3.

97 A system consisting of 2 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas initially at p1 = 1 bar, T1 = 300 K,

undergoes a power cycle with the following processes:

Process 1-2: constant volume to p2 = 4 bar

Process 2-3: expansion with pv1.28 = constant
Process 3-1: constant-pressure compression

Assuming the ideal gas model and neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects,

a. sketch the cycle on a p-v diagram and calculate the thermal efficiency.
b. plot thermal efficiency versus p2/p1 ranging from 1.05 to 4.

KNOWN: A system consisting of carbon dioxide gas undergoes a power cycle made up of three
processes.

FIND: Sketch the cycle on a p-v diagram and calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Plot
the thermal efficiency versus p2/p1 ranging from 1.05 to 4.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: The following data are known for each process

Process 1-2: constant volume from p1 = 1 bar, T1 = 300 K, to p2 = 4 bar

Process 2-3: expansion with pv1.28 = constant CO2
Process 3-1: constant-pressure compression m = 2 kg

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The CO2 is a closed system.
2. The CO2 behaves as an ideal gas.
3. Process 2-3 is polytropic with pv1.28 = constant.
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

ANALYSIS:
a. First, for Process 1-2: V2 = V1 →
T2 = (p2/p1)T1 = (4/1)(300K) = 1200 K. Further
8.314 kJ
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇1 (2 kg)�44.01 kg∙K�(300K) 1 bar 103 N∙m
V2 = V1 = = � �� �
= 1.134 m3/kg
𝑝𝑝1 (1 bar) 105 N/m2 1 kJ
Using the given p-v relation for Process 2-3 with v2 = V2/m = 0.567 m3/kg, and noting that p3 =
p1 =1 bar
1 1
𝑝𝑝2 1.28 4 bar 1.28
v3 = � � v2 =� � (0.567 m3/kg) = 1.675 m3/kg
𝑝𝑝3 1 bar
and
𝑝𝑝3 𝑣𝑣3 (1)(1.675) 105
T3 = = 8.314 � � = 887K
𝑅𝑅 �44.01� 103
The p-v diagram is
Problem 3.97 (Continued) – Page 2

p
.(2)
T2 = 1200K
pv1.28 = constant

. . T2 = 887K
(1) (3)
T1 = 300K

The thermal efficiency is η = Wcycle/Qin, where Wcycle is the net work of the cycle and Qin is the
total heat transfer into the system during the cycle. Next, each process is analyzed.

Process 1-2: W12 = 0 (constant volume)

ΔKE +ΔPE + ΔU = Q12 – W12 → Q12 = m(u2 – u1)

With data from Table A-23
(43871−6939)kJ/kmol
Q12 = (2 kg)� � = 1678 kJ (in)
(44.01 kg/kmol)

Process 2-3: The work is determined using Eq. 2.17 and the given p-v relation
Ideal gas
𝑉𝑉 𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝3 𝑣𝑣3 −𝑝𝑝2 𝑣𝑣2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑇𝑇3 −𝑇𝑇2 )
W23 = ∫𝑉𝑉 3 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚 ∫𝑣𝑣 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = m� �=
2 2 𝑣𝑣 1.28 1−1.28 1−1.28

8.314 kJ
(2 kg)� �(887K−1200K)
44.01 kg∙K
= = 422.4 kJ (out)
1−1.28

Using the energy balance with ΔKE =ΔPE = 0: m(u3 – u2) = Q23 – W23

�3 −𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢 �2 (29343−43871)kJ/kmol
Q23 = m� � + W23 = (2 kg) kg + (422.4 kJ) = -237.8 kJ (out)
𝑀𝑀 (44.01 )
kmol
Process 3-1: Using Eq. 2.17

𝑉𝑉 8.314 kJ
W31 = ∫𝑉𝑉 1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = mp3(v1 – v3) = mR(T1 – T3) = (2 kg)�44.01 kg∙K
� (300 − 887)K
3

= -221.8 kJ (in)

