Unix Introduction

 A little history
 Manual – man pages

1969, New Jersey

 1969 AT&T Lab
 Multics
 OS hackers floating in a void: Ken Thomson,
Dennis Ritchie and J.F. Ossanna
 Ken’s cool file system
 Use of PDP-7
 PDP-11 soon
 Use C to rewrite portable OS
 Ken mailed magnetic tapes with the Unix source code
and utilities to his friends
 mid 1970s, professor in Australia’s teach UNIX using
the source codes
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New Jersey
 AT&T Bell Lab
 Unix versions
 V1 1971
 V4 1973
 V6 1975 * 1.xBSD was derived from this version
 V7 1979 last true Unix
 Unix license

Berkeley
 Late 1970’s UC Berkeley
 A licensee of the Unix source code
 Use UNIX extensively for research projects
 Berkeley Systems Distribution (BSD)
 TCP/IP and the socket model for network
programming
 BSD source code is available publicly

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Berkeley
 Bell Labs notices that their source code was
practically being given away
 Two lawsuits
 Bell lab sued Computer System Research Group
(CSRG) for BSD
 UC Berkeley sued various companies for not giving
credit to UCB.
 The development of last BSD distribution 4.4
BSD
 Unencumbered and the only legal release of BSD
 Many modern operating system are based on 4.4BSD
 FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and BSDI
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Cambridge
 MIT AI Lab
 PDP-10 and Incompatible Timesharing
System (ITS)
 DEC announced the sunset of PDP-10
 Richard Stallman (RMS)
 Find a way to preserve the freedom
 Portable
 Licensed in such as way that it would always be the
property of free development community
 GNU project ( GNU’s Not Unix) begins in 1983
 GPL (GNU General Public License)
 EMACS, GDB, GCC, … utilities, no kernel by 1991
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Unix History
 1969 The beginning in AT&T Bell Labs
 1975 Version 6

 1977 Berkeley BSD, derived from V6

 1984 BSD 4.2
 1985 BSD 4.3
 1993 BSD 4.4

 1979 Version 7
 1982 Unix Support Group ( Unix System
Laboratories) System III
 1983 System V
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Unix History
 UNIX “standard” operating system?
 http://www.levenez.com/unix/
 http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_tim
eline.html
 Book "Life with Unix" by Don Libes and Sandy
Ressler
 Unix varieties: mixture feature of
 BSD version
 System V
 Vendor specific extension
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Unix Versions
 Some Unix versions:
 SCO UNIX
 Implementation of System V.3.2.5, Runs on PC
 Sun OS
 Best known BSD-based operating System, NFS
 Solaris
 Sun’s System V.4 implementation
 HP-UX
 System V variant + features of OSF/1
 Digital Unix/Tru64 Unix
 OSF/1 implementation
 AIX
 IBM’s system V-based operating system
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1991, Finland
 Linus Torvalds, a student
 Minix: a teaching tool
 Insufficiencies if Minix
 In ablility of get a free modem line
 Wrote the kernel in C with his colleague
 and posted on the net under GPL

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Linux
 Free UNIX-like operating system for all
sort of platforms
 BSD-like
 Written from scratch
 Kernel was written by Linus Torvalds

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Linux Distributions
 Red Hat Enterprise  Oracle Enterprise
 CentOS Linux
 Fedora  SUSE Linux

 Debian
Enterprise
 OpenSUSE
 Ubuntu
 Slackware
 Gentoo
See
www.linux.org/dist
for more
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What we use in this lab
 Fedora 13
 Oracle Solaris 10 10/09

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Manuals
 Unix has two types
 Man pages
 Individual commands
 Routines/functions
 Files
 Supplemental documents
 Printed
 online from Internet
 DVD/CDROM
 RFCs (Request for Comments) for protocols,
standards used on the Internet

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Manuals
 Organization of the man pages
Solaris Linu Contents
/HP-UX x
1 1 User-level commands and applications
2 2 System calls and kernel error codes
3 3 Library calls
4 5 Standard file formats
5 7 Miscellaneous files and documents
6 6 Games and demonstrations
7 4 Device drivers and network protocols
1m 8 System administration commands
9 9 Obscure kernel specs and interfaces
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Manuals
 Man pages are kept
 Under /usr/man/man# or
/usr/share/man/man#
 Format (troff, SGML)
 Compressed (compress or gzip)
 read manual pages: man
 $man title
 Example: $man ls
 $man section title
 Example: $man 4 tty
 Solaris Example: $man –s 4 tty

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Manuals
 More about reading manual pages: man
 MANPATH
 /etc/man.config
 Add new man pages besides the system ones.
Example:
MANPATH=/home/share/localman:/usr/share/man
export MANPATH
 Keyword search in synopsis
 Keyword database “whatis”
 $man –k keyword
Example: $man –k mount

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Online Resource
 Fedora 13
 http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-
US/index.html
 Solaris 10
 http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/prod/solaris.10?
l=en&a=view

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Join forums
 SAGE
 http://www.sage.org/
 Solaris OS forum
 http://forums.sun.com/category.jspa?category
ID=65
 Fedora forum
 http://fedoraforum.org/forum/

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Administrative GUI tools

 Administration tools
 Good
 Quick start to system administration
 Easy: combine several steps
 Downside
 Take more steps than typing the command directly
sometimes
 Not all commands available through menu
 Slow down the learning process
 Do not help much in tracking down and fixing the problem
 May not always be available when system breaks, remote
working…
 In this class, manual configuration is strongly
encouraged.
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