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4servlet Development1

The document outlines various types of Java applications, including Stand Alone, Client-Server, Web, and Enterprise applications, each with different architectural structures. It discusses the roles of web and application servers, their functionalities, and the advantages of using Java Servlets over CGI and ASP technologies. Additionally, it provides insights into servlet architecture, tasks, and a brief guide on setting up a Tomcat server.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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4servlet Development1

Uploaded by

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1|P ag e

Java Applications

1) Stand Alone application

It is a single tier architecture.
In this application and Data resides in the same child process

Eg:

Java application working with files

2) Client and Server Application:

It is a two tier architecture
Here data and application resides in two different processes.

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3) Web Application
It is a three tier architecture

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4) Enterprise Application:

It is a N-Tier Architecture:

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Client :

Client can be a browser, Java application, TCP Client

Server:

Server is a device or a computer program that accepts and responds to the request made by
other program, known as client. It is used to manage the network resources and for running the
program or software that provides services.

There are two types of servers:

1. Web Server
2. Application Server

Web Server

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Web server contains only web or servlet container. It can be used for servlet, jsp, struts,
jsf etc. It can't be used for EJB.

It is a computer where the web content can be stored. In general web server can be used
to host the web sites but there also used some other web servers also such as FTP,
email, storage, gaming etc.

Examples of Web Servers are:

Apache Tomcat

Microsoft IIS ( Internet Information Services )

Sun Java System Web Server

Web Server Working

It can respond to the client request in either of the following two possible ways:

 Generating response by using the script and communicating with database.

 Sending file to the client associated with the requested URL.

The block diagram representation of Web Server is shown below:

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 If the requested web page at the server side is not found, then web server will sends the
HTTP response: Error 404 Not found.
 When the web server searching the requested page if requested page is found then it
will send to the client with an HTTP response.
 If the client requests some other resources then web server will contact to application
server and data is store for constructing the HTTP response.

Application Server

Application server contains Web and EJB containers. It can be used for servlet, jsp,
struts, jsf, ejb etc. It is a component based product that lies in the middle-tier of a server
centric architecture.

It provides the middleware services for state maintenance and security, along with
persistence and data access. It is a type of server designed to install, operate and host
associated services and applications for the IT services, end users and organizations.

The block diagram representation of Application Server is shown below:

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The Example of Application Servers are:

1. Weblogic: Provided by Oracle. It more secured.

2. Websphere: Provided by IBM.
3. JBoss: Open-source server from JBoss community.
4. Glassfish: Provided by Sun Microsystem. Now acquired by Oracle.

Database Servers:
1) Oracle
2) MYSQL
3) MS-SQL
4) DB2
5) PostGrey
6) Informics

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What is web application?

A web application is an application accessible from the web. A web application is composed of
web components like Servlet, JSP, Filter etc. and other components such as HTML. The web
components typically execute in Web Server and respond to HTTP request.

Server side Technologies:

These are of two types

1)Process based technology
2)Thread based Technology

1)Process Based technology :

Here separate child process is created for each and every request.

It is heavy weight technology as Process to Process communication is expensive

Very less Performance.
Eg:
CGI ( Common Gate Way Interface )
It is developed in PERL ( Practical Extraction and Report Language ), c
and c++

2) Thread Based Technology :

Here only one child process is created for any no of request.
Each and every request launched as thread in the same process and all thread are shred
common child process.

It is a light weight process as only one process is created for any no of requests and
Thread to Thread communication is not expensive.
Eg:

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Servlets, JSP and ASP

Servlets vs CGI vs ASP

CGI:
CGI/Perlis process based. For every request a separate process is started

Disadvantages of CGI

There are many problems in CGI technology:

1. If number of clients increases, it takes more time for sending response.

2. For each request, it starts a process and Web server is limited to start processes.
3. It uses platform dependent language e.g. C, C++, perl.
4. It is heavy weight process.

ASP (Active Server Pages)

The problems with CGI/PERL were studied by Microsoft and released ASPas a
replacement to CGI.

The advantage of ASP is it is thread based (remember, CGI is process based).

One IIS (Internet Information Server) server software is enough to honor any number of
client requests.

It was most wanted in those days. But it comes with many drawbacks (the drawbacks of
almost every earlier Microsoft product; one product is designed to be dependable on
other Microsoft product).

Drawbacks of ASP

1. ASP works on Windows OS only. But maximum servers on Web work, even as-on-
today also, on LINUX. They placed a separate system for Windows and loaded IIS.
Now the request comes for a LINUX server, the request is routed to Windows server.
The response is routed back to client through Windows and LINUX. Routing is extra
process overhead.
2. ASP works on IIS server only, developed by Microsoft only.
3. Written in VBScript, another Microsoft product.

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These drawbacks were fully overcome in Servlets. Servlets come with lot of advantages and
most demanded in the market as-on-today.

Advantages of Servlets

All the drawbacks of earlier technologies CGI/PRRL and ASP are overcome in Servlets.

1. It is potable. It is written in Java and Java is platform-independent, Servlets are also

platform-independent,
2. Works on any OS (ASP is Windows dependent).
3. Multithreaded (ASP also supports threads). Threads are lightweight as all threads are
spawned from the same process.
4. Servlets are efficient. Java is object-oriented whereas PERL and VBScript are object-
based languages. All the drawbacks of object-based languages, like array and string
bounds checking, unassigned variables filled with garbage values, are overcome in
Servlets. Another Java feature, Generics is a big boon to Servlets.
5. Abundant Web servers support. Sun Microsystems supplied the Servlet API to all
the vendors to develop Web servers that execute Servlets. Many came in the market
with their own implementations like Tomcat, Weblogic, WebSphere, Jetty etc. The
software companies has a choice to prefer their own fancy servers of less cost. Infact,
Tomcat is a free server and most demanded (ASP works only on IIS).
6. Inter Servlet communication. One thread data can be shared by other thread. Even if
one thread is killed, still the process will be working with other threads. Here, a thread
represents a request. With CGI, one process cannot make use of other process data as
when response is delivered the process stops.
7. Servlets are convenient with high-end utilities like HTTP headers, Cookie support and
session management etc.
8. Servlets are powerful. Some capabilities exist with Servlets which are difficult in CGI
to do. For example, communicating with the Web server. Servlets can communicate
directly with the container where as in CGI difficult and requires extra API (which
again server specific).
9. Servlets are secure as they are executed by JVM and Web container with sandbox
security. CGI programs are not much secured as they are executed by OS shells.
10. Servlets are inexpensive for the reason the Web servers that execute Servlets are
available free-of-cost like Tomcat of Apache with commercial quality.
11. Servlets come with special features (Java built-in) like exception handling and
garbage collection.
12. Writing dynamic web pages is easier to Programmer and also faster to run by the
container.
13. Support for communication. Container communication and Inter servlet
communication are easier with built-in APIs.

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14. Support for Sessions. Due to stateless and connectionless HTTP protocol, the Servlets
come with its own API like HttpSession interface to support session tracking.
15. Support for new frameworks like MVC Struts and Spring. Lot of frameworks are
existing in now-a-days market that makes Servlets simple to practice.

Disadvantages of Servlets

Disadvantages are very trivial to mention.

1. You are required to know an OOPs language Java indepth. Learning Java being object-
oriented, will be cumbersome compared to object-based PERL and VBScript.
2. With complex business logic, sometimes Servlets become difficult to read and
understand for others.
3. Servlets are language dependent and should be written in Java only whereas CGI is
language independent; ofcourse, PERL is preferred mostly due to text manipulation
regular expressions.
4. Business logic and present logic should be developed together. These logics can not be
separated.

Later JSP was released by Sun Microsystems. JSP is still easier than Servlets. Infact, JSP is
internally converted to a Servlet and executed.

With JSP we can separate the presentation logic from business logic.

Advantage of Servlet

There are many advantages of servlet over CGI. The web container creates threads for handling
the multiple requests to the servlet. Threads have a lot of benefits over the Processes such as
they share a common memory area, lightweight, cost of communication between the threads
are low. The basic benefits of servlet are as follows:

1. better performance: because it creates a thread for each request not process.
2. Portability: because it uses java language.
3. Robust: Servlets are managed by JVM so we don't need to worry about memory leak,
garbage collection etc.
4. Secure: because it uses java language..

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Servlets
What are Servlets?

Java servlets are server side components

Java Servlets are programs that run on a Web or Application server and act as a middle layer
between a request coming from a Web browser or other HTTP client and databases or
applications on the HTTP server.

Using Servlets, you can collect input from users through web page forms, present records from
a database or another source, and create web pages dynamically.

Java Servlets often serve the same purpose as programs implemented using the Common
Gateway Interface (CGI). But Servlets offer several advantages in comparison with the CGI.

Advantages:

Servlets execute within the address space of a Web server. It is not necessary to create a
separate process to handle each client request.

Servlets are platform-independent because they are written in Java.

Java security manager on the server enforces a set of restrictions to protect the resources on a
server machine. So servlets are trusted.

Servlets Architecture:

Following diagram shows the position of Servlets in a Web Application.

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Servlets Tasks:

Servlets perform the following major tasks:

Read the explicit data sent by the clients (browsers). This includes an HTML form on a Web
page or it could also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client program.

Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the clients (browsers). This includes cookies,
media types and compression schemes the browser understands, and so forth.

Process the data and generate the results. This process may require talking to a database

Send the explicit data (i.e., the document) to the clients (browsers). This document can be sent
in a variety of formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF images), Excel, etc.

Send the implicit HTTP response to the clients (browsers). This includes telling the browsers
or other clients what type of document is being returned (e.g., HTML), setting cookies and
caching parameters, and other such tasks.

Tomcat server setup:

1) Down load tomcat server

===========================

apache-tomcat-8.5.39

on google search for : apache mirrors

apache.mirrors.tds.net/

open tomcat folder:

goto folder -->tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.5.39/bin/

down load below software:

apache-tomcat-8.5.39-windows-x64.zip

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2) Environment setup:

=================

after down loading extract it and set the environment as below

Setting the JAVA_HOME, CATALINA_HOME Environment Variable on Windows

One can do using command prompt:

set JAVA_HOME=C:\ "top level directory of your java install"

set CATALINA_HOME=C:\ "top level directory of your Tomcat install"

set PATH=%PATH%;%JAVA_HOME%\bin;%CATALINA_HOME%\bin

OR you can do the same:

Go to system properties

Go to environment variables and add a new variable with the name JAVA_HOME and
provide variable value as C:\ "top level directory of your java install"

Go to environment variables and add a new variable with the name CATALINA_HOME
and provide variable value as C:\ "top level directory of your Tomcat install"

In path variable add a new variable value as ;%CATALINA_HOME%\bin;

eg:

Variable Name : JAVA_HOME

Value : C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_121

================================================

Variable Name : CATALINA_HOME

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Value : C:\apache-tomcat-8.5.39
=======================================

Variable Name : PATH

Value :
%PATH%;C:\app\nagaswarao\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\bin;%SystemRoot%\system32;%Syst
emRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem;%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerS
hell\v1.0\;C:\Program Files
(x86)\Skype\Phone\;%JAVA_HOME%\bin;%CATALINA_HOME%\bin

================================================

Variable Name : CLASSPATH

Value : %CLASSPATH%;C:\apache-tomcat-7.0.73\lib\servlet-api.jar

3)Start tomcat Server:

c:>startup

4) goto tomcat manager

http://localhost:8080/manager/html

tomcat userid and password:

go to folder “C:\apache-tomcat-8.0.41\conf” tomcat-users.xml

update with following

<user username="admin" password="admin" roles="manager-gui"/>

5) Deploying .war file:

goto

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War file to deploy --> select browse and browse for your .war and open

click on deploy.

Developing Web Application using eclipse and tomcat server:

Step1:

Tomcat configuration for eclipse:

Click on “server” tab as below:

Right click on blank space  new server

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For creating a dynamic web project click on File Menu -> New -> Project..-> Web ->
dynamic web project -> write your project name e.g. test -> Finish.

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Click on “Next”

Fill the marked fields in the below:

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And click on Next in below :

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Select “Generate web.xml deployment descriptor as mensioned below:

Define application properties in web.xml:

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For Eg:

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-appxmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-
instance"xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org
/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-
app_3_1.xsd"id="WebApp_ID"version="3.1">
<display-name>sample</display-name>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

Developing HelloServlet:

How to run the above web application:

Right click on the project Run As  Run on ServerSelect TomacatServer  and

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LoginServlet Example:

Index.html coding :

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title>login form</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="mylogin"method="post">
User ID:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="login"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Define application properties in web.xml:

<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.mnrao.log.LoginServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/mylogin</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

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Create package:

Go to java resources and create a package :

Right click on src and create new package “com.nrit.mnrao.log”

Create LoginServlet.java:

Right click on package  new  Class

LoginServlet:

Write the code as below:

package com.nrit.mnrao.log;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclass LoginServlet extends HttpServlet{

privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

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@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {

resp.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

String userId = req.getParameter("uid");

String password = req.getParameter("pwd");

if(userId.equalsIgnoreCase("nrit") &&password.equals("java"))
{
out.println("<h1> Welcome to User"+ userId+ "</h1>" );

}
else
{
out.println("<h1>Invalid user </h1>");
}

@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(req, resp);
}

How to run the above web application:

Right click on the project Run As  Run on ServerSelect TomacatServer  and

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Click on “Next”

In below wizard select name of the project and click on “add”  it moves right side

Click on “Finish”

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Working with servlets:

Servlets Packages:

1) javax.servlet and 2) javax.servlet.http

These classes implement the Java Servlet and JSP specifications, the versions are Java
Servlet 2.5 and JSP 2.1

The three core elements of the Servlet API are the

1) javax.servlet.Servlet interface,
2) the javax.servlet.GenericServlet class,
3) javax.servlet.http. HttpServlet class

A Servlet can extend from

1) Servlet ( interface )
2) GenericServlet ( abstract class )
3) HttpServlet ( it is a fully concrete class, no abstract method but declared as Abstract
class )

Servlet interface methods:

1) public void init(ServletConfig config)

initializes the servlet. It is the life cycle method of servlet and invoked by the web
container only once.

2) public void service(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)

provides response for the incoming request. It is invoked at each request by the web
container.

3) public void destroy()is invoked only once and indicates that servlet is being
destroyed.

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4) public ServletConfig getServletConfig()returns the object of ServletConfig.

5) public String getServletInfo()returns information about servlet such as writer,

Below is the folder structure for web application:

Developing HelloServlet by extends of GenericServlet:

import javax.servlet.*;
import java.io.*;
public class HelloServlet extends GenericServlet
{
public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
resp.setContentType("text/plain");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

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// We won't use the ServletRequest object in this example

out.println("Hello.");
}
}

D:>testapp>notepad HelloServlet.java

Compile and get .class file for the above

D:>testapp>javac HelloServlet.java

1) Create a temp folder in a D: drive

2) Create WEB-INF under temp folder

3) Create classes folder under WEB-INF folder

4) Copy HelloServlet.class file into classes folder

5) Prepare web.xml as below:

<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/myhello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

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6) Copy above web.xml file into WEB-INF folder

7) Generate .war file for the above

Go to cmd -> change to temp directory

D: > temp> jar –cvf hello.war *
8) Start tomcat server and Deploy the .war file on to tomcat server:

C:>startup  to start tomcat server

Go to tomcat manager:
http://localhost:8080/manager/html

configuring userid and passwd:

go to tomcat home  conf<tomcat-users>
C:\apache-tomcat-7.0.73\conf\tomcat-users.xml
<role rolename="manager-gui"/>
<user username="admin" password="admin" roles="manager-gui"/>
======================

go to “ war file to deploy “

click on browse button:
select .war file and open
and finally click on deply
9) Send request to servlet using below URL:
http://localhost:8080/hello/myhello

in the above :
http  browser protocol
localhost  is a location where tomcat is running
hello  is a name of .war file

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myhello  URL pattern in web.xml file

===================================================================
=

HttpServlet class:
The HttpServlet class is an extension of GenericServlet that includes methods
for handling HTTP-specific data.

Here’s a simple HttpServlet:

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
public class HelloServletTest extends HttpServlet
{
public void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
resp.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>This is second example?</TITLE></HEAD>");
out.println("<BODY><H1>Hello,World!</H1><H6>Again.</H6></BODY></HTML
>");

}
}

HttpServlet is an abstract class, implemented by the provider of the servlet container.

HttpServlet also provides a number of methods,

such as doGet(), doPost(), and doPut(), to handle particular types of HTTP requests (GET,
POST, and so on).

These methods are called by the default implementation of the service() method, which figures
out what kind of request is being made and then invokes the appropriate method.

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Servlets - Life Cycle:

A servlet life cycle can be defined as the entire process from its creation till the destruction.
The following are the paths followed by a servlet

 The servlet is initialized by calling the init () method.

 The servlet calls service() method to process a client's request.
 The servlet is terminated by calling the destroy() method.
 Finally, servlet is garbage collected by the garbage collector of the JVM.

Now let us discuss the life cycle methods in details.

The init() method :

The init method is designed to be called only once. It is called when the servlet is first created,
and not called again for each user request. So, it is used for one-time initializations. Such data
base connection opening, tcp sockets opening etc.

The servlet is normally created when a user first invokes a URL corresponding to the servlet,
but you can also specify that the servlet be loaded when the server is first started.

When a user invokes a servlet, a single instance of each servlet gets created, with each user
request resulting in a new thread that is handed off to doGet or doPost as appropriate. The init()
method simply creates or loads some data that will be used throughout the life of the servlet.

public void init() throws ServletException

{
// Initialization code...
}

The service() method :

The service() method is the main method to perform the actual task. The servlet container (i.e.
web server) calls the service() method to handle requests coming from the client( browsers)
and to write the formatted response back to the client.

Each time the server receives a request for a servlet, the server spawns a new thread and calls
service. The service() method checks the HTTP request type (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE,
etc.) and calls doGet, doPost, doPut, doDelete, etc. methods as appropriate.

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Here is the signature of this method:

publicvoid service(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)

throwsServletException,IOException
{

The service () method is called by the container and service method invokes doGet, doPost,
doPut, doDelete, etc. methods as appropriate. So you have nothing to do with service() method
but you override either doGet() or doPost() depending on what type of request you receive
from the client.

The doGet() and doPost() are most frequently used methods with in each service request. Here
is the signature of these two methods.

The doGet() Method

A GET request results from a normal request for a URL or from an HTML form that has no
METHOD specified and it should be handled by doGet() method.

publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

throwsServletException,IOException
{
// Servlet code
}

The doPost() Method

A POST request results from an HTML form that specifically lists POST as the METHOD and
it should be handled by doPost() method.

publicvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

throwsServletException,IOException
{
// Servlet code
}

The destroy() method :

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The destroy() method is called only once at the end of the life cycle of a servlet. This method
gives your servlet a chance to close database connections, halt background threads, write
cookie lists or hit counts to disk, and perform other such cleanup activities.

After the destroy() method is called, the servlet object is marked for garbage collection.

The destroy method definition looks like this:

publicvoid destroy()
{
// Finalization code...
}

Architecture Digram:

The following figure depicts a typical servlet life-cycle scenario.

 First the HTTP requests coming to the server are delegated to the servlet container.
 The servlet container loads the servlet before invoking the service() method.
 Then the servlet container handles multiple requests by spawning multiple threads, each
thread executing the service() method of a single instance of the servlet.

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Servlets are Java classes which service HTTP requests and implement the
javax.servlet.Servlet interface.

Web application developers typically write servlets that extend javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet,

an abstract class that implements the Servlet interface and is specially designed to handle
HTTP requests.

Sample Code for Hello World:

Servlet program to implement Life Cycle methods of a servlet

import javax.servlet.*;

import javax.servlet.http.*;

import java.io.*;

public class CounterServlet extends HttpServlet

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private int counter;

public void init() throws ServletException

counter=0;

System.out.println("Init Called count : "+counter);

public void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res ) throws

ServletException, IOException

counter++;

res.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

out.println("<HTML>");

out.println("<HEAD>");

out.println("<TITLE>Counter</TITLE>");

out.println("</HEAD>");

out.println("<BODY>");

out.println("<H1>Service method "+counter+"</H1>");

out.println("</BODY>");

out.println("</HTML>");

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public void destroy()

System.out.println("Destroy Called "+counter);

Servlets - Form Data

The browser uses two methods to pass this information to web server. These methods are GET
Method and POST Method.

GET method:

The GET method sends the encoded user information appended to the page request. The page
and the encoded information are separated by the ? character as follows:

http://www.gmail.com/login?uid=value1&pwd=value2

The GET method is the default method to pass information from browser to web server and it
produces a long string that appears in your browser's Location:box.

GET method is not recommended, if you have password or other sensitive information to pass
to the server.

The GET method has size limtation: only 1024 characters can be in a request string.

Servlet handles this type of requests using doGet() method.

POST method:

POST is more reliable method of passing information to a backend program.

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This packages the information in exactly the same way as GET methods, but instead of sending
it as a text string after ( ? ) in the URL it sends it as a separate message.

This message comes to the backend program in the form of the standard input which you can
parse and use for your processing.

Servlet handles this type of requests using doPost() method.

Reading Form Data using Servlet:

Servlets handles form data parsing automatically using the following methods depending on
the situation:

 getParameter():

request.getParameter()  to get the value of a form parameter.

 request .getParameterValues() use this method if the parameter appears more than
once and returns multiple values, for example checkbox.
 getParameterNames():use this method if you want a complete list of all parameters in
the current request.

GET Method Example Using URL:

http://localhost:8080/logonproj/mylogin?uid=mnrao&pwd=admin12345
Project Hierarchy:

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LoginForm.html :

<br/>
Password: <input type="text" name="pwd" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

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import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet

{

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws

ServletException, IOException
{
doPost(request,response);

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws

ServletException, IOException

{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String userId=request.getParameter("uid");
String password=request.getParameter("pwd");

if(userId.equalsIgnoreCase("nrit") && password.equals("java"))

{
out.println("<H1>Welcome to User : "+userId+"</H1>");
}

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else
{
out.println("<H1>Invalid Userid and password : "+userId+"</H1>");
}
}
}

Web.xml:
==========
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>LoginServlet</servlet-class>

</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/mylogin</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

Create .war file for the above project

Change to Temp dir
D:>cd temp
D:>temp>jar –cvf loginproj.war *

Go to tomacat manager:
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http://localhost:8080/manager/html
at bottom click on button “Browse” --- browse for loginproj.war select it and click on
“open” and then deploy.
Open another tab in browser and send following request:
http://localhost:8080/loginproj/html/LoginForm.html

fill the form and submit

Developing Web Application using eclipse and tomcat server:

Step1:

Tomcat configuration for eclipse:

Click on “server” tab as below:

Right click on blank space  new server

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For creating a dynamic web project click on File Menu -> New -> Project..-> Web ->
dynamic web project -> write your project name e.g. test -> Finish.

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Click on “Next”

Fill the marked fields in the below:

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And click on Next in below :

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Select “Generate web.xml deployment descriptor as mensioned below:

Click on Finish:

Creating “index.html” file

Right click on project  new  HTML

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Index.html coding :

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<metacharset="ISO-8859-1">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Hello World</h1>

</body>
</html>

Define application properties in web.xml:

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For Eg:

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

How to run the above web application:

Right click on the project Run As  Run on ServerSelect TomacatServer  and

LoginServlet Example:

Index.html coding :

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>

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<head>
<title>login form</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="mylogin"method="post">
User ID:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="login"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Define application properties in web.xml:

<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.mnrao.log.LoginServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/mylogin</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

Create package:

Go to java resources and create a package :

Right click on src and create new package “com.nrit.mnrao.log”

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Create LoginServlet.java:

Right click on package  new  Class

LoginServlet:

Write the code as below:

package com.nrit.mnrao.log;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclass LoginServlet extends HttpServlet{

privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {

resp.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

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String userId = req.getParameter("uid");

String password = req.getParameter("pwd");

if(userId.equalsIgnoreCase("nrit") &&password.equals("java"))
{
out.println("<h1> Welcome to User"+ userId+ "</h1>" );

}
else
{
out.println("<h1>Invalid user </h1>");
}

@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(req, resp);
}

How to run the above web application:

Right click on the project Run As  Run on ServerSelect TomacatServer  and

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Click on “Next”

In below wizard select name of the project and click on “add”  it moves right side

Click on “Finish”

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Servlet vs GenericServlet vs HttpServlet

Servlets are platform-independent server-side components, being written in Java. Before

going for differences, first let us see how the three Servlet, GenericServlet, HttpServlet are
related, their signatures and also at the end similarities.

Following figure shows the hierarchy of Servlet vs GenericServlet vs HttpServlet and to

know from where HttpServlet comes.

Observe the hierarchy and understand the relationship between the three (involved in
multilevel inheritance). With the observation, a conclusion can be arrived, to write a Servlet
three ways exist.

a) by implementing Servlet (it is interface)

b) by extending GenericServlet (it is abstract class)
c) by extending HttpServlet (it is abstract class)

The disadvantage of the first way is, all the 5 abstract methods of the interface Servlet should
be overridden eventhough Programmer is not interested in all

A smart approach is inheriting GenericServletand overriding its only one abstract method
service(). It is enough to the programmer to override only this method. It is a callback method
(called implicitly)

extending HttpServlet( like inheriting from adapter classes) and need not to override any
methods as HttpServlet contains no abstract methods. Eventhough the HttpServlet does not

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contain any abstract methods, it is declared as abstract class by the Designers to not to allow
the Programmer to create an object directly because a Servlet object is created by the system
(here system is Servlet Container).

1. Servlet interface

It is the super interface for the remaining two – GenericServlet and HttpServlet. It contains 5
abstract methods and all inherited by GenericServlet and HttpServlet. Programmers implement
Servlet interface who would like to develop their own container.

2. GenericServlet

It is the immediate subclass of Servlet interface. In this class, only one abstract method
service() exist. Other 4 abstract methods of Servlet interface are given implementation (given
body). Anyone who extends this GenericServlet should override service() method. It was used
by the Programmers when the Web was not standardized to HTTP protocol. It is protocol
independent; it can be used with any protocol, say, SMTP, FTP, CGI including HTTP etc.

Signature:

public abstract class GenericServlet extends java.lang.Object implements Servlet,

ServletConfig, java.io.Serializable

3. HttpServlet

When HTTP protocol was developed by W3C people to suit more Web requirements, the
Servlet designers introduced HttpServlet to suit more for HTTP protocol. HttpServlet is
protocol dependent and used specific to HTTP protocol only.

The immediate super class of HttpServlet is GenericServlet. HttpServlet overrides the

service() method of GenericServlet. HttpServlet is abstract class but without any abstract
methods.

With HttpServlet extension, service() method can be replaced by doGet() or doPost() with the
same parameters of service() method.

Signature:

public abstract class HttpServlet extends GenericServlet implements java.io.Serializable

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Difference between GenericServlet and HttpServlet

S.No GenericServlet HttpServlet

1 Can be used with any protocol Should be used with HTTP protocol only (can
(means, can handle any protocol). handle HTTP specific protocols) . Protocol
Protocol independent. dependent.
2 All methods are concrete except All methods are concrete including service()
service() method. service() method
is abstract method.
3 service() should be overridden being service() method need not be overridden.
abstract in super interface.
4 It is a must to use service() method Being service() is non-abstract, it can be
as it is a callback method. replaced by doGet() or doPost() methods.
5 Extends Object and implements Extends GenericServlet and implements
interfaces Servlet, ServletConfig and interface Serializable
Serializable.
6 Direct subclass of Servet interface. Direct subclass of GenericServlet.
7 Defined in javax.servlet package. Defined in javax.servlet.http package.
8 All the classes and interfaces All the classes and interfaces present in
belonging to javax.servlet package javax.servlet.http package are protocol
are protocol independent. dependent (specific to HTTP).
9 GenericServlet supports only HttpServlet support also doGet(), doPost(),
service() method does not contain doHead() methods (HTTP 1.0) plus doPut(),
doGet() and doPost() methods. doOptions(), doDelete(), doTrace() methods
(HTTP 1.1).
10 Use Service method. Use doPost, doGet method instead of service
method.
11 Not used now-a-days. Used always.

Similarities :

1. One common feature is both the classes are abstract classes.

2. Used with Servlets only.

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Passing Checkbox Data to Servlet Program

CheckBoxForm.html:
<html>

<body>
<form action="./myCheckBox" method="POST" target="_blank">
<input type="checkbox" name="maths" checked="checked" /> Maths
<br/>
<input type="checkbox" name="physics" /> Physics
<br/>

<input type="checkbox" name="chemistry" checked="checked " /> Chemistry

Web.xml:
===========

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<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>cb</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>CheckBoxServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>cb</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/myCheckBox</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

CheckBoxServlet.java:

// Import required java libraries

import java.io.*;

import javax.servlet.*;

import javax.servlet.http.*;

// Extend HttpServlet class

public class CheckBoxServlet extends HttpServlet

// Method to handle GET method request.

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

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throws ServletException, IOException {

// Set response content type

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String mathsFlag=request.getParameter("maths");

String physicsFlag=request.getParameter("physics");

String chemistryFlag=request.getParameter("chemistry");

String result = "Math :"+mathsFlag+"\n"+"Physics : "+physicsFlag+"\n"+"Chem

:"+chemistryFlag;

out.println("<h>"+result+"</h>");

// Method to handle POST method request.

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

doGet(request, response);

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HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is application-level protocol for collaborative,

distributed, hypermedia information systems. It is the data communication protocol used to
establish communication between client and server.

HTTP is TCP/IP based communication protocol, which is used to deliver the data like image
files, query results, HTML files etc on the World Wide Web (WWW) with the default port is
TCP 80. It provides the standardized way for computers to communicate with each other.

The Basic Characteristics of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):

 It is the protocol that allows web servers and browsers to exchange data over the web.
 It is a request and response protocol.
 It uses the reliable TCP connections by default on TCP port 80.
 It is stateless means each request is considered as the new request. In other words,
server doesn't recognize the user by default

The Basic Features of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):

There are three fundamental features that make the HTTP a simple and powerful protocol used
for communication:

 HTTP is media independent: It refers to any type of media content can be sent by
HTTP as long as both the server and the client can handle the data content.
 HTTP is connectionless: It is a connectionless approach in which HTTP client i.e., a
browser initiates the HTTP request and after the request is sends the client disconnects
from server and waits for the response.
 HTTP is stateless: The client and server are aware of each other during a current
request only. Afterwards, both of them forget each other. Due to the stateless nature of
protocol, neither the client nor the server can retain the information about different
request across the web pages.

The Basic Architecture of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):

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Differences GET vs POST Which to prefer?

The developer should specify to the Browser in what style the data is to be sent to the server.
The most commonly used styles and available are GET and POST. These styles are to be
written in METHOD attribute of <FORM> tag as follows. Let us see their differences and
when to use them in GET vs POST.

<form method="GET" action="http://localhost:8080/myproject/test">

In GET style, the data is appended to the URL (written in action attribute in the above
statement) and sent to the server and in POST style, the client data is sent separately as
message body.

Eg:

Browser Request:

http://locahost:8080/myproject/html/Login.html

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Observe the URL in browser prompt.

Output screen when submit button is clicked.

http://localhost:8888/myproject/login?uid=MNRAO&pwd=MNRAO12345

hence this is not secured approach

Features GET POST

Sending of data Client data is appended to URL Client data is sent implicitly
and sent
Storing in Browser As data is appended, the client As data is sent implicitly, the client
History data is stored in browser history data is not stored in browser history
Bookmark The URL with client data can be Not possible to bookmark
bookmarked. Thereby, later
without filling the HTML form,
the same data can be sent to
server
Encoding or application/x-www-form- application/x-www-form-
encrypte urlencoded urlencoded or multipart/form-data.
For binary data, multipart enctype
to be used
Limitation of data Limited to 2048 characters Unlimited data
sent (browser dependent)
Hacking easiness Easy to hack the data as data is Difficult to hack
stored in browser history
Type of data sent Only ASCII data can be sent Any type of data can be sent
including binary data
Data secrecy Data is not secret as other people Data is secret as not stored in
can see the data in browser history
history
When to be used Prefer when data sent is not Prefer for critical and sensitive data
secret. Do not use for passwords like passwords etc.
etc.
Cache Can be caught Cannot be caught
Default Relatively faster as data is A separate message body is to be
appended to URL created

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Which is to be preferred – GET or POST?

It depends on your application need. If client data includes only ASCII characters, no secrecy
and limited to 2KB length (depends on the browser), then prefer GET, else POST

Other HTTP Request Method

HTTP Request Description

Method
GET Asks to get the resource at the requested URL.
POST Asks the server to accept the body info attached. It is like GET
request with extra info sent with the request.
HEAD Asks for only the header part of whatever a GET would return. Just
like GET but with no body.
TRACE Asks for the loopback of the request message, for testing or
troubleshooting.
PUT Says to put the enclosed info (the body) at the requested URL.
DELETE Says to delete the resource at the requested URL.
OPTIONS Asks for a list of the HTTP methods to which the thing at the request
URL can respond

Reading All Form Parameters:

getParameterNames() method of HttpServletRequest to read all the available form

parameters. This method returns an Enumeration that contains the parameter names in an
unspecified order.

ReadParams.html:

<html>

<body>

<form action="./myparams" method="POST" target="_blank">

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<input type="checkbox" name="maths" checked="checked" /> Maths

<input type="checkbox" name="physics" /> Physics

<input type="checkbox" name="chemistry" checked="checked" /> Chem

<input type="submit" value="Select Subject" />

</form>

</body>

</html>

Enumeration paramNames = request.getParameterNames();

// Import required java libraries

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;

// Extend HttpServlet class

public class ReadAllParams extends HttpServlet {

// Method to handle GET method request.

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// Set response content type
response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

Enumeration paramNames = request.getParameterNames();

while(paramNames.hasMoreElements())
{
String paramName = (String)paramNames.nextElement();

out.print("<tr><td>" + paramName + "</td>\n<td>");

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String[] paramValues = request.getParameterValues(paramName);

// Read single valued data

if (paramValues.length == 1)
{
String paramValue = paramValues[0];

if (paramValue.length() == 0)
out.println("<i>No Value</i>");
else
out.println(paramValue);
}
else
{
// Read multiple valued data
out.println("<ul>");

for(int i=0; i < paramValues.length; i++)

{
out.println("<li>" + paramValues[i]);
}

out.println("</ul>");
}
}

out.println("</tr>\n</table>\n</body></html>");
}

// Method to handle POST method request.

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}

Web.xml:

=======

<web-app>

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<servlet-name>mp</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>ReadAllParams</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>mp</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/myparams</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

Methods to read HTTP Header:

These methods are available with HttpServletRequest object.

1) String getMethod()

Returns the name of the HTTP method with which this request was made, for example, GET,
POST, or PUT.

String method = request.getMethod();

2) String getParameter(String name)

Returns the value of a request parameter as a String, or null if the parameter does not exist.

String userId = request.getParameter (“uid”);

3) String[]getParameterValues(String name)

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Returns an array of String objects containing all of the values the given request parameter has,
or null if the parameter does not exist.

String [] values = request.getParameterValues(“ckboxGroup”);

4) Enumeration getParameterNames()

Returns an Enumeration of String objects containing the names of the parameters contained
in this request.

Enumerationnames = request.getParameterNames();

while(names.hasMoreElements())
{
String name = (String) names.nextElement();
out.println("param name : "+name);

String value = request.getParameter (name);

5) String getQueryString()

Returns the query string that is contained in the request URL after the path.

String queryString = request.getQueryString();

Eg:

http://localhost:8888/myproject/login?uid=MNRAO&pwd=MNRAO12345

queryStringvalue is following.

uid=MNRAO&pwd=MNRAO12345

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6) int getContentLength()

Returns the length, in bytes, of the request body and made available by the input stream, or -1
if the length is not known.

int length = request.getContentLength();

7) String getContentType()

Returns the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) type of the body of the request (
non ASCII Chars ) , or null if the type is not known.

String type = request. getContentType();

8) String getRemoteAddr()

Returns the Internet Protocol (IP) address of the client,that sent the request.

String address = request .getRemoteAddr();

9) String getRemoteHost()

Returns the fully qualified name of the client,that sent the request.

String hostName = request.getRemoteHost();

10) String getRemoteUser()

Returns the login of the user making this request, if the user has been authenticated,or null if
the user has not been authenticated.

String userName = request.getRemoteUser ();

11) String getRequestURI()

Returns the part of this request's URL from the protocol name up to the query string in the first
line of the HTTP request.

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String url = request.getRequestURI();

Eg:

http://localhost:8888/myproject/login?uid=MNRAO&pwd=MNRAO12345

url http://localhost:8888/myproject/login

uri http://localhost:8888/myproject

12) String getServletPath()

Returns the part of this request's URL that calls the JSP.

String path = request.getServletPath();

13) String getPathInfo()

Returns any extra path information associated with the URL the client sent when it made this
request ( pathname inside the claees folder)

String path = request.getPathInfo();

14) int getServerPort()

Returns the port number on which this request was received ( 8080 )

int port = request .getServerPort();

15) String getProtocol()

Returns the name and version of the protocol the request ( default http )

String protocol = request .getProtocol();

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16) Object getAttribute(String name)

Returns the value of the named attribute as an Object, or null if no attribute of the given name
exists.

Used in Servelet communications.

Object attribValue = request.getAttribute(“uid”);

17) String getHeader(String name)

Returns the value of the specified request header as a String.

String header = request .getHeader(“abc”);

18) int getIntHeader(String name)

Returns the value of the specified request header as an int.

int header = request .getIntHeader(“abc”);

19) Enumeration getAttributeNames()

Returns an Enumeration containing the names of the attributes available to this request.

Enumeration names = request .getAttributeNames();

while(names.hasMoreElements())
{
String name = (String) names.nextElement();
out.println("param name : "+name);
String value = request.getAttribute(name);
}

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20) Enumeration getHeaderNames()

Returns an enumeration of all the header names this request contains.

Enumeration names = request .getHeaderNames ();

while(names.hasMoreElements())
{
String name = (String) names.nextElement();
out.println("param name : "+name);
String value = request.getHeader (name);
}

21) HttpSession getSession()

Returns the current session associated with this request, or if the request does not have a
session, creates one.

HttpSession session = request.getSession();

22) HttpSession getSession(boolean create)

Returns the current HttpSession associated with this request or, if there is no current session
and create is true, returns a new session.

HttpSession session = request .getSession(true);

23) String getRequestedSessionId()

Returns the session ID specified by the client.

HttpSession sessionId = request .getRequestedSessionId ();

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24) String getAuthType()

Returns the name of the authentication scheme used to protect the servlet, for example,
"BASIC" or "SSL," or null if the JSP was not protected.

String authType = request.getAuthType();

25) boolean isSecure()

Returns a boolean indicating whether this request was made using a secure channel, such as
HTTPS.

boolean secure = request .isSecure();

26) Cookie[] getCookies()

Returns an array containing all of the Cookie objects the client sent with this request.

Cookie[] cockies = request. getCookies();

27) Locale getLocale()

Returns the preferred Locale that the client will accept content in, based on the Accept-
Language header.

Locale language = request .getLocale();

28) ServletInputStream getInputStream()

Retrieves the body of the request as binary data using a ServletInputStream.

ServletInputStream is= request.getInputStream();

29) String getCharacterEncoding()

Returns the name of the character encoding used in the body of this request.

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String encodeChar = request .getCharacterEncoding()

30) String getContextPath()

Returns the portion of the request URI that indicates the context of the request.

Example to test above methods:

String conextPath= request .getContextPath();

Request http://localhost:8888/myproject/login?uid=MNRAO&pwd=MNRAO12345

url http://localhost:8888/myproject/login

uri http://localhost:8888/myproject

conextPathmyproject/login

Content Type

Content Type is also known as MIME (Multipurpose internet Mail Extension) Type. It is a
HTTP header that provides the description about what are you sending to the browser.

MIME is an internet standard that is used for extending the limited capabilities of email by
allowing the insertion of sounds, images and text in a message.

The features provided by MIME to the email services are as given below:

 It supports the non-ASCII characters

 It supports the multiple attachments in a single message
 It supports the attachment which contains executable audio, images and video files etc.
 It supports the unlimited message length.

List of Content Types

There are many content types. The commonly used content types are given below:

 text/html
 text/plain
 application/msword

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 application/vnd.ms-excel
 application/jar
 application/pdf
 application/octet-stream
 application/x-zip
 images/jpeg
 images/png
 images/gif
 audio/mp3
 video/mp4
 video/quicktime etc.

LoginForm.html :
=================

<html>
<body>
<form action="./mylogin" method="GET">
User Id: <input type="text" name="uid">
<br/>
Password: <input type="text" name="pwd" />

<input type="submit" value="Submit" />

</form>
</body>
</html>

import java.io.*;
import java.util.Enumeration;

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

// Extend LoginServlet class

publicclassLoginServletextends HttpServlet {
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publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
// Set response content type
response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.println("<HTML>" );
out.println("<h1>");

String method = request.getMethod();

out.println("METHOD :"+method);

String userId = request.getParameter("uid");

out.println("User Id : "+userId);

String passwd = request.getParameter("pwd");

out.println("Password :"+passwd);

Enumerationnames = request.getParameterNames();

while(names.hasMoreElements())
{
String name = (String) names.nextElement();
out.println("param name : "+name);
}

String queryString = request.getQueryString();

out.println("QUERY String :"+queryString);

intlen = request.getContentLength();
out.println("Content Length :"+len);

String contentType = request.getContentType();

out.println("Content Type :"+contentType);

String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();

out.println("Remote Address :"+remoteAddr);

String remoteHost = request.getRemoteHost();

out.println("Remote Host :"+remoteHost);

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intremotePort = request.getRemotePort();
out.println("Remote Port :"+remotePort);

String remoteUser = request.getRemoteUser();

out.println("Remote User :"+remotePort);

String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();

out.println("Request URI :"+remotePort);

StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();

String temp = requestURL.toString();
out.println("Request URL :"+temp);

String servletPath = request.getServletPath();

out.println("Servlet Path :"+servletPath);

String pathInfo = request.getPathInfo();

out.println("Servlet Path Info :"+pathInfo);

String serverName = request.getServerName();

out.println("Server Name :"+serverName);

intserverPort = request.getServerPort();
out.println("Server Port :"+serverPort);

String protocol = request.getProtocol();

out.println("Protocol :"+protocol);

out.println("</h1>");
out.println("</HTML>" );

O/p:

METHOD :GET

User Id : nrit

Password :java

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param name : uid

param name : pwd

QUERY String :uid=nrit&pwd=java

Content Length :-1

Content Type :null

Remote Address :127.0.0.1

Remote Host :127.0.0.1

Remote Port :50487

Remote User :50487

Request URI :50487

Request URL :http://localhost:8080/reqmethods/mylogin

Servlet Path :/mylogin

Servlet Path Info :null

Server Name :localhost

Server Port :8080

Protocol :HTTP/1.1

Servlets with Database:

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>

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<title>Register</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="./register"method="post">
userid<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
password <inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
Retype Password <inputtype="password"name="rpwd"/><br/>
First Name <inputtype="text"name="firstname"><br/>
Last Name <inputtype="text"name="lastname"><br/>
Birth Date <inputtype="text"name="birthdate"><br/>
Gender <inputtype="text"name="gender"><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="Submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Web.xml:

<servlet>
<servlet-name>register</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.user.register.RegisterServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>register </servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/register </url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

RegisterServlet.java

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package com.nrit.user.register;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclassRegisterServletextends HttpServlet {

/**
*
*/
privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

Connection con = null;

PreparedStatement pst = null;

@Override
publicvoid init() throws ServletException {

try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl", "scott", "tiger");

con.setAutoCommit(false);

pst = con.prepareStatement("insert into track_user values(?,?,?,?,?,?)");

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

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@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

try
{
String userId = request.getParameter("uid");
String password = request.getParameter("pwd");
String retypePassword = request.getParameter("rpwd");
String firstName = request.getParameter("firstname");
String lastName = request.getParameter("lastname");
String date = request.getParameter("birthdate");
String gender = request.getParameter("gender");

if(!password.equalsIgnoreCase(retypePassword))
{
out.println("<h1>retype not matched</h1>");
return;
}

pst.setString(1, userId);
pst.setString(2, password);
pst.setString(3, firstName);
pst.setString(4, lastName);
pst.setString(5, date);
pst.setString(6, gender);

pst.executeUpdate();

out.println("<h1>Successfully Register</h1>");

con.commit();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
out.println("<h1>Server busy</h1>");
try {

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con.rollback();
} catch (SQLException e1) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}

@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(request, response);
}

@Override
publicvoid destroy() {

try
{
con.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="./login"method="post">
userid<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>

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password <inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="Submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Web.xml:

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.user.login.LoginServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login </servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login </url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

LoginServlet.java

package com.nrit.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
importjava.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;

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import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclass LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {

/**
*
*/
privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

Connection con = null;

PreparedStatementpst = null;

@Override
publicvoid init() throws ServletException {

try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl", "scott", "tiger");

con.setAutoCommit(false);

pst = con.prepareStatement("select count(*) from track_user where

user_id = ? and user_passwd = ?");

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

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try {

String userId = request.getParameter("uid");

String password = request.getParameter("pwd");

pst.setString(1, userId);
pst.setString(2, password);

ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();

if (rs.next()) {
intcount = rs.getInt(1);
if (count == 1) {
out.println("<h1>Valid User </h1>");
} else {
out.println("<h1>In Valid User </h1>");
}
}

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(req, resp);
}

@Override
publicvoid destroy() {
try {
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

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ServletConfig Interface

An object of ServletConfig is created by the web container for each servlet. This object can be
used to get configuration information from web.xml file.

If the configuration information is modified from the web.xml file, we don't need to change the
servlet. So it is easier to manage the web application if any specific content is modified from
time to time.

Main purpose is to read external configuration parameters, which are changed dynamically.

External configuration parameters can be passed through the web.xml file.

Advantage of ServletConfig

The main advantage of ServletConfig is that you don't need to edit the servlet file if
information is modified from the web.xml file.

Methods of ServletConfig interface

1. public String getInitParameter(String name):

Returns the parameter value for the specified parameter

name.

2. public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():

Returns an enumeration of all the initialization parameter

names.

3. public String getServletName():

Returns the name of the servlet.

4. public ServletContext getServletContext():

Returns an object of ServletContext.

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Obtaining object of ServletConfig

getServletConfig()  is a method of Servlet interface, which returns the object of

ServletConfig.

Signature :

Public ServletConfig getServletConfig();

eg:

ServletConfig config=getServletConfig();

Passing initialization parameter to a servlet through web.xml

<web-app>
<servlet>
.....

<init-param>
<param-name>parametername</param-name>
<param-value>parametervalue</param-value>
</init-param>
......
</servlet>
</web-app>

Note : These parameters are servlet specific

Example of ServletConfig to get initialization parameter

Web.xml:

================

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/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-
app_3_1.xsd"id="WebApp_ID"version="3.1">
<display-name>user</display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>register</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.user.register.RegisterServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>driver</param-name>
<param-value>oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
<param-name>dbhost</param-name>
<param-value>localhost</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
<param-name>port</param-name>
<param-value>1521</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
<param-name>sid</param-name>
<param-value>orcl</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
<param-name>uid</param-name>
<param-value>scott</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
<param-name>pwd</param-name>
<param-value>tiger</param-value>
</init-param>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

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<servlet-name>register </servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/register </url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

Servlet to read configuration parameters and connect to database.

package com.nrit.user.register;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;

import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclass RegisterServlet extends HttpServlet {

/**
*
*/
privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

Connection con = null;

PreparedStatement pst = null;

@Override
publicvoid init() throws ServletException {

try {

ServletConfig config = getServletConfig();

String jdbcDriver = config.getInitParameter("driver");

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String dbHost = config.getInitParameter("dbhost");

String dbPortNum = config.getInitParameter("port");

String dbsid = config.getInitParameter("sid");
String userId = config.getInitParameter("uid");
String password = config.getInitParameter("pwd");

Class.forName(jdbcDriver);

con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@"+dbHost+":"+dbPortNum+":"+dbsid,
userId, password);

con.setAutoCommit(false);

pst = con.prepareStatement("insert into track_user values(?,?,?,?,?,?)");

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

if(!password.equalsIgnoreCase(retypePassword))
{

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out.println("<h1>retype not matched</h1>");

return;
}

pst.setString(1, userId);
pst.setString(2, password);
pst.setString(3, firstName);
pst.setString(4, lastName);
pst.setString(5, date);
pst.setString(6, gender);

pst.executeUpdate();

out.println("<h1>Successfully Register</h1>");

con.commit();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
out.println("<h1>Server busy</h1>");
try {
con.rollback();
} catch (SQLException e1) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}

@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(request, response);
}

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ServletContext Interface

An object of ServletContext is created by the web container at time of deploying the project.
This object can be used to get context information from web.xml file. There is only one
ServletContext object per web application.

If any information is shared to many servlet, it is better to provide it from the web.xml file
using the <context-param> element.

Advantage of ServletContext

Easy to maintain if any information is shared to all the servlet, it is better to make it available
for all the servlet. We provide this information from the web.xml file, so if the information is
changed, we don't need to modify the servlet. Thus it removes maintenance problem.

Usage of ServletContext Interface

There can be a lot of usage of ServletContext object. Some of them are as follows:

1. The object of ServletContext provides an interface between the container and servlet.
2. The ServletContext object can be used to get configuration information from the
web.xml file.
3. The ServletContext object can be used to set, get or remove attribute from the web.xml
file.
4. The ServletContext object can be used to provide inter-application communication.

Methods of ServletContext interface

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1) public String getInitParameter(String name):

Returns the parameter value for the specified parameter name.

2) public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():

Returns the names of the context's initialization parameters.

3) public void setAttribute(String name,Object object):

sets the given object in the application scope.

4) public Object getAttribute(String name):

Returns the attribute for the specified name.

5) public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():

Returns the names of the context's initialization parameters as an
Enumeration of String objects.

6) public void removeAttribute(String name):

Removes the attribute with the given name from the servlet context.

Obtaining the object of ServletContext interface:

1. getServletContext() method of ServletConfig interface returns the object of

ServletContext.

2. getServletContext() method of GenericServlet class returns the object of

ServletContext.

Signature:

Public ServletContext getServletContext() ;

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1) ServletContext object from ServletConfig object.

ServletConfig config=getServletConfig();

ServletContext applicationContext= config.getServletContext();

2) //Another convenient way to get the ServletContext object

ServletContext applicationContext =getServletContext();

Passing initial parameters through web.xml

<web-app>

......

<context-param>

<param-name>parametername</param-name>

<param-value>parametervalue</param-value>

</context-param>

......

</web-app>

Example to share context initialization parameters by LoginServlet and RegisterServlet:

Index.html

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title>Register</title>
</head>

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<body>
<formaction="./register"method="post">
userid<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
password <inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
Retype Password <inputtype="password"name="rpwd"/><br/>
First Name <inputtype="text"name="firstname"><br/>
Last Name <inputtype="text"name="lastname"><br/>
Birth Date <inputtype="text"name="birthdate"><br/>
Gender <inputtype="text"name="gender"><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="Submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="./login"method="post">
userid<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
password <inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="Submit"/>
</form>
</body>

</html>

Web.xml:

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<context-param>
<param-name>driver</param-name>
<param-value>oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>dbhost</param-name>
<param-value>localhost</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>port</param-name>
<param-value>1521</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>sid</param-name>
<param-value>orcl</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>uid</param-name>
<param-value>scott</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>pwd</param-name>
<param-value>tiger</param-value>
</context-param>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.user.register.LoginServlet</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login </servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login </url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

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<servlet-name>register</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.nrit.user.register.RegisterServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>register </servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/register </url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

RegisterServlet.java:

package com.nrit.user.register;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclassRegisterServletextends HttpServlet {

/**
*
*/
privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

Connection con = null;

PreparedStatement pst = null;

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@Override
publicvoid init() throws ServletException {

try {

ServletContext conext = getServletContext();

String jdbcDriver = conext.getInitParameter("driver");

String dbHost = conext.getInitParameter("dbhost");

String dbPortNum = conext.getInitParameter("port");

String dbsid = conext.getInitParameter("sid");

String userId = conext.getInitParameter("uid");

String password = conext.getInitParameter("pwd");

Class.forName(jdbcDriver);

con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@"+dbHost+":"+dbPortNum+":"+dbsid,
userId, password);

con.setAutoCommit(false);

pst = con.prepareStatement("insert into track_user values(?,?,?,?,?,?)");

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");

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PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

if(!password.equalsIgnoreCase(retypePassword))
{
out.println("<h1>retype not matched</h1>");
return;
}

pst.setString(1, userId);
pst.setString(2, password);
pst.setString(3, firstName);
pst.setString(4, lastName);
pst.setString(5, date);
pst.setString(6, gender);

pst.executeUpdate();

out.println("<h1>Successfully Register</h1>");

con.commit();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
out.println("<h1>Server busy</h1>");
try {
con.rollback();
} catch (SQLException e1) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}

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@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(request, response);
}

LoginServlet.java

package com.nrit.user.register;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;

publicclass LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {

/**
*
*/
privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID = 1L;

Connection con = null;

PreparedStatement pst = null;

@Override
publicvoid init() throws ServletException {

try {

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ServletContext conext = getServletContext();

String jdbcDriver = conext.getInitParameter("driver");

String dbHost = conext.getInitParameter("dbhost");

String dbPortNum = conext.getInitParameter("port");

String dbsid = conext.getInitParameter("sid");

String userId = conext.getInitParameter("uid");

String password = conext.getInitParameter("pwd");

Class.forName(jdbcDriver);

con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@"+dbHost+":"+dbPortNum+":"+dbsid,
userId, password);

con.setAutoCommit(false);

pst = con.prepareStatement("select count(*) from track_user where

user_id = ? and user_passwd = ?");

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

try {

String userId = request.getParameter("uid");

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String password = request.getParameter("pwd");

pst.setString(1, userId);
pst.setString(2, password);

ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();

if (rs.next()) {
intcount = rs.getInt(1);
if (count == 1) {
out.println("<h1>Valid User </h1>");
} else {
out.println("<h1>In Valid User </h1>");
}
}

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws
ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
doGet(req, resp);
}

@Override
publicvoid destroy() {
try {
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

Servlet to read all context initial parameters

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import java.io.*;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassConextInitAllParamsServletextends HttpServlet
{
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();

ServletContext context=getServletContext();
Enumeration<String>e=context.getInitParameterNames();

String str="";
while(e.hasMoreElements())
{
str=e.nextElement();
out.print("<br> "+context.getInitParameter(str));
}
}

Servlet Collaboration:

The Servlet collaboration is all about sharing information among the servlets. Collaborating
servlets is to pass the common information that is to be shared directly by one servlet to
another through various invocations of the methods. To perform these operations, each servlet
need to know the other servlet with which it is collaborated.

