Example: Transformation of Energy

Fluid Mechanics
Module V Discuss the energy of the fluid at points 1, 2 and 3.
constant

Applications on Basic Energy type

Laws Point Kinetic (V2/2) Potential (z) Pressure (p)

1 Small zero Large

Dr. Mohamed M. Mohamed 2 Large Small Zero
3 Zero Large Zero
September 22, 2022
Discussions on the Transformation of Energy from one kind to the other

Solved Example:
Static, stagnation, dynamic, and total pressure
Sloping Pipe (Example 5.6).

Each term in the Bernoulli equation can be

expressed in a form of pressure. Each term
has the dimensions of pressure, psi, Ib/ft2, N/m2.
p1 =  h3-1 + p3
p1 =  h Hydrostatic pressure
z Elevation pressure
 V2/2 Dynamic pressure

Assuming that the velocity at point 2 is equal to zero and z1 = z2

p2 = p1 + ½ V2 : Stagnation pressure
The pressure at a stagnation point is greater than the static pressure
by the dynamic pressure

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Graphical Representation of Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s Equation

➢ Problem-Solving Strategy
p+ V2 + 1. Begin by identifying clearly the points 1 and 2 referred to in
z = H total = Constant Bernoulli’s equation.
 2g
2. What is given? What needs to be determined?
Make the list of known and unknown quantities in Bernoulli’s
equation.  and g are the constants, and p1, p2, V1, V2, z1, and z2
Energy Line (EL): represents the total energy (head) available to the fluid. are the variables.
3. Use the continuity equation to get a relation between the two
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL): represents the piezometric head or the sum
speeds in terms of cross-section areas of the pipe.
of the elevation head and the pressure head.
4. Substitute and solve using consistent units. In SI, p is in Pa,  is
• The locus of elevations provided by a series of Pitot tubes is the EL. in kg/m3, V in m/s, and z in m. Pressures must be either absolute
• The locus of elevations provided by a series of piezometers is the HGL. pressures or gauges pressures.
According to Bernoulli Equation, the (EL) is a horizontal line

Graphical Representation of Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli Equation - Restrictions

p V2
+ + gz = constant
 2

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 Bernoulli Equation Applications Pitot Tube

Allows the measurement of the local velocity. The average velocity is

➢ Stagnation tube obtained averaging values calculated at the specific ten points in a traverse
of the pipe Solving the energy equation between point 1 in the undisturbed
➢ Pitot tube stream and point s at the stagnation point, one obtains:

➢ Free Jets V1 = 2g( ps − p1 ) / 

➢ Orifice
If a differential manometer
➢ Venturi is used,
V1

➢ Sluice gate
Differential manometer used
➢ Sharp-crested weir ps − p1 = h( g −  ) with a pitot-static tube

Stagnation Tube Free Jets

Flow of a liquid from large reservoir

p1 V2 p V2
+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z2 + 2
 2g  2g
B.E between points 1 and 2
p1 V12 p2 h = ½  V2  V = 2gh
+ =
 2g 
2
V12 = ( p 2 − p1 ) B.E. between 1 and 5 V = 2g (h + H )

Discussions:
2
= ( ( l + d ) − d )
 1 Velocity distribution for rounded
horizontal orifice
V1 = 2gl 2 Velocity distribution for shape edged
horizontal orifice

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Vena contracta effect
Venturi

Is a result of fluid inability to turn How would you find the flow rate (Q) given the pressure drop
around the 90o sharp corners. between point 1 and 2 and the diameters of the two sections?
You may assume the head loss is negligible.

The diameter of the fluid is

always smaller than that of
How many unknowns?
the hole from which it flows

h What equations will you use?
Contraction coefficient, Cc

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Cc = Aj /Ah Examples for the Vena Contracta effect

Orifice and Nozzle Venturi

For the same elevation, z1 = z2, then the p1 V 2 p V2 Q = VA

difference in velocity is reflected in the + z1 + 1 = 2 + z 2 + 2
Pressure. Applying Bernoulli equation,
g1 2g g2 2g  d 12  d 22
V1 = V2
p1 p V 22 V 12 4 4
p1 + ½ V1 = p2 + ½ V2
2 2 − 2 = −
  2g 2g
V1 = V 2
d 22
d 12
Q = A1 V1 = A2 V2  d 
4

p1 p V 22   2 
− 2 = 1−
Combination of these two equations, then
 d  
  2g   1  Q = C v A2
2 g ( p1 − p 2 )