2
Problem 3.97 (Continued) – Page 3

The energy balance reduces to

�1 −𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢 �3 (6939−29343)kJ/kmol
Q31 = m� � + W31 = (2 kg)� kg � + (-221.8 kJ) = -1240 kJ (out)
𝑀𝑀 (44.01 )
kmol

Finally, Wcycle = W12 + W23 + W31 and Qin = Q12, so

η = Wcycle/Qin = (W23 + W31)/Q12 = [422.4 + (-221.8)]/(1678) = 0.1195 (11.95%)

Note:
Qcycle = Q12 + Q23 + Q31 = (1678) + (-237.8) + (-1240) = -200.2 kJ

Wcycle = 422.4 + (-221.8) = 200.4 kJ

so
Wcycle = Qcycle as expected (The slight difference is due to round-off.)

b. Using IT:Interactive Thermodyanimcs:

3
3.25 As shown in Fig. P3.25, Refrigerant 134a is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly,
initially as saturated vapor. The refrigerant is slowly heated until its temperature is 160oC.
During the process, the piston moves smoothly in the cylinder. For the refrigerant, evaluate the
work, in kJ/kg.

KNOWN: Refrigerant 134a contained in a piston-cylinder assembly is heated slowly. Data are
provided at the initial and final states.

FIND: Determine the work per unit mass of refrigerant.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The refrigerant is a closed system.
2. The process occurs slowly, so it can be
modeled as quasi-equilibrium.
3. Volume change is the only work mode.
4. Let g = 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS: With assumptions 2 and 3, the work can be

v2
evaluated using Eq. 2.17, expressed as W/m = 
v1
pd v . To
apply this expression requires that states 1 and 2 be fixed and
that the pressure-specific volume relationship be determined.

A force balance on the piston gives Σ F = 0, so

patmA
pA = patmA + Fgrav
So
p = patm + Fgrav / A Fgrav
pA
471.1 N 1 bar
= 1 bar + 4
3.142 10 m 105 N/m2
2
 D2  (0.02 m) 4
A= 
4 4
= 15.99 bar (constant)
Since the pressure is constant, the work integral reduces to = 3.142 x 10-4 m2

W/m = p(v2 – v1) p

From Table A-11, v1 ≈ 0.0121 m3/kg and from Table A-12,

v2 ≈ 0.02017 m3/kg. So, the work is

m3 105 N/m 2
W/m = (15.99 bar)(0.02017  0.0121)
1 kJ
kg 1 bar 10 N  m
3
15.99 bar
. .
1 2
= 12.9 kJ/kg (out)

v
 3.35 A closed, rigid tank is filled with water, initially at the critical point. The water is cooled
until it attains a temperature of 400oF. For the water, show the process on a sketch of the T-v
diagram and determine the heat transfer, in Btu per lb of water.

KNOWN: Water is heated in a closed rigid container from a specified initial state to a given
final temperature.

FIND: Show the states process on a sketch of the T-v diagram and determine the heat transfer
per unit mass of water.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: ENGINEERING MODEL:

1. The water is a closed system.
2. The only energy transfer is heat, and the
H2O Initially at the critical volume is constant, so W = 0.
point 3. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be
Finally T2 = 400oF ignored.
Q/m
W=0

ANALYSIS: Since the mass and volume are constant, v2 = v1. Accordingly, the T-v diagram is
T
1 . 705.4oF

. 400oF
2

v
The closed system energy balance reduces as follows: ΔKE + ΔPE + ΔU = Q – W
So,
Q = U2 – U1 → Q/m = u2 – u1 (*)

From Table A-2E at the critical point: u1 = 872.6 Btu/lb.

