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Project Planning and Management Using Building Information Modeling

(BIM)

Conference Paper · September 2018

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13th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, 12-14 September 2018, Izmir/TURKEY

Project Planning and Management Using Building Information

Modeling (BIM)

R. R. Politi1, E. Aktaş1, M. E. İlal2

1
Department of Civil Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
2
Department of Architecture, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey

Abstract
Today, in construction practice, implementation of effective construction management techniques and tools is
becoming essential, especially as the scale of the projects increases. While the search for techniques and tools for
better coping with complexity will never end, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has recently emerged as an
approach that achieves considerable improvement in efficiently handling complexity.
BIM is able to provide a digital visualization of a building or structure in 3D. The necessary geometric data is
modeled but more importantly all semantic data associated with the project (function of the element, material
properties, construction details, schedules, etc.) is stored with the model. The intent is to have a single model of
the project for all stakeholders over all phases of the project.
In this study, the main challenges within the current practice of project management are analyzed and what BIM-
based project management has to offer to those challenges have been discussed. A case study is presented to
validate the advantages and the use of the computer aided programs for nD BIM during the construction phase.
The paper explores how BIM method can be applied to project management and how information can be
collected to build a BIM model. The advantages of BIM-based scheduling (4D), cost estimation (5D),
sustainability (6D) and facility management (7D) in the scope of project management is discussed. A case study
is given to validate the use of the computer aided programs for nD BIM during the construction phase.

Keywords: project management, building information modeling, nD BIM

1 Introduction
In the construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a requirement to manage
projects more effectively. Contractors have seen the benefits of BIM and want to adopt this process for
managing their projects (Blažević et al., 2014).

BIM is able to provide a digital visualization in 3D, but more importantly BIM systems store, besides geometric
data, all necessary semantic data (function of the element, material properties, construction details, schedules,
etc.) in the model. Moreover, it is a single model of the project for all stakeholders over all phases of the project.
The benefits of the BIM technology begin at the conceptual design stage and cover the entire lifecycle (Abdirad,
2015). BIM establishes a collaboration process in the design and construction industry which gathers all project
management skills around the same model (Bagdonas, 2014).

This paper endeavors to design an effective structure in accordance with the design specifications of BIM. For
this reason this study aims to clarify how BIM method can be advantageous in project management and how
information can be collected to establish BIM-based scheduling (4D), cost estimation (5D), sustainability (6D)
and facility management (7D).

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2 Background
Project Management knowledge areas show variety as scope management, time management, cost management,
quality management, human resource management, communications management, risk management and
procurement management (PMBOK Guide, 2000). Each project contains a level of uncertainty according to
these management areas mentioned above. The challenge lies in managing these uncertainties without missing
anything. The concepts underpinning BIM were first introduced by Eastman in the mid 1970s with the "Building
Description System (BDS)" prototype. After Eastman's paper, the development of BDS continued in different
places around the world with different descriptions. USA based efforts mentioned "Building Product Models"
and European efforts investigated "Product Information Models" during the 1970s and 1980s. First documented
use of the term "Building Modeling" in the sense we use today was by Robert Aish in 1986. Van Nederveen and
Tolman were first to use "Building Information Model" in their articles in 1992 and Jerry Laiserin was the first
to use and popularize the term "BIM" (Eastman et al., 2008; Quirk, 2012).

To create a successful project management system, the important thing is the accessibility to information at the
right time. It helps project professionals to make better decisions when needed (Aðalsteinsson, 2014). Project
professional groups can be counted as contractors, architects, engineers and project managers which have
important roles in construction (Elmualim and Gilder, 2013). Project management process is divided into four
basic phases as initiating, planning, executing - controlling and closing (PMBOK Guide, 2000). In each phase,
project manager and other professionals have roles to play and have a lot of uncertainty to deal with. For this
reason, using computer aided systems helps professionals cope with the responsibilities and improves
collaboration (Elmualim and Gilder, 2013, Aðalsteinsson, 2014). Construction project stages are Planning,
Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance (Azhar et al., 2012; Bloomberg et al., 2012). Planning stage
allows making analysis and programming of the project. At this stage, the regulations and legislations are
collected and feasibility analyses are done (Azhar et al., 2012). Design stage involves site analysis, 3D
presentation, design coordination, cost estimation, energy simulation and clash detection with the aid of BIM
models (Cao et al., 2015). It can be divided into three detailed sections: Schematic Design where options are
analyzed, Detailed Design where 3D models including details for structural, mechanical, electrical systems are
completed, and Construction Detailing where scheduling (4D) and cost estimations (5D) are done to provide an
insight for construction stage (Azhar et al., 2012). Construction stage consists of construction system design,
schedule simulation, quantity take-off, site resource management and fabrication to carry out the activities
planned during the planning stage. Operation and management stages include the management of the jobsite.
(Azhar et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2015).

The advantages of BIM technology are acceleration of project completion, accessibility to different phases,
better coordination and control (Alizadehsalehi et al., 2015), better visualization, integrated energy analysis,
simpler clash detection, effective collaboration through cloud access, robust data collection, data enrichment,
object oriented and smart models (Aðalsteinsson, 2014), and decreased overall cost (Azhar and Brown, 2009).
BIM promises to increase accuracy, improve efficiency and simplify management of projects. On the other hand,
BIM also has risks and barriers such as lack of standardization, legal and contractual risks, and lack of skilled
personnel (Abdirad, 2015). Moreover, lack of interoperability is still an issue. While most data transfer issues
can be handled by using Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format, many applications still do not fully support
the standard (Aram et al., 2013).

