequence of theorem 1.2 is the statement in the next corollary.

Corollary 1.2.1. There’s no right rectangle whose sides measure 3cm, 4cm,
and 6cm.
You can reference theorems such as 1.2 when a label is assigned.
Lemma 1.3. Given two line segments whose lengths are a and b respectively
there is a real number r such that b = ra.
Definition 1.1 (Absolute value function). The absolute value function can be
specified as a two-part definition as follows:
|x| =

x if x ≥ 0
−x if x <0

Page No:4
Question 9
References in LaTeX
Develop a LaTeX script to create a document that consists of two paragraphs with a minimum
of 10 citations in it and display the reference in the section
@ARTICLE{oilindustry,
author={Ngoenriang, Napat and Turner, Stephen John and Niyato, Dusit and Supittayapornpong, Sucha},
journal={IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
title={Joint UAV-Placement and Data Delivery in Aerial Inspection under Uncertainties}, year={2021},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1-1},
doi={10.1109/JIOT.2021.3113713}}

@ARTICLE{uavservice,
author={Qu, Yuben and Dai, Haipeng and Wang, Haichao and Dong, Chao and Wu, Fan and Guo, Song and Wu, Qihui}, journal={IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas in Communications},
title={Service Provisioning for UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing},
year={2021},
volume={39},
number={11},
pages={3287-3305},
doi={10.1109/JSAC.2021.3088660}
}

@misc{cplex,
author = {IBM},
title = {IBM CPLEX Optimizer},
howpublished = "\url{https://www.ibm.com/in-en/analytics/cplex-optimizer}",
year = {2021},
note = "[Online; accessed 3-Feb-2022]"
}

@misc{rsome,
author = {NSU},
title = {RSOME},
howpublished = "\url{https://xiongpengnus.github.io/rsome/}",
year = {2021},
note = "[Online; accessed 3-Feb-2022]"
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{hardtoshare,
author={He, Ting and Khamfroush, Hana and Wang, Shiqiang and La Porta, Tom and Stein, Sebastian},
booktitle={IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)},
title={It's Hard to Share: Joint Service Placement and Request Scheduling in Edge Clouds with Sharable and Non-Sharable Resources}, year={2018},
volume={},
number={},
pages={365-375},
doi={10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00044}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{multicell,
author={Poularakis, Konstantinos and Llorca, Jaime and Tulino, Antonia M. and Taylor, Ian and Tassiulas, Leandros},
booktitle={IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)},
title={Joint Service Placement and Request Routing in Multi-cell Mobile Edge Computing Networks},
year={2019},
volume={},
number={},
pages={10-18},
doi={10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737385}
}

Page No:4
@ARTICLE{bandwidth,
author={Poularakis, Konstantinos and Llorca, Jaime and Tulino, Antonia M. and Taylor, Ian},
journal={IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
title={Service Placement and Request Routing in MEC Networks With Storage, Computation, and Communication Constraints},
year={2020},
volume={28},
number={3},
pages={1047-1060},
doi={10.1109/TNET.2020.2980175}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{dataintensive,
author={Farhadi, Vajiheh and Mehmeti, Fidan and He, Ting and Porta, Tom La and Khamfroush, Hana and Wang, Shiqiang and Chan, Kevin S},
booktitle={IEEE Conference on Computer Communications(INFOCOM)},
title={Service Placement and Request Scheduling for Data-intensive Applications in Edge Clouds},
year={2019},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1279-1287},
doi={10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737368}
}

@ARTICLE{resource,
author={Ahmed, Shakil and Chowdhury, Mostafa Zaman and Sabuj, Saifur Rahman and Alam, Md Imtiajul and Jang, Yeong Min}, journal={IEEE Access},
title={Energy-Efficient UAV Relaying Robust Resource Allocation in Uncertain Adversarial Networks}, year={2021}, volume={9}, number={},
pages={59920-59934}, doi={10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3073015}}