To find u2, use v2 = v1 = 0.05053 ft3/lb and data from Table A-2E at 400oF to get x2 as follows
v − v f 0.05053 − 0.01864
x2 = 2 = = 0.01726
vg − v f 1.866 − 0.01864
So, u2 = uf + x2(ug – uf) = 374.3 Btu/lb + (0.01726)(1116.6 – 374.3)Btu/lb = 387.1 Btu/lb

Substituting in (*)

Q/m = 387.1 Btu/lb – 872.6 Btu/lb = – 485.5 Btu/lb (out)

3.43 A closed, rigid tank filled with water, initially at 20 bar, a quality of 80%, and a volume of
0.5 m3, is cooled until the pressure is 4 bar. Show the process of the water on a sketch of the T-v
diagram and evaluate the heat transfer, in kJ.

KNOWN: A closed rigid tank initially containing a two-phase mixture of water is cooled. The
final pressure is specified.

FIND: Show the process on a T-v diagram and evaluate the heat transfer.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The water is a closed system.
Water p1 = 20 bar 2. Energy transfer occurs only by heat, so W = 0.
V = 0.5 m3 x1 = 0.8 3. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be
ignored.
p2 = 4 bar

Q W=0
ANALYSIS: Since the system is closed system and the volume is constant, v is constant. For
state 1, with data from Table A-3

v1 = vf1 + x1(vg1 – vf1) = 1.1767 x 10-3 + (0.8)(0.09963 – 1.1767 x 10-3) = 0.07994 m3/kg
And
u1 = uf1 + x1(ug1 – uf1) = 906.44 + (0.8)(2600.3 – 906.44) = 2261.5 kJ/kg

With data from Table A-3 at 4 bar and v2 = v1

v −v 0.07994 − 1.0836 10−3
x2 = 2 f2 = = 0.1709
vg2 − vf2 0.4625 − 1.0836 10−3
And
kJ
u2 = uf2 + x2 (ug2 − u2 ) = 604.31 + (0.1709)(2553.6 − 604.31) = 937.44
kg
The T-v diagram is

1
. g1
f1

.
f2 2 g2

v
Problem 3.43 (Continued)

Applying the closed system energy balance: ΔPE + ΔKE + ΔU = Q – W

So
Q = ΔU → Q = m(u2 – u1) (*)

The mass is
V 0.5 m3
m= = = 6.255 kg
v1 0.07994 m3 / kg

So, inserting values in (*)

Q = m(u2 – u1) = (6.255 kg)(937.44 – 2261.5) kJ/kg = – 8282 kJ (out)

2
3.52 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 2 lb of water, initially at 100 lbf/in.2 and 400oF. The
water undergoes two processes in series: a constant pressure process followed by a constant
volume process. At the of the constant volume process, the temperature is 300oF and the water is
a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture with a quality of 60%. Neglect kinetic and potential energy
effects.

a. Sketch T-v and p-v diagrams showing the key states and the processes.
b. Determine the work and heat transfer for each process, all in Btu. T

KNOWN: Water contained in a piston- p

cylinder assembly undergoes two processes
in series.

FIND: Sketch the T-v and p-v diagrams and

2 . .1 100 lbf/in.2
for each process determine Q and W. 400oF

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: 3

.
x3 = 0.6 300oF

Water v
m = 2 lb

T
ENGINEERING MODEL: 100 lbf/in.2
1. The water is a closed system.
2. Volume change is the only work mode.
1. 400oF
3. Process 1-2 occurs at constant pressure and 2 .
Process 2-3 occurs at constant volume.
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be
neglected. 3
. 300oF
x3 = 0.6
ANALYSIS: First, we fix each state. State 1 is in
the superheated vapor region. From Table A-4E; v
v1 = 4.934 ft3/lb and u1 = 1136.2 Btu/lb.

With T3 = 300oF and x3 = 0.6, v3 and u3 can be

evaluated using data from Table A-2E at 300oF as
follows.
v3 = vf3 +x3(vg3 – vf3 ) = 0.01745 + (0.6)(6.472 – 0.01745) = 3.89 ft3/lb

u3 = uf3 + x3(ug3 – uf3) = 269.5 + (0.6)(1100.0 – 269.5) = 767.8 Btu/lb

Note that v2 = v3 = 3.89 ft3/lb, and from Table A-3E we see that v2 < vg(100 lbf/in.2). Thus

1
PROBLEM 3.52 – (Continued)

𝑣2 −𝑣f2 3.89−0.01774
x2 = = = 0.8768
𝑣g2 −𝑣f2 4.434−0.01774

and
u2 = uf2 + x2(ug2 – uf2) = 298.3 + (0.8768)(1105.8 – 298.3) = 1006.3 Btu/lb

Now, for Process 1-2 the pressure is constant. Thus

2 lbf ft3 144 in.2 1 Btu

W12 = ∫1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 𝑚𝑝1 (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) = (2 lb) (100 ) (3.89 − 4.934) lb | | |778 ft∙lbf|
in.2 1 ft2

= −38.65 Btu (in)

An energy balance reduces to give

Q12 = m(u2 – u1) + W12 = (2 lb)(1006.3 – 1136.2) Btu/lb + (– 38.65 Btu) = – 298.5 Btu (out)

Now, for Process 2-3, the volume is constant, so W23 = 0

And, the energy balance reduces to give

Q23 = m(u3 – u2) = (2 lb)(767.8 – 1006.3)But/lb = – 477 Btu (out)

2
3.67 Check the applicability of the ideal gas model for

a. for water at 600oF and pressures of 900 lbf/in.2 and 100 lbf/in.2.
b. for nitrogen at -20oC and pressures of 75 bar and 1 bar.

a. Water at 600oF (1060oR), p1 = 900 lbf/in.2, p2 = 100 lbf/in.2

Method 1. Use Steam Table data.

For T = 600oF (1060oR), p1 = 900 lbf/in.2 Table A-4E gives v1 = 0.587 ft3/lb.
Using the ideal gas equation of state

1545 ft∙lbf
(𝑅𝑅�⁄𝑀𝑀 )𝑇𝑇 � �(1060o R) 1 ft2
18.02 lb∙R
v1 = = � � = 0.701 ft3/lb
𝑝𝑝1 900 lbf/in2 144 in.2

In this case, the ideal gas model is not applicable.

For T = 600oF (1060oR), p1 = 100 lbf/in.2; Table A-4E gives v2 = 6.216 ft3/lb.
Using the ideal gas equation of state

1545 ft∙lbf
(𝑅𝑅�⁄𝑀𝑀 )𝑇𝑇 � �(1060o R) 1 ft2
18.02 lb∙R
v2 = = � � = 6.311 ft3/lb
𝑝𝑝2 100 lbf/in2 144 in.2

The ideal gas value is about 1.5% higher than the steam table value. For many applications,
this would be acceptable.

Method 2. Use the compressibility chart, Figure A-1. From Table A-1E: Tc = 1165oR, pc =
218.0 atm.
TR = T/Tc = (1060)/(1165) ≈ 0.91

lbf

pR1 = p1/pc =
(900 2 )
in
�
1 atm
(218.0 atm) 14.7 lbf/in2
� = 0.28 → Z1 ≈ 0.87 (not applicable)

lbf

pR2 = p2/pc =
(100 2 )
in
�
1 atm
(218.0 atm) 14.7 lbf/in2
� = 0.03 → Z2 ≈ 0.98 (acceptable)

b. Nitrogen (N2) at -20oC and p1 = 75 bar, p2 = 1 bar

Use the compressibility chart. From Table A-1: Tc = 227 K, pc = 33.5 bar.

TR = T/Tc = (273-20)/(227) ≈ 1.1

pR1 = p1/pc =
(75 bar)
(33.5 bar)
= 2.24 → Z1 ≈ 0.42 (not applicable)

pR2 = p2/pc =
(1 bar)
(33.5 bar)
= 0.03 → Z2 ≈ 1 (acceptable)
3.81 Nitrogen (N2) initially at 40oF and 14.7 lbf/in.2 fills a closed, rigid, 6.5-ft3 tank fitted with a
paddle wheel. During a process the paddle wheel provides 5 Btu of energy transfer by work to
the gas. The gas temperature reaches 80oF at the end of the process. Assuming ideal gas
behavior, determine the mass of nitrogen, in lb, and the heat transfer, in Btu. Kinetic and
potential energy effects can be ignored.

KNOWN: Nitrogen fills a closed, rigid tank of known volume fitted with a paddle wheel. State
data and the amount of energy transfer by work are provided.

FIND: Determine the mass of the nitrogen and the heat transfer.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Q=?
T1 = 40oF
p1 = 14.7 lbf/in.2
W = −5 Btu T2 = 80oF
Nitrogen
(work in) V2 = V1 = 6.5 ft3 (rigid tank)
m2 = m1 = m (closed system)

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The nitrogen is the closed system.
2. The nitrogen is modeled as an ideal gas.
3. Kinetic and potential energy effects are ignored.

ANALYSIS:
Using the ideal gas equation of state, pV = mRT, and converting temperature to absolute scale,
solve for the mass
 lbf 
14.7 2 (6.5 ft )
3
p1V1  in.  144 in.2
m  = 0.50 lb
RT1  ft  lbf  1 ft 2
 1545 
 lbmol  R (500R)
 28.01 lb 
 
 lbmol 

An energy balance reduces as follows: U + KE + PE = Q – W

 Q = U + W = m[u(T2) – u(T1)] + W

Since Table A-23E provides specific internal energy on a molar basis, this becomes

 u (T2 )  u (T1 ) 
Q  m  W
 M 
 Btu Btu 
 2678.0  2479.3 
Q  (0.50 lb) lbmol lbmol   (5 Btu) = −1.5 Btu (out)
 lb 
 28.01 
 lbmol 
Problem 4.17

As shown in Fig. P4.17, air enters a pipe at 25oC, 100 kPa with a volumetric flow rate of 23
m3/h. On the outer pipe surface is an electrical resistor covered with insulation. With a voltage
of 120 V, the resistor draws a current of 4 amps. Assuming the ideal gas model with cp = 1.005
kJ/kg ∙ K and ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine (a) the mass flow rate of
the air, in kg/h, and (b) the temperature of the air at the exit, in oC.

KNOWN: Data are provided for air flowing through a pipe with an electrical resistor on its outer
surface and the entire assembly covered with insulation.

FIND: Determine the mass flow rate of the air and the exit temperature.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The control volume

is assumed to be at steady state. (2) For the control
volume, stray heat transfer from the outer surface of the
insulation is ignored; 𝑄̇cv = 0, and kinetic and
potential energy effects can be neglected. (3) The air is
modeled as an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

𝑑𝑚cv
ANALYSIS: (a) The mass balance reduces to = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2 → 𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 ≡ 𝑚̇
𝑑𝑡
So, with the expression for mass flow rate and the ideal gas equation of state
mi
(AV)1 (AV)1 𝑝1 (23
h
)(100 kPa) 103 N/m2 1 kJ
𝑚̇ = = = 8.314 kJ | || | = 26.89 kg/h
𝑣1 𝑅𝑇1 ( ∙ )(298 K) 1 kPa 103 N∙m
28.97 kg∙K
(b) Reducing Eq. 4.2a using the listed modeling assumptions

V21 −V22
0 = 𝑄̇cv − 𝑊̇cv + 𝑚̇[(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 2
+ 𝑔(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )]

With (h2 – h1) = cp(T2 – T1)

0 = 𝑊̇cv + 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

Or
𝑊̇cv
T2 = T1 –
𝑚̇𝑐𝑝

The power input is

1 watt⁄amp 1 kW
𝑊̇cv = – (voltage)(current) = – (120 volts)(4 amps)| || 3 | = – 0.48 kW
1 volt 10 watt
Thus
(− 0.48 kW) 1 kJ/s 3600 s
T2 = 298 K – kJ | || | = 362 K (88.9oC)
(26.89 kg⁄h)(1.005 ∙K) 1 kW 1h
kg