Q = A2
2(p1 − p 2 ) 
 1 − (d d 1 )4 
  2 g ( p1 − p 2 )
2

 1 − (A2 / A1 ) V2 =
2

 1− ( d 2 d 1 ) 4 
For given areas A1 and A2, the flow is determined by measuring pressures p1 and p2. Assume Cv = 1.0

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 Venturi: Example Sluice Gate (cont’d) + Example

Given: Information are provided Example: Determine the flow rate per unit width of the given channel
on the Fig. Flowrate varies
Q 2g(z − z )
between 0.005 and 0.05 m3/s. = z2 1 2

1 − (z2 z1 )
2
b
Required: range of p1 –p2 to
measure these flowrates
z2 = 0.61 x 0.8 = 0.488 m, then

Q/b = 4.61 m2/s

Solution:  = SG w = 0.85x1000 = 850 kg/m3
If we consider z1 >> z2, then

2

Q 1 − (A2 / A1 )
2
 Substituting for the two given values of Q,
Q
= z 2 2gz1 = 0.488 2 9.81 5.0 = 4.83 m 2 / s
p1 − p 2 = p1 – p 2 = 1160N/m2 for case (1) b
2A2 2 p1 – p 2 = 1.16 N/m 2 for case (2) Remark: One may always neglect the kinetic energy upstream of free gates

so, 1.16 kPa  p1 – p2  116 kPa

Sluice Gate
Applying Bernoulli and continuity Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weirs
equations between points (1) and (2),

p1 V 2
p V2 Pressure distribution along a-a. Q  AV  Hb 2 gH , or
+ 1 + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 , and
 2g  2g Similar to orifice flow, assume V  (2gH)1/2 Q = C 1b 2 g H 3 / 2
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 or bz1V1 = bz2V2 C1 can be obtained experimentally
Example: Flow over a triangular weir,
Also, p1 = p2 = 0, then Q = Qo when H = Ho
Q2 Q2 Required: Estimate Q when H = 3Ho
+ z1 = + z 2 , or Solution: Q = A V
2gA12 2gA22

H  H tan  C 2gH
1
Q=
1 1 Q  z2  
2gb 2 (z1 − z 2 ) = Q 2  2 − 2  = 2
2 2
2  2 2
1 − z 2 
 z 2 z1  z 2  1 
Q = z 2 b 2gz 1 = A2V2 = C 2 tan
 2g H 5 / 2
2g(z1 − z 2 ) 2
Q = z 2b If z1 >> z2, then:
where V2 = 2gz 1
1 − (z2 z1 ) Where C2 ia an unknown constant.
2

= (3H 0 )5 / 2 = (3) = 15.59

Q3 H 5/ 2
The same equation can be obtained applying Bernoulli eq. between points (3) and (4) 0
5/ 2

Note: z2 = cc a, where cc = contraction coefficient  0.61 Q H0 (H 0 )

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 Group Solving Problem:
Discussions P5.24 A siphon discharging oil from a tank.

1 Flow from large tanks: Draw

the EL and the HGL.
2 Positive and negative gage pressures
in pipes based on the HGL

Example: Siphon Problem

Given: A small hole in the hose
Required: Determine whether air will leak into
or water will leak out of the hose
Solution:
1 Velocity head is constant in the hose
2Pressure is negative through out the hose
3- Air will leak into the hose.
Students should read the restrictions
on the use of Bernoulli Equation.

Cavitation
Cavitation: occurred when the negative pressure CONCEPT QUIZ
is reduced to the vapor pressure.

As the velocity increases the pressure decreases.

Example 1. The Bernoulli equation can be applied
Data: Siphon information are given on the Fig.
Required: Maximum height, H, for no cavitation
between 2 points belonging to 2 different
Solution: Apply Bernoulli Equation between 1 and 3 streamlines
p1 + ½ V12 + z1 = p3 + ½ V32 + z3 A) true B) false C) don’t know
But, p1 = p3 = 0, V1 = 0, and z3 = -5ft,
Get V3 = 35.9 ft/s = V2
Applying Bernoulli Equation between 1 and 2
considering the pressure at 2 = 0.256 psia
P2 = 0.256 –14.7  14.4 psi
Get z2 = H = 28.2 ft
Discussions on prevention of Cavitation

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 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. (V2/2g) = is the vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall

freely if it is to reach a velocity of (V) from rest.
A) true B) false C) don’t know

2. Each term in the Bernoulli equation can be expressed in a

form of pressure
A) true B) false C) not sure

3. Stagnation streamline divides the flow to above and below an

object
A) true B) false C) don’t know

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