Subject: Basic Electronics Engineering
Code: ECE-100
Semester: 1st Sem Year: 2024 Section:
Student Name Roll Number
KANHU CHARAN BEHERA 202456049
B.ALOK KUMAR PATRO 202456051
Title of the Project
RC FREQUENCY RESPONSE
List of Component used:
Resistor (R)
Capacitor (C)
Input Signal Source
Output Load (or Measuring Instrument)
Inductor (optional)
Operational Amplifier (optional)
Ground
Abstract:
A filter is a circuit that allows to pass a specified range of frequency
components, while blocking or “attenuating” the rest according to the
frequency range of signals. The most commonly used filter designs are as
follows:
The Low Pass Filter- Filter passes low frequencies and blocks high
frequencies.It only allows low frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off
frequency, ((f_{C})) point to pass while blocking those any higher.
The High Pass Filter-Filter passes high frequencies and blocks low
frequencies. It only allows high frequency signals from its cut-off frequency,
((f_{C})) point and higher to infinity to pass through while blocking those any
lower.
The Band Pass Filter- Filter passes only a relatively narrow range of
frequencies. It allows signals falling within a certain frequency band setup
between two points to pass through while blocking both the lower and
higher frequencies either side of this frequency band.
Filters can also be classified according to the types of components that are
used to implement the circuit. Passive filters are made up of passive
components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors and have no
amplifying elements (transistors, op-amps, etc) so have no signal gain,
therefore their output level is always less than the input.
TRC Voltage Dividers
Let us consider RC circuits as voltage dividers to understand how they would
perform as ‘filters’. Note that Vout = ( Z2/ Z1 + Z2 )*Vin. In this case – Since
Z1 or Z2 is dependent upon frequency, the output is dependent upon the
frequency of the input waveform.
RC as Low Pass filter
A simple passive RC Low Pass Filter or LPF, can be easily made by connecting
together in series a single Resistor with a single Capacitor as shown below.
In this type of filter arrangement the input signal (Vin) is applied to the series
combination (both the Resistor and Capacitor together) but the output signal
(Vout) is taken across the capacitor only. The reactance of a capacitor varies
inversely with frequency, while the value of the resistor remains constant as
the frequency changes. At low frequencies the capacitive reactance, (XC) of
the capacitor will be very large compared to the resistive value of the
resistor,R. Voltage across the capacitor will be much larger than the voltage
drop developed across the resistor. At high frequencies the reverse is true
with (VC) being small and (VR) being large due to the change in the capacitive
reactance value. Thus, low frequencies are passed and high frequencies are
blocked.
Cut-off Frequency
The cutoff frequency of an RC low-pass filter is the frequency at which the
amplitude of the input signal is reduced by 3 dB (this value was chosen
because a 3 dB reduction in amplitude corresponds to a 50% reduction in
power). Thus, the cutoff frequency is also called the –3 dB frequency. The
term bandwidth refers to the width of a filter’s passband, and in the case of a
low-pass filter, the bandwidth is equal to the –3 dB frequency The cutoff
frequency (fc) of an RC low-pass filter is calculated as follows:
Capacitive Reactance The reactance of a capacitor indicates the amount of
opposition to current flow, but unlike resistance, the amount of opposition
depends on the frequency of the signal passing through the capacitor. Thus,
to calculate reactance at a specific frequency, following equation is used:
Objective:
Frequency Response of RC Low Pass Filter
Set Load Resistance(RL)=10 KΩ.
Set Load Capacitor(CL)=0.01nF.
The source voltage (Vin) is set to 10V.
Keeping source voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50 Hz in regular
steps.
Vary the Frequency by keeping the load resistances and load capacitance
constant.
The frequency graph or the phase graph of the RC frequency, Frequency(Hz)
along X-axis and Magnitude(dB) along Y-axis.
Frequency Response of RC High Pass Filter
Set Load Resistance(RL)=10 KΩ.
Set Load Capacitor(CL)=1.91nF.
The source voltage (Vin) is set to 10V.
Keeping source voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50 Hz in regular
steps.
Vary the Frequency by keeping the load resistances and load capacitance
constant.
The frequency graph or the phase graph of the RC frequency, Frequency(Hz)
along X-axis and Magnitude(dB) along Y-axis.
Circuit diagram/Diagram:
Outcome/Result:
1. Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
Circuit Configuration: The capacitor is placed parallel to the resistor and the
output is taken across the capacitor.
Outcome:
Low Frequencies: The capacitor allows low-frequency signals to pass through
with minimal attenuation.
High Frequencies: The capacitor acts as a short circuit, attenuating high-
frequency signals.
Cutoff Frequency (): The frequency at which the output signal is reduced to
(approximately 70.7%) of its maximum amplitude.
f_c = \frac{1}{2 \pi R C}
2. High-Pass Filter (HPF)
Circuit Configuration: The capacitor is placed in series with the resistor and
the output is taken across the resistor.
Outcome:
Low Frequencies: The capacitor blocks low-frequency signals, resulting in
attenuation.
High Frequencies: The capacitor allows high-frequency signals to pass
through with minimal attenuation.
Cutoff Frequency (): Same formula as the low-pass filter:
f_c = \frac{1}{2 \pi R C}
Key Characteristics:
The frequency response of an RC circuit exhibits a gradual transition between
passing and attenuating signals around the cutoff frequency.
At , the output amplitude is reduced by 3 dB, corresponding to half the
power.
The phase shift introduced by the RC circuit also varies with frequency:
LPF: Phase shift approaches for high frequencies.
HPF: Phase shift approaches for high frequencies.
Applications:
Low-pass filters: Smoothing signals, reducing noise, or audio crossover
networks.
High-pass filters: Removing DC offsets, or coupling AC signals in amplifiers
Picture/Image/Simulation Result:
Name of the Faculty:
Comment:
Mark obtained:
