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5 Dperrvkdq 7 Lzdul

The document analyzes crime rates in metropolitan cities of India, comparing them to their population sizes. It highlights that certain cities, such as Delhi and Kolkata, have higher crime rates relative to their populations, while others show a lower correlation. The findings suggest a complex relationship between city size and crime rates, indicating that larger cities may not always have proportionally higher crime rates.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views6 pages

5 Dperrvkdq 7 Lzdul

The document analyzes crime rates in metropolitan cities of India, comparing them to their population sizes. It highlights that certain cities, such as Delhi and Kolkata, have higher crime rates relative to their populations, while others show a lower correlation. The findings suggest a complex relationship between city size and crime rates, indicating that larger cities may not always have proportionally higher crime rates.

Uploaded by

iminsaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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