Here are several ways to communicate with one another:

 Using RequestDispatchers include() and forward() method;

 Using HttpServletResponse sendRedirect() method;

 Using ServletContext setAttribute() and getAttribute() methods;

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 Using Java's system-wide Properties list;

 Using singleton class object.

1) Using RequestDispatcher

2) Using SendRedirect

Servlet RequestDispatcher :

The RequestDispatcher interface provides the facility of dispatching the request to another
resource it may be html, servlet or jsp. This interface can also be used to include the content of
another resource also. It is one of the way of servlet collaboration.

There are two methods defined in the RequestDispatcher interface.

1. public void forward(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)

throws

ServletException,
java.io.IOException

Forwards a request from a servlet to another resource (servlet, JSP file,

or HTML file) on the server.

2. public void include(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse response)throws

ServletException,java.io.IOException

Includes the content of a resource (servlet, JSP page, or HTML file) in

the response.

RequestDispatcher forward()

how to pass data between two servlets (one-to-one) and for this Servlet API comes with
javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher interface.

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When to use RequestDispatcher interface?

1. To include the response (output) of one Servlet into another (that is, client gets the
response of both Servlets).
2. To forward the client request to another Servlet to honour (that is, client calls a Servlet
but response to client is given by another Servlet).

How to obtain an object of RequestDispatcher interface?

There are two ways

1) using ServletRequest object and ServletContext object.

getRequestDispatcher(String path) method returns an object of

RequestDispatcher

this method defined in both interfaces of ServletRequest and ServletContext.

getRequestDispatcher(String path) method from ServletRequest interface

RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path):

Returns a RequestDispatcher object that acts as a wrapper for the resource located at the given
path.

A RequestDispatcher object can be used to forward a request to the resource or to include the
resource in a response. The resource can be dynamic or static.

RequestDispatcher forward() Method

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When to use RequestDispatcher forward() method?

Client calls a Servlet for some information. But the Servlet cannot honour the request because
it is incapable. But it knows that another Servlet exists which can do the job of the client. Then
how the first Servlet (called by the client) can send (forward) the request to another Servlet.
Here, forward() method of RequestDispatcher is used.

That is, client calls one FirstServlet but response goes from another SecondServlet. but the
client is not aware of all this transactions happening on the server.

Here, response ofSecondServlet goes to client but never of FirstServlet.

Where as , in include() method both FirstServlet and SecondServletgoes.

RequestDispatcher include() Method

When to use RequestDispatcher include() method?

To place (include) the response content (ouput) of one servlet into another servlet’s response.
That is here, client gets the response of both servlets. Or simply to say, to put the output of one
servlet into another.

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Observe the figure. Client request (or calls) the servlet FirstServlet .

FirstServlet sends client data to SecondServlet with include() method.

Response of SecondServlet comes to FirstServlet .

FirstServlet sends to client its response (of FirstServlet ) and also of SecondServlet

Example of RequestDispatcher interface:

In this example, we are validating the password entered by the user. If password is valid, it will
forward the request to the WelcomeServlet, otherwise will show an error message: sorry
username or password error!. In this program, we are cheking for hardcoded information. But
you can check it to the database also that we will see in the development chapter.

In this example, we have created following files:

LoginForm.html:

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LoginForm.html:

<formaction="./mylogin"method="post">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="password"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="login"/>
</form>

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LoginServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassLoginServletextends HttpServlet
{

publicvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{

response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String userName=request.getParameter("uid");

String userPassword=request.getParameter("pwd");

if(userName.equals("MNRAO")&&userPassword.equals("java"))
{
RequestDispatcher welcomeServletRD
=request.getRequestDispatcher("mywcservlet");
welcomeServletRD.forward(request, response);
}
else
{
out.print("Sorry UserName or Password Error!");
RequestDispatcher
loginForm=request.getRequestDispatcher("/LoginForm.html");
loginForm.include(request, response);

}
}
}

WelcomeServlet.java

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import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassWelcomeServletextends HttpServlet
{

publicvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{

response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String userName=request.getParameter("uid");
out.print("Welcome "+userName);
}

Web.xml:

<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>LoginServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>wcs</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>WelcomeServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/mylogin</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>wcs</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/mywcservlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

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<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>LoginForm.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

Difference between include() and forward()methods

Property include() Method forward() Method

Result Includes another file in our Will forward the client request to the
current file. forwarding page.
Merge of Response of FirstServlet and No merge of response. Only
response SecondServlet are merged and SecondServlet response will go to the
sent to client (as if a single client.
response). This way, the
Programmer can achieve "server
side includes".
Retaining Shifted temporarily from Shifted permanently from FirstServlet
execution FirstServlet to SecondServlet. It to SecondServlet.Control never
control works like a general simple return back to FirstServlet.
method call.
Control Execution control comes back to Once shifted, the control never returns
coming back FirstServlet after executing to FirstServlet. It is permanent
SecondServlet for further shifting.
processing of FirstServlet after
include() statement from where
the execution control shifted.
Response Response of SecondServlet is Response of SecondServlet is not
placement placed in FirstServlet. placed in FirstServlet.
Client receives Response of FirstServlet and Only response of SecondServlet is
SecondServlet is received by received by client.
client.
Control After executing SecondServlet, After executing SecondServlet, control
returned control returned to FirstServlet. returned to client.
Extra activity Once control is returned to Once control returned to client, no
FirstServlet from SecondServlet, activity can be done on FirstServlet or
any activity can be done on the SecondServlet.
server like calling another servlet
with another RequestDispatcher
object.
Usage Used by Programmer when the Used only SecondServlet response is
output of both servlets required.

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FirstServlet and SecondServlet

is required.
Speed of Comparatively slower. Faster.
delivery to
client
Access SecondServlet has access to the Here also SecondServlet cannot alter
request and response objects of as response is delivered on
FirstServlet , but limitations FirstServlet URL.
exist. SecondServlet cannot set
headers and also cannot call any
other method like setCookie etc.
affecting the response headers.
That is, SecondServlet cannot
attempt to change the HTTP
headers or response status code
etc. and performing any activities
like this is simply ignored.
out.println Output of FirstServlet Output of FirstServlet out.println()
out.println() statements go to statements never go to client.
client.
Client response Client receives the response from Client actually receives the response
the same servlet which he from a different servlet (not known to
requested. client).
When to Use Used when static information is to Used when dynamic information is to
be included. be included

Servlet SendRedirect :

The sendRedirect() method of HttpServletResponse interface can be used to redirect

response to another resource, it may be servlet, jsp or html file.

It accepts relative as well as absolute URL.

It works at client side because it uses the url to make another request. So, it can work inside
and outside the server.

Signature :

public void sendRedirect(String URL)throws IOException;

eg:

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response.sendRedirect("http://www.google.com");

example for sendRedirect method :

in this, we are redirecting the request to the google server. Notice that sendRedirect method
works at client side, that is why we can our request to anywhere. We can send our request
within and outside the server.

SearchForm.html:

<html>
<head><title>sendRedirect example</title></head>
<body>
<formaction="./MySearcher">
<inputtype="text"name="name">
<inputtype="submit"value="search">
</form>
</body>

</html>

SearchServlet.java:

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

publicclassSearchServletextends HttpServlet
{
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{

String searchText=request.getParameter("name");
response.sendRedirect("https://www.google.co.in/#q="+searchText);
}

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<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>search</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>SearchServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>search</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/MySearcher</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

RedirectServlet.java:

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclass RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet

{
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();

response.sendRedirect("http://www.google.com");

out.close();
}

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Difference between forward () and sendRedirect ()

Property forward() sendRedirect()
Defined interface Defined in RequestDispatcher Defined in HttpServletResponse
Signature void forward(ServletRequest void sendRedirect(String url)
request, ServletResponse response)
Client awareness Client is not aware of that he is Client can know easily as the URL
getting response from a different (from where he is getting response)
Servlet as the URL will not change changes in the client browser’s
in client’s browser. prompt.
Execution Execution control changes to Control changes to client
control another Servlet on the same server
without client being informed that
altogether a different Servlet is
going to process his request.
Where is what? Forward is done on server side Browser issues a new request on the
without client’s knowledge. URL that is redirected (sent as
parameter) by the server and client
can easily aware of.
Where happens Everything happens on server side sendRedirect() causes the Web
within the Web container and container to return to the client’s
client is not involved. browser. Client inturn can redirect to
different servers or domains.
Speed Faster as forward runs on server- Due to extra round trip between
side entirely and no extra network browser-server-browser (running on
trip (to client) is required. client as well as on server side), it is
slower.
Content forward() sends the same request Calls another page with a different
to another resource of the same request URL but not on the same
Web application. request.
Usage forward() reuses the current Redirects create a new request object;
request object consequently looses the original
request with all its parameters and
attributes.
Transfer of Original request and response Redirect action sends header back to
parameters objects transfer data coming from the client. Browser uses the URL
client along with additional contained in the header to call a new
information set with setAttribute() resource. As client initiates a new
method (if any) to another resource request, the original request and
request and response objects. response objects are lost and fresh
ones are to be created.
Transfer control Internally, the Servlet container This method sends the HTTP
transfers control of client request response to client browser to allow
to another Servlet (or JSP). the client to send another request

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with a different URL. Usage of this

method is equivalent to opening a
new browser window and typing the
URL.
What is sent? Server sends the response With this method, server sends a
(information required) to the URL to the client.
client.
Visual difference Client cannot see the address of Client can see the new redirected
new resource that honours the address in address bar.
client request in the address bar of
the browser.
Examples Calling another resource to process Calling advertisements on the Web
the data like validation of Login page or payment gateways.
data.
Task separation With this method, the Used to transfer control altogether to
responsibility of handling the a different domain. Also used to write
client request can be distributed separation of tasks.
between many Servlets (or JSPs).
Back and As everything happens on server As client makes new request and
Forward buttons with forward, nothing is stored on updated in browser history, back and
browser history. So, Back and forward buttons work.
Forward buttons will not work.
URL Use only relative URLs with Use absolute URLs.
forward().
MVC to hide Useful in MVC design pattern to Once redirected to client, server
hide JSP/Servlet from direct looses control.
access.
Which one to If you would like to forward the If you would like to transfer the
prefer? client request to a new resource on control to a new server or domain
the same server for further process, where client treats as a new task,
prefer forward() where data of the prefer sendRedirect(). If the data of
original resource can be passed to the original resource (which client
the new resource. requested) is needed in the new
resource, store them in Session object
and reuse.

Some more points to notice of forward vs sendRedirect.

1. Session is not lost in both cases.

2. The above differences are applicable to Servlets and JSPs. In Servlets, these methods
are used in service() and in JSP used in scriptlets.

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3. In frameworks like Struts, the Controller can decide, at the end of request processing,
which one to use of either forward or redirect operation.
4. The Controller also can decide with forward() method, to what resource the forward
should be made, depending on different conditions of client request requirements.

Which one is preferred?

Just depends on the scenario.

If you would like to forward the client request to a new resource on the same
server for further process, prefer forward() where data of the original resource
can be passed to the new resource.

Servlet Container

It provides the runtime environment for JavaEE (j2ee) applications. The client/user can request
only a static WebPages from the server. If the user wants to read the web pages as per input
then the servlet container is used in java.

The servlet container is used in java for dynamically generate the web pages on the server side.
Therefore the servlet container is the part of a web server that interacts with the servlet for
handling the dynamic web pages from the client.

Servlet Container States

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The servlet container is the part of web server which can be run in a separate process. We can
classify the servlet container states in three types:

 Standalone: It is typical Java-based servers in which the servlet container and the web
servers are the integral part of a single program. For example:- Tomcat running by itself
 In-process: It is separated from the web server, because a different program is runs
within the address space of the main server as a plug-in. For example:- Tomcat running
inside the JBoss.
 Out-of-process: The web server and servlet container are different programs which are
run in a different process. For performing the communications between them, web
server uses the plug-in provided by the servlet container.

The Servlet Container performs many operations that are given below:

 Life Cycle Management

 Multithreaded support
 Object Pooling
 Security etc.

Servlet Attributes:

Scope of the Servlet attributes:

1. request scope
2. session scope
3. application scope

The servlet programmer can pass informations from one servlet to another using attributes

Attribute specific methods of ServletRequest, HttpSession and ServletContext interface

There are following 4 attribute specific methods.

1. public void setAttribute(String name,Object object):

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sets the given object in the application scope.

2. public Object getAttribute(String name):

Returns the attribute for the specified name.

3. public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():

Returns the names of the context's initialization parameters as an Enumeration

of String objects.

4. public void removeAttribute(String name):

Removes the attribute with the given name from the servlet context.