@ARTICLE{resource2, author={Yang, Zhaohui and Pan, Cunhua and Wang, Kezhi and Shikh-Bahaei, Mohammad}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications}, title={Energy Efficient Resource Allocation in UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing Networks}, year={2019}, volume={18},
number={9}, pages={4576-4589}, doi={10.1109/TWC.2019.2927313}}

@ARTICLE{offload, author={Apostolopoulos, Pavlos Athanasios and Fragkos, Georgios and Tsiropoulou, Eirini Eleni and Papavassiliou, Symeon},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing}, title={Data Offloading in UAV-assisted Multi-access Edge Computing Systems under Resource
Uncertainty}, year={2021}, volume={}, number={}, pages={1-1}, doi={10.1109/TMC.2021.3069911}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{offload2, author={Zhou, Fuhui and Wu, Yongpeng and Sun, Haijian and Chu, Zheng}, booktitle={2018 IEEE International Conference
on Communications (ICC)}, title={UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing: Offloading Optimization and Trajectory Design}, year={2018}, volume={},
number={}, pages={1-6}, doi={10.1109/ICC.2018.8422277}}

@ARTICLE{trajectory, author={Wang, Kai and Zhang, Xiao and Duan, Lingjie and Tie, Jun}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing},
title={Multi-UAV Cooperative Trajectory for Servicing Dynamic Demands and Charging Battery}, year={2021}, volume={}, number={}, pages={1-1},
doi={10.1109/TMC.2021.3110299}}

@article{edgeuncertainty,
author = {Xu, Xiaolong and Cao, Hao and Geng, Qingfan and Liu, Xihua and Dai, Fei and Wang, Chuanjian},
title = {Dynamic resource provisioning for workflow scheduling under uncertainty in edge computing environment},
journal = {Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience},
volume = {n/a},
number = {n/a},
pages = {e5674},
keywords = {edge computing, SDN, uncertainty, workflow scheduling},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5674}
}

@ARTICLE{edgeuav, author={Qu, Yuben and Dai, Haipeng and Wang, Haichao and Dong, Chao and Wu, Fan and Guo, Song and Wu, Qihui}, journal={IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications}, title={Service Provisioning for UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing}, year={2021}, volume={39},
number={11}, pages={3287-3305}, doi={10.1109/JSAC.2021.3088660}}

@inproceedings{mobility,
title={UAV 3D Mobility Model Oriented to Dynamic and Uncertain Environment},
author={Na Wang and Nan Di and Fei Dai and Fangxin Liu},
booktitle={ICA3PP},
year={2018}
}
Page No:4
 @ARTICLE{robust, author={Li, Bo and He, Qiang and Cui, Guangming and Xia, Xiaoyu and Chen, Feifei and Jin, Hai and Yang, Yun}, journal={IEEE
Transactions on Services Computing}, title={READ: Robustness-oriented Edge Application Deployment in Edge Computing Environment}, year={2020},
volume={}, number={}, pages={1-1}, doi={10.1109/TSC.2020.3015316}}

% Use Overleaf online editor for accurate results

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{References Demo}}
\end{center}

\section{Introduction}
%\section{Related Work}

For disaster management, uncertainty handling is the main key problem. But, in Joint Service deployment and Requests Allocation~(JSR) domain, research work
mainly uses the approaches such as deterministic optimization \cite{hardtoshare, multicell, bandwidth}, Lyapunov optimization \cite{dataintensive}, stochastic
optimization, replication of services to achieve high reliability, and forecasting of user requests using machine learning without considering uncertainty. In
deterministic optimization \cite{edgeuav}, request demand is known before the run. However, in online optimization, time is divided into slots and performs
optimization per slot basis, which does not consider uncertain demand. Even if we used any probability distribution to model demand, it does not provide the correct
model/pattern to define the uncertain data \cite{edgeuncertainty}. Using a replication approach to achieve high availability also incurs extra resource cost \
cite{robust}. Using the forecasting method also, we can not predict the impact of uncertain events on the requests, which may lead to under-provisioning/over-
provisioning resources to process the required tasks \cite{rsome}.

\section{Experiment Setup and Performance Parameters}

To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, we will simulate the scenario for an urban site affected by any natural calamity \cite{oilindustry}. To
implement optimization models, we will use the IBM Cplex Optimizer tool \cite{cplex}.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\bibliography{ref}
\end{document}

Page No:4
Output
References Demo
1 Introduction
For disaster management, uncertainty handling is the main key problem. But,
in Joint Service deployment and Requests Allocation (JSR) domain, research
work mainly uses the approaches such as deterministic optimization [1, 2, 3],
Lyapunov optimization [4], stochastic optimization, replication of services to
achieve high reliability, and forecasting of user requests using machine learning
without considering uncertainty. In deterministic optimization [5], request demand is known before the run. However, in online optimization,
time is divided
into slots and performs optimization per slot basis, which does not consider uncertain demand. Even if we used any probability distribution to
model demand,
it does not provide the correct model/pattern to define the uncertain data [6].
Using a replication approach to achieve high availability also incurs extra resource cost [7]. Using the forecasting method also, we can not
predict the impact

of uncertain events on the requests, which may lead to under-provisioning/overprovisioning resources to process the required tasks [8].
2 Experiment Setup and Performance Parameters
To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, we will simulate the
scenario for an urban site affected by any natural calamity [9]. To implement
optimization models, we will use the IBM Cplex Optimizer tool [10].
References
[1] T. He, H. Khamfroush, S. Wang, T. La Porta, and S. Stein, “It’s hard to
share: Joint service placement and request scheduling in edge clouds with
sharable and non-sharable resources,” in IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2018, pp. 365–
375.
[2] K. Poularakis, J. Llorca, A. M. Tulino, I. Taylor, and L. Tassiulas, “Joint
service placement and request routing in multi-cell mobile edge computing networks,” in IEEE Conference on Computer Communications
(INFOCOM), 2019, pp. 10–18.
[3] K. Poularakis, J. Llorca, A. M. Tulino, and I. Taylor, “Service placement
and request routing in mec networks with storage, computation, and communication constraints,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,
vol. 28,
no. 3, pp. 1047–1060, 2020.
[4] V. Farhadi, F. Mehmeti, T. He, T. L. Porta, H. Khamfroush, S. Wang, and
K. S. Chan, “Service placement and request scheduling for data-intensive
1
applications in edge clouds,” in IEEE Conference on Computer Communications(INFOCOM), 2019, pp. 1279–1287.
[5] Y. Qu, H. Dai, H. Wang, C. Dong, F. Wu, S. Guo, and Q. Wu, “Service
provisioning for uav-enabled mobile edge computing,” IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 3287–3305, 2021.
[6] X. Xu, H. Cao, Q. Geng, X. Liu, F. Dai, and C. Wang, “Dynamic resource
provisioning for workflow scheduling under uncertainty in edge computing
environment,” Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience,
vol. n/a, no. n/a, p. e5674.
[7] B. Li, Q. He, G. Cui, X. Xia, F. Chen, H. Jin, and Y. Yang, “Read:
Robustness-oriented edge application deployment in edge computing environment,” IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, pp. 1–1,
2020.
[8] NSU, “Rsome,” https://xiongpengnus.github.io/rsome/, 2021, [Online; accessed 3-Feb-2022].
[9] N. Ngoenriang, S. J. Turner, D. Niyato, and S. Supittayapornpong, “Joint
uav-placement and data delivery in aerial inspection under uncertainties,”
IEEE Internet of Things Journal, pp. 1–1, 2021.
[10] IBM, “Ibm cplex optimizer,” https://www.ibm.com/in-en/analytics/cplex

