Vector spaces

1. Let u = (1, 2, 3) and v = (−1, 3, 4), find 3u − 2v.

2. Solve for x provided that u = (1, −1, 2), v = (0, 2, 3) and w = (0, 1, 1) and

2x − u + 3v + 2w = 0.

3. Determine which sets together with the two operations (scalar multiplication and addition) de-
fined respectively are vector spaces:
(a) The set of all triples of real numbers ( x, y, z) with the following operations ( x, y, z) + ( x ′ , y′ , z′ ) =
( x + x ′ , y + y′ , z + z′ ) and c · ( x, y, z) = (cx, y, z);
(b) The set of all pairs of real numbers ( x, y) with the following operations ( x, y) + ( x ′ , y′ ) =
( x + x ′ , y + y′ ) and c · ( x, y) = (2cx, 2cy);
(c) The set of all pairs of real numbers of the form ( x, y) where x ≥ 0, with the standard opera-
tions on R2 ;
(d) All 2 by 2 matrices with the matrix addition and scalar multiplication;
(e) The set of singular 2 by 2 matrices with the matrix addition and scalar multiplication;
(f) The set of non-singular 2 by 2 matrices with the matrix addition and scalar multiplication;
 
a 1
(g) The set of all 2 by 2 matrices of the form with the matrix addition and scalar multi-
1 b
plications;
(h) All one variable polynomials of degree 2 with the scalar multiplication and addition are the
scalar multiplication and additions in polynomials.
4. Which of the following subsets of R3 are actually subspaces?
(a) The plane of vectors (b1 , b2 , b3 ) with first component b1 = 0.
(b) The plane of vectors b with b1 = 1.
(c) The vectors b with b2 b3 = 0 (this is the union of two subspaces, the plane b2 = 0 and the
plane b3 = 0).
(d) All combinations of two given vectors (1, 1, 0) and (2, 0, 1).
(e) The plane of vectors (b1 , b2 , b3 ) that satisfy b3 − b2 + 3b1 = 0.
5. Write v as a linear combination of u1 , u2 and u3 if possible, where

v = (3, 0, −6), u1 = (1, −1, 2), u2 = (2, 4, −2), u3 = (1, 2, −4).

6. Determine whether S (a) spans R3 , (b) is linearly independent, and (c) is a basis for R3 , where

S = {(2, 0, −1), (2, −1, 1), (4, 2, 0).}

7. Determine whether S = {1 − x, 2x + 3x2 , x2 − 2x3 , 2 + x3 } is a basis for P3 .

8. Determine whether the following set S is a basis for M2,2 , where
       
1 0 −1 0 2 1 1 1
S= , , , .
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

9. Find a basis for the solution space of Ax = 0, where

 
  1 0 −2 0
1 2  
a) A = , b) A = 1 2 3 , c) A =  4 −2 4 −2 .
2 1
−2 0 1 3

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10. Find the rank, a basis for the row space and a basis for the column space of the matrix A:
   
  1 2 1 2 0
a ) A = 1 2 −1 , b ) A =  −4 3 , c ) A =  −1 4 1 .
6 1 0 1 3

11. FInd a basis for the subspace of R3 spanned by S, where

S = {(1, 2, 2), (−1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)}.

12. Find a basis and the dimension of the solution space of the homogeneous system of linear equa-
tions
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 22x4 + 13x5 = 0
x1 + 2x3 − 2x4 + x5 = 0
3x1 + 6x2 + 5x3 + 42x4 + 27x5 = 0.

13. Determine whether the nonhomogeneous system Ax = b is consistent, and if the system is con-
sisten, write the solution in the form x = xh + x p , where xh is a solution of Ax = 0 and x p is a
particular solution of Ax = b:

x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4 + 5x5 = 0
−5x1 − 10x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 55x5 = −8
x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 − 3x4 − 5x5 = 14
− x1 − 2x2 + x3 + x4 + 15x5 = −2.
 
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14. Let B = {(1, 1), (−1, 1)} be a basis in R2 and let x be a vector in R2 with [ x ] B = . Find the
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coordinate matrix of x relative the standard basis.
15. Find the coordinate matrix of x relative to the (non-standard) basis B of Rm :
(a) B = {(1, 1), (0, −2)}, x = (2, −1).
(b) B = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}, x = (4, −2, 9).
(c) B = {(1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 0), (0, −6, 2)}, x = (3, −3, 0).
16. Find the coordinate matrix of x relative to the basis B′ , where
 
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(a) B = {(1, 1), (1, −1)}, B′ = {(0, 1), (1, 2)}, [ x ] B = ,
−3
 
−1
(b) B = {(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}, B′ = {(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)}; [ x ] B =  2 .
−3
17. Find the transition matrix from B to B′ :
(a) B = {(1, −1), (3, 1)}; B′ = {(1, 2), (−1, 0)}.
(b) B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}, B′ = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}.
18. Let v1 , v2 and v3 be three linearly independent vector in a vector space V. Is the set {v1 − v2 , v2 −
v3 , v3 − v1 } linearly dependent or linearly independent?