Example :

ServletContext to set and get attribute

1) Servlet to store attributes into context

import java.io.*;

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassContextAttribTestServlet1extends HttpServlet
{
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res) throws
IOException
{
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();
try
{

ServletContext context=getServletContext();
context.setAttribute("name","MNRAO");

out.println("Welcome to first servlet");

out.close();
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}
catch(Exception e)
{
out.println(e);
}

2) Servlet to read attributes from context

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassContextAttribTestServlet2extends HttpServlet
{
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res) throws
IOException
{
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();
try
{

ServletContext context=getServletContext();
String myName=(String)context.getAttribute("name");

out.println("Welcome to "+myName);
out.close();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
out.println(e);
}

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Web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>ca1</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>ContextAttribTestServlet1</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ca1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/contextattrib1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>ca2</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>ContextAttribTestServlet2</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ca2</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/contextattrib2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

Difference between ServletConfig and ServletContext

The servletconfig object refers to the single servlet whereas servletcontext object refers to the
whole web application.

Servlets Session Tracking

A session refers to the entire interaction between a client and a server from the time of the
client’s first request, which generally begins the session, to the time the session is terminated.

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The session could be terminated by the client’s request, or the server could automatically close
it after a certain period of time.

What is Session Tracking and Why ?

Session Tracking is a way to maintain state (data) of an user.

It is also known as session management in servlet.

Http protocol is a stateless so we need to maintain state using session tracking techniques. Each
time user requests to the server, server treats the request as the new request. So we need to
maintain the state of an user to recognize to particular user.

HTTP is used by client to request the server for some information over the Web. The client
establishes a connection with the server before sending a request. Over this connection only,
the server returns the response to client. When the response is delivered, the connection
between client and server is destroyed. By chance, if the same client would like to contact the
same server again, the client should establish altogether a new connection. To put in a simple
way, if the client would like to request the same server 100 times, the client should establish a
new connection 100 times as the server closes the connection for each request when the
response is delivered.

What is Stateless Protocol?

Once response is delivered, the server simply forgets the client. If the client wants the same
data, it must again establish a new connection, send request and receive response and the same
earlier process is to be repeated. For this reason, HTTP protocol is treated as stateless
protocol.

each request is treated as a separate and independent transaction that is not related at all with
any previous requests.

HTTP Protocol, which is once the most advantageous being connectionless and stateless, now
became a minus point over the time. With this nature of HTTP Protocol, it is not possible to
develop e-commerce applications where on a single connection, lot of data should be
transferred between Client and Server multiple times. To overcome this in Servlets and JSP,
there comes session, session management, session tracking etc. in Servlets.

What is a Session in Servlets?

Session begins when the client logs in to a Web site and ends when the user logs out.

Session is a conversional state between client and server and it can consists of multiple request
and response between client and server. Since HTTP and Web Server both are stateless, the
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only way to maintain a session is when some unique information about the session (session id)
is passed between server and client in every request and response.

The interactive time between client and server on a single connection is known as a session.

(Or)

The period of time between connection establishment and connection closing between client
and server is known as a session.

(Or)

Session starts when the connection is established at both ends (client and server) and
terminates when the connection (communication) is ended (closed by server).

A connection is well maintained by the Servlet container while the client and server are
conversing back and forth in a session (with some duration).

What is Session Tracking or Session Management?

It is used to recognize the particular user.

A session includes a lot of interactions, where data will be exchanged, between client and
server, of course on a single connection. Once the server accepts the client connection, the
client and server talk together and keep with them lot of data exchanged that includes commits,
questions, answers and alike. Keeping the data of session intact (preserve) so that the data
can be reused later is known as session tracking or session management.

A session can temporarily store information related to the activities of the user while logged in.
A servlet should be capable to store temporary information pertaining to the activities of the
user in a session.

how to maintain session with HTTP protocol nature of stateless and connectionless?

There are four ways to maintain session tracking. They are

1. Using Hidden fields

2. Using URL Rewriting
3. Using HttpSession interface
4. Using Cookies

The first two ways are almost discarded by the programming world as they increase lot of
network traffic and processing load of each request on the Web server.

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Session Tracking by using HttpSession interface:

Container creates a session id for each user. The container uses this id to identify the particular
user

Servlet API provides Session management through HttpSession interface. We can get session
from HttpServletRequest object using following methods.

HttpSession allows us to set objects as attributes that can be retrieved in future requests.

1. HttpSession getSession() –

This method always returns a HttpSession object. It returns the session object attached
with the request, if the request has no session attached, then it creates a new session and
return it.

2. HttpSession getSession(boolean flag) –

This method returns HttpSession object if request has session else it returns null.

Methods of HttpSession interface

1. public String getId():

Returns a string containing the unique identifier value.

2. public long getCreationTime():

Returns the time when this session was created, measured in milliseconds since
midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.

3. public long getLastAccessedTime():

Returns the last time the client sent a request associated with this session, as the number
of milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.

4. int getMaxInactiveInterval():

Returns maximum inactive interval time in seconds as an int value. Inactive interval
indicates the period which the client does not do any activity on the site like adding or
deleting etc. That is, this much time in seconds, the server does not close the session
even if the client does not interact with the site.

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5. void setMaxInactiveInterval(int seconds):

The inactive interval can be set by the Programmer with this method.

6. public void invalidate():

Invalidates this session then unbinds any objects bound to it.

7. void setAttribute(String name, Object value):

Binds an object to this session, using the name str. If an object of the same name is
already bound to the session, the object is replaced. str is treated as the key and value as
obj. The setAttribute() method takes always key/value pairs where key is always a
string and value can be an object of any Java class. With this method, the Programmer
can store session data with the session object.

8. Object getAttribute(String name):

Returns the object attached to the session on the name str which is set earlier with
setAttribute() method.

9. void removeAttribute(String name):

Removes the object attached with session object with the name str. If the session does
not have an object bound with the specified name, this method does nothing.

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Servlet HttpSession Login and Logout Example:

We can bind the objects on HttpSession instance and get the objects by using setAttribute and
getAttribute methods.

Real world login and logout application without using database code

Index.html:

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>

<head>
<metacharset="ISO-8859-1">
<title>Servlet Login Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Login App using HttpSession</h1>
<ahref="Login.html">Login</a>|
<ahref="logout">Logout</a>|
<ahref="profile">Profile</a>
</body>

</html>

WebLink.html:

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<ahref="Login.html">Login</a> |
<ahref="logout">Logout</a> |
<ahref="profile">Profile</a>

<hr>

<formaction="login"method="post">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="uid"><br>
Password:<inputtype="password"name="pwd"><br>
<inputtype="submit"value="login">

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</form>

Web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>LoginServlet</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>logout</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>LogoutServlet</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>logout</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/logout</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

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<servlet-name>profile</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>ProfileServlet</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>profile</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/profile</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>

<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>

</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

LoginServlet.java:

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
publicclassLoginServletextends HttpServlet
{
protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
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PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();

RequestDispatcher linkRequestDispatcher =
request.getRequestDispatcher("WebLink.html");

linkRequestDispatcher.include(request, response);

String userName=request.getParameter("uid");
String userPassword=request.getParameter("pwd");

if(userName.equals("MNRAO")&&userPassword.equals("java"))
{
out.print("Welcome, "+userName);
HttpSession session=request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("uid",userName);
}
else
{
out.print("Sorry, username or password error!");

RequestDispatcher loginRequestDispatcher =
request.getRequestDispatcher("Login.html");

loginRequestDispatcher.include(request, response);
}
out.close();
}

LogoutServlet.java:

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

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import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
publicclassLogoutServletextends HttpServlet
{
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();

RequestDispatcher
loginRequestDispatcher=request.getRequestDispatcher("WebLink.html");

loginRequestDispatcher.include(request, response);

HttpSession session=request.getSession();
session.invalidate();

out.print("You are successfully logged out!");

out.close();
}
}

ProfileServlet.java:

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
publicclassProfileServletextends HttpServlet
{
protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();

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RequestDispatcher
linkRequestDispatcher=request.getRequestDispatcher("WebLink.html");

linkRequestDispatcher.include(request, response);

HttpSession session=request.getSession(false);

if(session!=null)
{
String userName=(String)session.getAttribute("uid");

out.print("Hello, "+userName+" Welcome to Profile");

}
else
{
out.print("Please login first");
RequestDispatcher
loginRequestDispatcher=request.getRequestDispatcher("Login.html");
loginRequestDispatcher.include(request, response);

}
out.close();
}
}

http://localhost:8080/vrnda:

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Here :

Click on “Login”

File the form and submit click on “login”

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Click on “Profile”

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Click on Logout:

Cookies in Servlet:

A cookie is a small piece of information that is persisted between the multiple requests of the
client.

Servlet Cookie stores small strings of data. Cookies stay all through the session. Programmer
can store the session data with Cookie object. It is another way of tracking session data.

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Servlet Cookies are created on the server (by Servlet container) and sent to the client’s
browser for temporary storage. The cookies can be sent to and fro between client and server in
their conversation. Client is not aware of the entire process of Cookie management as
everything is done by the server and client is kept completely transparent.

The Cookie object created on the server is attached to response object and sent to client. The
Cookie carries implicitly the client information like name, path, host and connection type etc.
and the combination of this information is used by server to know cookie is coming from
which client.

Cookies are used mainly for tracking different types of client’s information. That is, the Web
server can store data on the client browser in the form of Cookie objects.

Uses of a Servlet Cookie are

1. To store User name and Password

2. To write Shopping cart in e-Commerce application
3. Advertisement on client browser
4. Customization of Web sites etc.

Advantage of Cookies

1. Simplest technique of maintaining the state.

2. Cookies are maintained at client side.

Disadvantage of Cookies

1. It will not work if cookie is disabled from the browser.

2. Only textual information can be set in Cookie object.

How to disable and enable cookies in Mozilla firefox browser :

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Choose how long cookies are allowed to be stored:

 Keep until:
they expire: Each cookie will be removed when it reaches its expiration date, which is
set by the site that sent the cookie.
I close Firefox: The cookies that are stored on your computer will be removed when
Firefox is closed.

There are two types of cookies and they are differentiated on their life span.

1. Session Cookies ( Non – Persistent ) :

Session cookies get expired and deleted from browser when the browser closes,
thereby, they do not carry any expiration time constraint parameter. They are stored
temporarily (just for the usage of session) in the RAM memory.

2. Persistent Cookies:

As the name indicates, they persist long time on the client browser. The time of
expiration can be set programmatically for each Cookie. These Cookies are stored on
hard disk. The Cookie gets deleted automatically when the time or age expires.

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How to create Cookie:

Cookie is a class from javax.servlet.http package to created and handle the cookies :

Public class Cookie extends java.lang.Object implements java.lang.Cloneable

Constructor:

public Cookie(String name, String value):

Constructs a cookie object with the name and value.

Cookie uidCookie= new Cookie("UID", "MNRAO");

Methods of Cookie class:

1) public String getName() : Returns the name of the cookie. it is UID.

2) String getValue(): Returns the value of the cookie. it is MNRAO.

3) void setValue(String newValue): In the previous Cookie, the value set is MNRAO.
If the user would like to modify to new values, this method is useful.

4) public void setComment(String purpose)

5) public String getComment()

6) public void setMaxAge(int expiryTime)  expiryTime in seconds

7) public int getMaxAge():

8) public void setDomain(String domainName):

The domainName indicates the domains (servers) in which the cookie should be made
available. For example, the parameter ("www.gmail.com") is visible to server
www.gmail.com.

9) public String getDomain()

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10) public void setPath(String uri) :

path for the cookie to which the client should return the cookie. General practice is, the
cookie is returned to the same server which sent them.

The cookie is visible to all subpaths or subdirectories on the server. For example, the
path "/finance" makes cookie visible to finance directory and also all its subdirectories.

11) getPath(): Returns the path on the server to which the browser returns the cookie. For
example, /finance.

12) void setSecure(boolean flag):

Dictates how the browser should return the cookie to server. If true, it must be secure
protocol like HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secured) or SSL (Secured Socket
Layer). If this is not set, the default is false indicating general protocol like HHTP.

13) public boolean getSecure():

Returns a boolean value of true if the browser is using a secure protocol to return the
cookie to the server and false indicates browser is using any protocol like HTTP.

14) public int getVersion(): Returns the version of the protocol this cookie is set to work.
Returns 1 if RFC 2109 version is set or 0 when uses Netscape specifications.

15) public void setVersion(int version): Sets the version of the cookie protocol. Set with
1 if RFC 2109 is used and 0 when Netscape cookie specification is used.

16) public Object clone(): Returns a clone copy of the Cookie when the original clone()
method of Object class is overridden.

Creating a Cookie and adding to response Object:

1. Cookie uidCookie = new Cookie("uid", "MNRAO");

2. response.addCookie(uidCookie);

Deleting a Cookie:

1. uidCookie.setMaxAge(0);//changing the maximum age to 0 seconds

2. response.addCookie(uidCookie);

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Reading cookies from the client:

Cookie cookies[]=request.getCookies();

for(int i=0;i<cookies.length;i++)

out.print("<br>"+cookies[i].getName()+" "+cookies[i].getValue);

Example for Session Tracking using Cookie:

Index.html:

<formaction="validate"method="post">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="text"name="pwd"><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="submit">
</form>

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Web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>ValidateServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/validate</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>FirstServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/first</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>Index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

ValidateServlet.java:

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassValidateServlet extends HttpServlet

{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

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String name = request.getParameter("uid");

String pass = request.getParameter("pwd");

if(name.equals("MNRAO") &&pass.equals("1234"))
{
Cookie ck = new Cookie("username",name);
response.addCookie(ck);

response.sendRedirect("first");

}
}
}

FirstServlet.java:

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassFirstServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
Cookie[] cks = request.getCookies();
out.println("Welcome "+cks[0].getValue());
}
}

Using URL Rewriting for Session Management:

If the client has disabled cookies in the browser then session management using cookie wont
work. In that case URL Rewriting can be used as a backup. URL rewriting will always work.