Page No:4
 Question 10
Tikz library
Develop a LaTeX script to design a simple tree diagram or hierarchical structure in the
document with appropriate labels using the Tikz library

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Hierarchy of Linux distributions}}
\end{center}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture} [every node/.style = {shape=rectangle, rounded corners, draw,
align=center}]
\path [draw,thick,-]
node (root)[red] {GNU/Linux}
[sibling distance=45mm, level distance=25mm]
child {node [cyan] {Debian}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [cyan] {Ubuntu} }
child { node [cyan] {Linux Mint} }
% child { node {Elementary} }
}
child {node [magenta] {RedHat}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [magenta] {Fedora} }
child { node [magenta] {OpenSuse} }
}
child {node [blue] {Arch}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [blue]{Manjaro} }
child { node [blue]{EndeavourOS} }
};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{GNU/Linux Operating System Family}
\end{figure}
\pagebreak
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{SUV Cars}}
\end{center}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering

\begin{tikzpicture} [every node/.style = {shape=rectangle, rounded corners, draw,

align=center}]
\path [draw,thick,-]
[grow=-45]
Page No:4
 node (root)[red] {SUV}
[sibling distance=45mm, level distance=25mm]

child {node [cyan] {Tata}

[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [cyan] {Nexon} }
child { node [cyan] {Punch} }
% child { node {Elementary} }
}
child {node [magenta] {Volkswagen}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [magenta] {Taigun} }
child { node [magenta] {Virtus} }
}
child {node [blue] {Maruti}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [blue]{Brezza} }
child { node [blue]{Vitara} }
};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Car Brands Hierarchy}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Page No:4
Output

Hierarchy of Linux distributions

GNU/Linux
Debian
Ubuntu Linux Mint
RedHat
Fedora OpenSuse
Arch
Manjaro EndeavourOS
Figure 1: GNU/Linux Operating System Family
1
SUV Cars
SUV
Tata
Nexon
Punch
Volkswagen
Taigun
Virtus
Maruti
Brezza
Vitara
Figure 2: Car Brands Hierarchy
2

Page No:4
Question 11
Algorithms in LaTeX
Develop a LaTeX script to present an algorithm in the document using
algorithm/algorithmic/algorithm2e library.

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{algorithm2e}
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}

\section*{Floyd's Algorithm}
Algorithm to find solution to All-Pairs Shortest-Paths Problem

\SetKwComment{Comment}{// }{ }

\vspace{1cm}
\begin{algorithm}[H]
\caption{Floyd(W [1..n, 1..n])}
\SetAlgoLined
\DontPrintSemicolon
\KwIn{The weight matrix W of a graph having vertices [1..n]}
\KwOut{The distance matrix D of the shortest paths' lengths between every pair of vertices [1..n]}
$D$ $\gets$ $W$ \Comment*[r]{initially copy the weight matrix into distance matrix}
\For{$k \gets 1$ to $n$}{
\For{$i \gets 1$ to $n$}{
\For{$j \gets 1$ to $n$}{
$D[i,j]$ $\gets min\lbrace D[i,j], D[i,k] + D[k,j]\rbrace$
}
}
}
\Return{$D$}\;

\end{algorithm}
\end{document}

Page No:4
Output

Floyd’s Algorithm
Algorithm to find solution to All-Pairs Shortest-Paths Problem

Input: The weight matrix W of a graph having vertices [1..n]

Output: The distance matrix D of the shortest paths’ lengths between every pair of vertices [1..n]
D ← W // initially copy the weight matrix into distance matrix
for k ← 1 to n do
for i ← 1 to n do
for j ← 1 to n do
D[i, j] ← min{D[i, j], D[i, k] + D[k, j]}
end
end
end
return D

Algorithm 1: Floyd(W [1..n, 1..n])

Page No:4
Question 12
Simple Report
Develop a LaTeX script to create a simple report and article by using suitable commands and
formats of user choice.