In URL rewriting, a token(parameter) is added at the end of the URL. The token consist of
name/value pair seperated by an equal(=) sign.

For Example:

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When the User clicks on the URL having parameters, the request goes to the Web Container
with extra bit of information at the end of URL. The Web Container will fetch the extra part
of the requested URL and use it for session management.

The getParameter() method is used to get the parameter value at the server side.

Example for using URL rewriting:

Index.html:

<formaction="validate"method="post">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="text"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="submit"/>
</form>

Web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>ValidateServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>

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<url-pattern>/validate</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>FirstServle</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/first</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>Index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

ValidateServlet:

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassValidateServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
String name = request.getParameter("uid");
String pass = request.getParameter("pwd");

if(name.equals("MNRAO") &&pass.equals("1234"))
{
response.sendRedirect("first?user_id="+name+"");
}
}
}

FirstServlet.java:

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import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassFirstServletextends HttpServlet {

protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String user = request.getParameter("user_uid");
out.println("Welcome "+user);
}
}

Using Hidden Form Field for Session Management

Hidden form field can also be used to store session information for a particular client. In case
of hidden form field a hidden field is used to store client state. In this case user information is
stored in hidden field value and retrieved from another servlet.

Advantages :

 Does not have to depend on browser whether the cookie is disabled or not.
 Inserting a simple HTML Input field of type hidden is required. Hence, its easier to
implement

Disadvantage :

 Extra form submission is required on every page. This is a big overhead.

Exmple for usage of Hidden Form Field for Session

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Index.htmL:

<formmethod="post"action="validate">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="hidden"name="pwd"value=”abc”><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="submit">
</form>

Web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>second</servlet-name>

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<servlet-class>SecondServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>second</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/second</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

FirstServlet.java:

publicclassFirstServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

//getting value submitted in form from HTML file

String user = request.getParameter("uid");

//creating a new hidden form field

out.println("<form action='second'>");
out.println("<input type='hidden' name='user_id' value='"+user+"'>");
out.println("<input type='submit' value='submit' >");

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out.println("</form>");
}
}

SecondServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassSecondServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

//getting parameter from the hidden field

String user = request.getParameter("user_id");
out.println("Welcome "+user);
}
}

Event and Listener in Servlet:

Events are basically occurrence of something.

Changing the state of an object is known as an event.

We can perform some important tasks at the occurrence of these exceptions, such as counting
total and current logged-in users, creating database connection object etc.

Event classes and Listener interfaces are from the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages.

Event classes

1. ServletContextEvent
2. ServletContextAttributeEvent
3. HttpSessionEvent
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4. HttpSessionBindingEvent
5. ServletRequestEvent
6. ServletRequestAttributeEvent

Listener interfaces

1. ServletContextListener
2. ServletContextAttributeListener
3. HttpSessionListener
4. HttpSessionBindingListener
5. HttpSessionAttributeListener
6. HttpSessionActivationListener
7. ServletRequestListener
8. ServletRequestAttributeListener

Constructor of ServletContextEvent class

public ServletContextEvent(ServletContext sc)

Method of ServletContextEvent class:

public ServletContext getServletContext(): returns the instance of ServletContext.

Methods of ServletContextListener interface:

1. public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent e): is invoked when application

is deployed on the server.
2. public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent e): is invoked when application
is undeployed from the server.

Example of ServletContextEvent and ServletContextListener

AppContextListener.java:

import javax.servlet.*;

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import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

publicclass AppContextListener implements ServletContextListener

{
publicvoid contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event)
{

try
{

ServletContext context = event.getServletContext();

String tomcatHome = System.getenv("CATALINA_HOME");

String logFilePath = tomcatHome;

System.out.println("Log location : "+logFilePath);

File outputFile = new File(logFilePath+"/Success_Log.txt");

FileWriter fout = new FileWriter(outputFile,true);

String contextPath = context.getContextPath();

DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yy HH:mm:ss");

Date dateobj = new Date();
String currentTime = df.format(dateobj);

fout.write("Deployed the Project "+contextPath+" at Time : "+currentTime);

fout.close();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

publicvoid contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event)

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try
{

ServletContext context = event.getServletContext();

String tomcatHome = System.getenv("CATALINA_HOME");

String logFilePath = tomcatHome;

System.out.println("Log location : "+logFilePath);

File outputFile = new File(logFilePath+"/Success_Log.txt");

FileWriter fout = new FileWriter(outputFile,true);

String contextPath = context.getContextPath();

DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yy HH:mm:ss");

Date dateobj = new Date();
String currentTime = df.format(dateobj);

fout.write("Un Deployed the Project "+contextPath+" at Time : "+currentTime);

fout.close();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

Web.xml:

<web-app>

<listener>
<listener-class>AppContextListener</listener-class>

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</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/validate</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>First</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/First</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>Index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

ServletContextAttributeEvent:

Implementation of ServletContextAttributeListener interface, receive notifications of changes

to the attribute list on the servlet context of a web application.

Methods of ServletContextAttributeListener:

1) public void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent e)

notification that a new attribute was added to the context.

2) Public void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent e)

notification that an existing attribute was removed from
the context.

3) Public void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent e)

notification that an attribute was replaced on the context.

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Example:

import javax.servlet.*;
publicclass AppContextAttributeListener implements
ServletContextAttributeListener
{

@Override
publicvoid attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent event)
{
// TODO Auto-generated method stub

String attributeName = event.getName();

Object attributeValue = event.getValue();
System.out.println("attribute added");
System.out.println(" Name : "+attributeName);
System.out.println(" Value : "+attributeValue);

@Override
publicvoid attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent event)
{
String attributeName = event.getName();
Object attributeValue = event.getValue();
System.out.println("attribute removed");
System.out.println(" Name : "+attributeName);
System.out.println(" Value : "+attributeValue);

@Override
publicvoid attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent event)
{

String attributeName = event.getName();

Object attributeValue = event.getValue();
System.out.println("attribute vale Replaced");
System.out.println(" Name : "+attributeName);
System.out.println(" Value : "+attributeValue);

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Web.xml:

<web-app>

<listener>
<listener-class>AppContextListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<listener>
<listener-class>AppContextAttributeListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/validate</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>First</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/First</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>Index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

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HttpSessionListener:

1) publicvoid sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent sessionEvent)

2) publicvoid sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent sessionEvent)

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionEvent;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionListener;
publicclass AppClentSessionListener implements HttpSessionListener
{

@Override
publicvoid sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent sessionEvent)
{
System.out.println("Session Created:: ID="+sessionEvent.getSession().getId());

@Override
publicvoid sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent sessionEvent)
{
System.out.println("Session Destroyed:
ID="+sessionEvent.getSession().getId());

Web.xml:

<web-app>

<listener>
<listener-class>AppContextListener</listener-class>
</listener>

<listener>
<listener-class>AppContextAttributeListener </listener-class>
</listener>

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<listener>
<listener-class> AppClentSessionListener</listener-class>
</listener>

<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>validate</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/validate</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>First</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/First</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>Index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

HttpSessionAttributeListener:

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionAttributeListener;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingEvent;

publicclass AppClientSessionAtributeListener implements

HttpSessionAttributeListener
{

@Override
publicvoid attributeAdded(HttpSessionBindingEvent sessionAttributeEvent)
{

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String sessionId = sessionAttributeEvent.getSession().getId();

System.out.println("Attribute added to session Id : "+sessionId);
String name = sessionAttributeEvent.getName();
String value = (String) sessionAttributeEvent.getValue();
System.out.println("name :"+name);
System.out.println("value :"+value);
}

@Override
publicvoid attributeRemoved(HttpSessionBindingEvent sessionAttributeEvent)
{
String sessionId = sessionAttributeEvent.getSession().getId();
System.out.println("Attribute removed from session Id : "+sessionId);
String name = sessionAttributeEvent.getName();
String value = (String) sessionAttributeEvent.getValue();
System.out.println("name :"+name);
System.out.println("value :"+value);

@Override
publicvoid attributeReplaced(HttpSessionBindingEvent sessionAttributeEvent)
{
String sessionId = sessionAttributeEvent.getSession().getId();
System.out.println("Attribute replaced in session Id : "+sessionId);
String name = sessionAttributeEvent.getName();
String value = (String) sessionAttributeEvent.getValue();
System.out.println("name :"+name);
System.out.println("value :"+value);

Web.xml:

<web-app>

<listener>
<listener-class>AppContextListener</listener-class>
</listener>

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<listener-class>AppContextAttributeListener </listener-class>
</listener>
<servlet>

<listener>
<listener-class> AppClentSessionListener</listener-class>
</listener>

<listener>
<listener-class> AppClientSessionAtributeListener</listener-class>
</listener>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>First</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>First</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/First</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>Index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

HttpSessionBindingListener:

The HttpSessionBindingListener interface is implemented when an object needs to be notified

if it's being bound to a session or unbound from a session.
Objects implement this interface so that they can be notified when they are being bound or
unbound from a HttpSession.

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HttpSessionBindingEvent communicates the event and identifies the session into which the
object is bound. Similarly, when an unbinding occurs (using HttpSession.removeAttribute())
HttpSessionBindingEvent communicates the event and identifies the session from which the
object is unbound.

Note, this listener will not be declared in the deployment descriptor as the same as
HttpSessionActivationListener interface. The container at runtime will introspect this object to
see if it implements the HttpSessionActivationListener and/or HttpSessionBindingListener and
fires appropriate events to the object.

These methods have a HttpSessionBindingEvent parameter that can be used to retrieve the
session that the object was bound to and the name it was given in the session.

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingEvent;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingListener;

publicclass AppClientSessionBindingListener implements

HttpSessionBindingListener
{

@Override
publicvoid valueBound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event)
{
System.out.println("Value Bounded to session");
String name = event.getName();
Object value = event.getValue();
System.out.println("name : "+name);
System.out.println("value : "+value);

@Override
publicvoid valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event)
{
System.out.println("Value UnBounded to session");
String name = event.getName();
Object value = event.getValue();
System.out.println("name : "+name);
System.out.println("value : "+value);

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ServletRequestListener:

ServletRequestEvent class gives notification about lifecycle events for a ServletRequest. The
source of the event is the ServletContext of the web application. ServletRequestListener
receives the notifications generated by ServletRequestEvent and performs some specified tasks
based on them.

void requestDestroyed(ServletRequestEvent event) :

is invoked when request is about to go out of scope of the web
application..

void requestInitialized(ServletRequestEvent event):

is invoked when request is about to come into scope of

the web application.

As the name suggests these methods will be called when request is initialized and when it is
destroyed, hence we can use them for various purposes, like variable cleanup when request is
destroyed, or performing some initial checks when request is received etc.

import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequestEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequestListener;

publicclass AppClientServletRequestListener implements ServletRequestListener

{

@Override
publicvoid requestDestroyed(ServletRequestEvent event)
{
ServletRequest servletRequest = event.getServletRequest();
System.out.println("ServletRequest destroyed. Remote
IP="+servletRequest.getRemoteAddr());

@Override
publicvoid requestInitialized(ServletRequestEvent event)

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{
ServletRequest servletRequest = event.getServletRequest();
System.out.println("ServletRequest Initialized. Remote
IP="+servletRequest.getRemoteAddr());

ServletRequestAttributeListener:

This interface is used for receiving notification events about ServletRequest attribute changes.
Notifications will be generated while the request is within the scope of the web application in
which the listener is registered. A ServletRequest has a very short lifespan. It only lives when it
enters the first servlet or filter and is destroyed when it reaches the last servlet or filter. The
ServletRequestAttributeListener can be registerd by @WebListener annotation, adding the
listener to the servlet descriptor or programmatically adding a listener with .addListener() to
the servlet context. In this example we use the @WebListener annotation.

This interface lets us listen to the following events, the names speak for themselves.

 attributeAdded()
 attributeRemoved()
 attributeReplaced()

To register a listener we can add the @WebListener, define the listener in the servlet descriptor
(web.xml) or programatigally add it to the servlet context. In this example we choose to add
the listener through the @WebListener annotation.

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebListener;

@WebListener
publicclassAppClientServletRequestAttribute implements
ServletRequestAttributeListener
{

@Override
publicvoid attributeAdded(ServletRequestAttributeEvent event)
{
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System.out.println("attribute was added");

System.out.println("name :"+event.getName());

System.out.println( "value: " + event.getValue());

}

@Override
publicvoid attributeRemoved(ServletRequestAttributeEvent event)
{
System.out.println("attribute was removed");
System.out.println("name :"+event.getName());
System.out.println( "value: " + event.getValue());
}

@Override
publicvoid attributeReplaced(ServletRequestAttributeEvent event)
{
System.out.println("attribute was replaced");
System.out.println("name :"+event.getName());
System.out.println( "value: " + event.getValue());
}

<web-app>

<listener>
<listener-class>AppClientServletRequestAttribute</listener-class>
</listener>

</web-app>

How does it work

Every time an ServletRequest attribute is added, replaced or removed the corresponding

method is invoked. This allows us to track changes to certain attributes in our ServletRequest.

File Handling:

Servlet Read text file and Return contents Example :

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Sometimes, the client may ask the Servlet to send the file contents of a file existing on the
server. It is not file download. Here, the Servlet reads manually line-by-line and send each line
separately to client. Read Servlet Read text file.