\documentclass[6pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[left=3cm,right=3cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
\author{Lekhaka}
\title{Varadhi}
\begin{document}

\maketitle
\chapter{Free Software}
\section*{What is Free Software?}
"\textbf{Free software}" means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that \textbf{the users have the
freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software}. Thus, "free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To
understand the concept, you should think of "\textit{free}" as in "\textit{free speech}," not as in "\textit{free beer}." We sometimes call
it "\textbf{libre software}," borrowing the French or Spanish word for "free" as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is
gratis.

You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got
your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to sell copies.

We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively)
control the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the program, we call it a "\textit{nonfree}" or "\
textit{proprietary}" program. The nonfree program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the program
an instrument of unjust power.

"\emph{Open source}" is something different: it has a very different philosophy based on different values. Its practical definition is
different too, but nearly all open source programs are in fact free.

\section*{The Free Software Definition}

The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular software program qualifies as free software. \\
\textbf{The four essential freedoms} \\

A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential freedoms: \\
\begin{itemize}
\item The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
\item The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the
source code is a precondition for this.
\item The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2).
\item The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3).

\end{itemize}

By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for
this. \\

A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various
nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of being free, we consider them all equally unethical.

Page No:4
\chapter{Listing Environment}

\begin{small}
\section*{Unordered lists}

\subsection*{Groceries List}
\begin{itemize}
\item Eggs
\item Milk
\item Biscuits
\item Rice
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Football Teams}

\begin{itemize}
\item English Premier League
\begin{itemize}
\item Manchester United
\item Liverpool
\end{itemize}

\item La Liga
\begin{itemize}
\item Barcelona
\item Real Madrid
\end{itemize}

\item Bundesliga
\begin{itemize}
\item Bayern Munich
\item Borussia Dortmund
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\section*{Ordered lists}
\subsection*{ICC WTC Rankings}
\begin{enumerate}
\item India
\item Australia
\item New Zealand
\end{enumerate}

\subsection*{Countries ranked by Market Cap}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Asia
\begin{enumerate}
\item China
\item Japan
\item India
\end{enumerate}

\item Europe
\begin{enumerate}
\item United Kingdom
\item France
\item Germany
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{small}
\end{document}
Page No:4
Output

Chapter 1

Free Software
What is Free Software?
”Free software” means software that respects users’ freedom and community. Roughly, it means
that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve
the software. Thus, ”free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept,
you should think of ”free” as in ”free speech,” not as in ”free beer.” We sometimes call it ”libre
software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for ”free” as in freedom, to show we do not
mean the software is gratis.
You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may have obtained copies at
no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and
change the software, even to sell copies.
We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these freedoms, the
users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them. When
users don’t control the program, we call it a ”nonfree” or ”proprietary” program. The nonfree
program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the program an
instrument of unjust power.
”Open source” is something different: it has a very different philosophy based on different
values. Its practical definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are in fact free.

The Free Software Definition

The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular software program qualifies
as free software.
The four essential freedoms
A program is free software if the program’s users have the four essential freedoms:
• The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
• The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as
you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
• The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2).
• The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3).
By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access
to the source code is a precondition for this.
A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these freedoms. Otherwise, it is
nonfree. While we can distinguish various nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they
fall short of being free, we consider them all equally unethical.

Chapter 2

Listing Environment

Unordered lists

Groceries List
Page No:4
• Eggs
• Milk
• Biscuits
• Rice

Football Teams

• English Premier League

1. Manchester United
2. Liverpool
• La Liga
1. Barcelona
2. Real Madrid
• Bundesliga
1. Bayern Munich
2. Borussia Dortmund

Ordered lists

ICC WTC Rankings

1. India
2. Australia
3. New Zealand
Countries ranked by Market Cap

1. Asia

(a) China
(b) Japan
(c) India

2. Europe

(a) United Kingdom

(b) France
(c) Germany

Page No:4