TextFileSend.html:

<BODY>
<H2> Getting File contents from the Server </H2>
<FORMACTION="file"METHOD="get">

Enter File Name <INPUTTYPE="text"NAME="filename"><BR>

<INPUTTYPE="submit"VALUE="Send Me">
<INPUTTYPE="reset"VALUE="Clear">

</FORM>

</BODY>

web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>file</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>TextFileSendServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>file</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/file</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;

publicclassTextFileSendServletextends HttpServlet
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{
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException,
IOException
{
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = res.getWriter();

String filePath = req.getParameter("filename");

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filePath));

String str;
while( (str = br.readLine()) != null )
{
pw.println(str + "<BR>");
}

br.close();
pw.close();
}
}

Servlet Filters:

Filters are compontents that you can use and configure to perform some filtering tasks.

Filter is used for pre-processing of requests and post-processing of responses.

We can have any number of filters for pre-processing of a request and post-processing of a
response.

Filters are configured in the deployment descriptor of a web application.

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How Filters Works?

 When a request reaches the Web Container, it checks if any filter has URL patterns
that matches the requested URL.
 The Web Container locates the first filter with a matching URL pattern and filter's
code is executed.
 If another filter has a matching URL pattern, its code is then executed. This continues
until there are no filters with matching URL patterns left.
 If no error occurs, the request passes to the target servlet. Hence we know, that the
request will be passed to the target servlet only when all the related Filters are
successfully executed.
 The servlet returns the response back to its caller. The last filter that was applied to the
request is the first filter applied to the response.
 At last the response will be passed to the Web Container which passes it to the client.

Filter API is part of Servlet API. Filter interface is found in the javax.servlet package.

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For creating a filter, we must implement Filter interface. Filter interface gives the
following life cycle methods for a filter:

1) void init(FilterConfig filterConfig):

invoked by the web container to indicate to a filter that it is being placed into
service.

2) void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain

chain):
invoked by the container each time a request/response pair is passed through the
chain due to a client request for a resource at the end of the chain.

3) void destroy():
invoked by the web container to indicate to a filter that it is being taken
out of service

What is FilterChain Interface?

FilterChain object is used to invoke the next filter in the chain, or if the calling filter is the last
filter in the chain then the resource at the end of the chain invoked. The resources at the end of
Filter chain can either be a target Servlet(in case of request flow) or the Client(in case of
response flow) as described in the diagram above.

Declaring a Filter inside Deployment Descriptor

<web-app>

<filter>
<filter-name>file</filter-name>
<filter-class>MyFilter</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>file</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/file</url-pattern>
(or)
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
</filter-mapping>

</web-app>

Example demonstrating Filter usage:

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In this example we are using Filter to authenticate(check correct username and password).
Here index.html will ask username and password from the user, MyFilter will validate the
password entered by the user, if the user has entered "1234" as password, then he will be
forwarded to first servlet else the index.html will be shown again to the user.

This is exactly what we used to do earlier using two servlet classes earlier, one for validation
and the other to Welcome the user. Now we will insert a Filter for validating the user.

Index.html:
<formaction="first"method="post">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="uid"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="text"name="pwd"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="submit"/>
</form>

Web.xml:

<web-app>
<filter>
<filter-name>MyFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>MyFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
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<filter-name>MyFilter</filter-name>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
</filter-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>FirstServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>first</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/first</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;

publicclass MyFilter implements Filter

{

publicvoid init(FilterConfig fc) throws ServletException

{ }

publicvoid doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,

FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException
{
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String pass = request.getParameter("pwd");
if(pass.equals("1234"))
{
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
else
{
out.println("You have enter a wrong password");
RequestDispatcher rs = request.getRequestDispatcher("index.html");
rs.include(request, response);
}
}
publicvoid destroy()
{ }

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FirstServlet.java:

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassFirstServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String user = request.getParameter("uid");
out.println("Wellcome "+user);
}
}

Some Important Examples:

Registration form in Servlet

In this example you will see how to develop a registration form in Servlet. To develop a
registration form you will need to connect your servlet application with database. Here we are
using MySQL database.

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Create a Table in your Database:

create table Student ( name varchar(60),
email varchar(60),
pass varchar(100)
);
Index.html:

<html>
<head>
<title>Register form</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="register"method="post">
Name:<inputtype="text"name="name"/><br/>
Email ID:<inputtype="text"name="email"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="text"name="pass"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

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RegisterServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.sql.*;

publicclassRegisterServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String name = request.getParameter("name");

String email = request.getParameter("email");
String pass = request.getParameter("pass");
try
{

//loading drivers for mysql

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//creating connection with the database

Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test","root","hadoop");

PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement
("insert into Student values(?,?,?)");

ps.setString(1, name);
ps.setString(2, email);
ps.setString(3, pass);
inti=ps.executeUpdate();

if(i>0)
{
out.println("You are sucessfully registered");
}

}
catch(Exception se)
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{
se.printStackTrace();
}

}
}

Web.xml:

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-appversion="3.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-
instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">

<servlet>
<servlet-name>register</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>RegisterServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>register</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/register</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

Login System in Servlet

In this example we will show you how to develop a login form using servlet. Here we are using
MySql database. List of file to be created are:

 index.html
 LoginServlet.java
 Validate.java
 WelcomeSevlet.java
 web.xml

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To try this application you will need to create a table in your database and enter some record
into it.

index.html
<html>
<head>
<title>login form</title>
</head>
<body>
<formaction="login"method="post">
Email ID:<inputtype="text"name="email"/><br/>
Password:<inputtype="text"name="pass"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="login"/>
</form>
</body>

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</html>

LoginServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassLoginServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String email = request.getParameter("email");

String pass = request.getParameter("pass");

if(Validate.checkUser(email, pass))
{
RequestDispatcher rs = request.getRequestDispatcher("Welcome");
rs.forward(request, response);
}
else
{
out.println("Username or Password incorrect");
RequestDispatcher rs = request.getRequestDispatcher("index.html");
rs.include(request, response);
}
}
}

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Validate.java:

import java.sql.*;

publicclassValidate
{
publicstaticboolean checkUser(String email,String pass)
{
booleanvalidity =false;
try
{

//loading drivers for mysql

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//creating connection with the database

Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test","root","hadoop");
PreparedStatement ps =con.prepareStatement
("select * from register where email=? and pass=?");
ps.setString(1, email);
ps.setString(2, pass);
ResultSet rs =ps.executeQuery();
validity = rs.next();

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
returnvalidity;
}
}

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WelcomeServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassWelcomeServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("Welcome user");
}
}

Web.xml:

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-
appversion="3.0"xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/20
01/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">

<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>LoginServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>welcome</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>WelcomeServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>

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<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>welcome</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/welcome</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

Email Sending using Servlet

In this example we will see how to send an email in Servlet application. We will be using the
JavaMail API that provides all the classes required for sending an email. JavaMail API
encapsulates two important packages javax.mail and javax.mail.internet. These packages
provide classes that can be used to send and recieve simple emails. You simply need an
Internet connection to send email using this simple Application.

Following are the names of Files to be created :

 index.html will get the input from user

 MailApp.java servlet file will control the request and response. It will invoke send() of
SendMail class that we have created to send the mail.
 SendMail.java, a java class that contains method to send mail.

index.html
<formaction="mail"method="post">
To:<inputtype="text"name="to"/><br/>
Subject:<inputtype="text"name="subject"/><br/>
Message:<inputtype="text"name="message"/><br/>
Your Email id:<inputtype="text"name="user"><br/>
Password :<inputtype="password"name="pass"/><br/>
<inputtype="submit"value="send"/>
</form>

MailAppServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
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import javax.servlet.http.*;

publicclassMailAppServletextends HttpServlet
{

protectedvoid doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String to = request.getParameter("to");
String subject = request.getParameter("subject");
String message = request.getParameter("message");
String user = request.getParameter("user");
String pass = request.getParameter("pass");
SendMail.send(to,subject, message, user, pass);
out.println("Mail send successfully");
}
}

SendMail.java:

import java.util.*;
import javax.mail.*;
import javax.mail.internet.*;

publicclass SendMail
{
publicstaticvoid send(String to, String sub,
String msg, final String user,final String pass)
{
//create an instance of Properties Class
Properties props = new Properties();

/* Specifies the IP address of your default mail server

for e.g if you are using gmail server as an email sever
you will pass smtp.gmail.com as value of mail.smtp host.
As shown here in the code.
Change accordingly, if your email id is not a gmail id
*/
props.put("mail.smtp.host", "smtp.gmail.com");
//below mentioned mail.smtp.port is optional
props.put("mail.smtp.port", "27");

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props.put("mail.smtp.auth", "true");
props.put("mail.smtp.starttls.enable", "true");

/* Pass Properties object(props) and Authenticator object

for authentication to Session instance
*/

Session session = Session.getInstance(props,new javax.mail.Authenticator()

{
protected PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication()
{
returnnew PasswordAuthentication(user,pass);
}
});

try
{

/* Create an instance of MimeMessage,

it accept MIME types and headers
*/

MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session);

message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(user));
message.addRecipient(Message.RecipientType.TO,new InternetAddress(to));
message.setSubject(sub);
message.setText(msg);

/* Transport class is used to deliver the message to the recipients */

Transport.send(message);

}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Web.xml:

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>

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<web-
appversion="3.0"xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/20
01/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">

<servlet>
<servlet-name>mail</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MailAppServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>mail</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/mail</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

Improving Servlet performance to fetch records from database

In this example, we are going to improve the performance of web application to fetch records
from the database. To serve this, we are storing the data of the table in a collection, and reusing
this collection in our servlet. So, we are not directly hitting the database again and again. By
this, we are improving the performance.

To run this application, you need to create following table with some records.

CREATE TABLE "CSUSER" ( "USERID" NUMBER,

"USERNAME" VARCHAR2(4000),

"USERPASS" VARCHAR2(4000),

"USEREMAIL" VARCHAR2(4000),

"USERCOUNTRY" VARCHAR2(4000),

"CONTACT" NUMBER,
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CONSTRAINT "CSUSER_PK" PRIMARY KEY ("USERID") ENABLE

Example to Improve the performance of servlet to fetch records from database

In this example, we have created 6 pages.

1. index.html
2. User.java
3. MyListener.java
4. MyServlet1.java
5. MyServlet2.java
6. web.xml

1) index.html:
<ahref="servlet1">first servlet</a>|
<ahref="servlet2">second servlet</a>

2) User.java

publicclass User
{
privateintid;
private String name;
private Stringpassword;

publicint getId()
{
returnid;
}
publicvoid setId(intid) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
returnname;
}
publicvoid setName(String name) {

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this.name = name;
}
public String getPassword() {
returnpassword;
}
publicvoid setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}

3) MyContextListener.java

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;

publicclass MyContextListener implements ServletContextListener{

publicvoid contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent e) {

ArrayList <User>list=new ArrayList<User>();

try{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");

PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from csuser");

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ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
User u=new User();
u.setId(rs.getInt(1));

u.setName(rs.getString(2));
u.setPassword(rs.getString(3));
list.add(u);
}
con.close();

}
catch(Exception ex){System.out.print(ex);}

//storing the ArrayList object in ServletContext

ServletContext context=e.getServletContext();
context.setAttribute("data",list);

}
publicvoid contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent arg0) {
System.out.println("project undeployed...");
}

4) MyServlet1.java

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

publicclassMyServlet1extends HttpServlet
{
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)throws ServletException, IOException
{

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response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

longbefore=System.currentTimeMillis();

ServletContext context=getServletContext();
Listlist=(List)context.getAttribute("data");

Iteratoritr=list.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext()){
User u=(User)itr.next();
out.print("<br>"+u.getId()+" "+u.getName()+" "+u.getPassword());
}

longafter=System.currentTimeMillis();
out.print("<br>total time :"+(after-before));

out.close();
}

5) MyServlet2.java:

It is same as MyServlet1. This servlet gets the information from the servlet context object and
prints it.

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

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publicclassMyServlet2extends HttpServlet {
publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequestrequest, HttpServletResponse
response)throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

longbefore=System.currentTimeMillis();

ServletContext context=getServletContext();
Listlist=(List)context.getAttribute("data");

Iteratoritr=list.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext()){
User u=(User)itr.next();
out.print("<br>"+u.getId()+" "+u.getName()+" "+u.getPassword());
}

longafter=System.currentTimeMillis();
out.print("<br>total time :"+(after-before));

out.close();
}

6) web.xml:

Here we are containing the information about servlets and listener.

<web-appversion="2.5"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">

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<listener-class>MyListener</listener-class>
</listener>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>MyServlet1</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet1</servlet-class>

</servlet>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>MyServlet2</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet2</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MyServlet1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MyServlet2</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

Example to display image using Servlet

In this example, we are using FileInputStream class to read image and ServletOutputStream
class for writing this image content as a response. To make the performance faster, we have
used BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream class.

You need to use the content type image/jpeg.

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In this example, we are assuming that you have java.jpg image inside the c:\test directory. You
may change the location accordingly.

To create this application, we have created three files:

1. index.html
2. DisplayImage.java
3. web.xml

index.html:

<a href="servlet1">click for photo</a>

DisplayImage.java

This servlet class reads the image from the mentioned directory and writes the content in the
response object using ServletOutputStream and BufferedOutputStream classes.

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
publicclassDisplayImageextends HttpServlet {

publicvoid doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

throws IOException
{
response.setContentType("image/jpeg");
ServletOutputStream out;
out = response.getOutputStream();
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream("c:\\test\\myphoto.jpg");

BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(fin);

BufferedOutputStream bout = new BufferedOutputStream(out);

intch =0; ;
while((ch=bin.read())!=-1)
{
bout.write(ch);
}

bin.close();
fin.close();
bout.close();

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out.close();
}
}

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