2.1 BIM Process

The main difference between BIM and conventional CAD technology is that BIM technology provides a 3D
model of the building from which plans, sections and elevations are automatically generated. It is very easy to
change or edit a component since all views are updated automatically. Also the model includes data and creates
smart objects which have physical and functional characteristics (Azhar et al., 2012). Thus BIM is able to hold
all necessary data and provides a platform for information management for the whole project during the life
cycle, reducing time, costs and delays (Brokaw and Mukherjee, 2012). How BIM affects various stages in the
project life cycle is examined below.

2.1.1 Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility study is the first starting point of a project and project life cycle. It serves to make a decision if the
project is reasonable or not (PMBOK Guide, 2000). It can be described as an alternative solution pile to choose

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the highest profit and benefit. Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PP)
are commonly used to understand if the project is suitable. According to the nature of the construction projects,
the uncertainty is at the highest level and it causes risks during the construction and operational stages. For this
reason, the risks also must be calculated within the feasibility analysis (Firmansyah et al., 2006). BIM
technology involves whole lifecycle of a construction project from the planning stage to decommissioning of the
building (Dave, 2013). The main performance parameter for this study is the minimization of the cost by
integrating project management and nD models using BIM technology.

2.1.2 3D Modeling

BIM offers high accuracy but only if data is input with the necessary high level of detail into the model. For this
reason, the level of detail in the three dimensional (3D) model is a key factor. Material properties, project
parameters, family parameters, component properties, unit costs and details about suppliers need to be specified
in the model (Aðalsteinsson, 2014). 3D models include geometrical (shape and dimension), topological (space),
structural and additional information. All non-geometric data is called semantic data and is not included in
traditional 2D models (Gimenez et al., 2015).

2.1.3 Clash Detection

Clash detection is done to check the conflicts before the construction stage of the project. With BIM,
considerable time is saved because it can be carried out automatically using the 3D model. More importantly,
with traditional 2D based workflows, many problems are only discovered at the construction site. BIM based
clash detection allows these to be corrected before construction starts, eliminating additional costs and time.
Again, more accurate clash detection requires a higher level of detail in the BIM model (Bagdonas, 2014).

2.1.4 BIM-based Scheduling (4D Model)

Scheduling is directly related with activities integrated in time. At planning stage, during the construction or
monitoring stages, firms use different scheduling methods. Several of the most common methods are Bar Charts,
Gantt Charts or Critical Path Method (CPM). In today's construction world, firms utilize computational tools.
There are several programs which produce schedules and reports (Bagdonas, 2014). BIM allows the building
components in 3D model and tasks in the schedule to be linked and this creates the 4D model. It shows better
visualization of the activities and helps developing a better communication among project professionals (Tsai et
al., 2013). The main advantage of 4D models is the ability they provide to monitor and control the construction
more effectively to save time and reduce the total cost. This model also manages resources and logistics of the
jobsite (Bagdonas 2014). The construction simulation from BIM software (e.g. Navisworks) provides an
important visualization of the 3D model in time during the construction stage (Brokaw and Mukherjee, 2012).
Visualization is enhanced with the change of the color which symbolizes the activity change (Brito and
Ferreirab, 2015).

2.1.5 BIM-based Cost Estimation (5D)

5D model is the integration of cost data into the BIM model (Blažević et al., 2014). Cost estimation is the main
financial parameter for construction projects along with quantity take-off. The important thing to do is to make
quantity take-offs and cost estimations in the preliminary design stage. It creates an outlook before the
construction starts and if the cost is over budget, the design can be changed and revisions can be made. What is
essential is to make these calculations accurately and precisely. Here BIM process is highly advantageous,
because detailed calculations are almost immediate savings of time and effort. BIM generates accurate
calculations if all required data have been included in the model (Bagdonas, 2014). These estimations are done
by giving the unit cost as an input for BIM software for each type of component (Brokaw and Mukherjee, 2012).

2.1.6 Sustainability (6D)

If sustainability analysis is not carried out in the early stages of design, meeting performance requirements
becomes difficult and costly. With using BIM technology, sustainability and performance analysis can be done

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throughout the design stages. Experts from various domains can carry out their analyses concurrently without
disturbing each other. Architects and engineers can run building mass, light or energy analyses, contractors can
be included into the project to control site conditions, logistics or supply chain (Azhar and Brown, 2009). The
main goal of 6D models is the reduction of carbon footprints. Integrating the BIM model with energy analysis
tools allows consideration of energy and carbon targets in design stages. Sustainability analysis does not only
involve energy analysis but also considers water preservation, use of sustainable materials, reduction of material
consumption, and use of recycled materials (Azhar and Brown, 2009; Smith, 2014).

2.1.7 Facility Management (7D)

7D is an integrated BIM model developed for life-cycle facility management (Wang, 2011). The BIM model that
is used during construction serves as the as-built model and is passed on to the operation and maintenance
phases. McArthur (2015) established four main challenges of facility management with integrating BIM. These
challenges are "identify critical information required for sustainable operations", "manage information transfer
between the BIM model and other facility management tools", "manage the level of effort to create the model"
and "handle uncertainty where building documentation is incomplete". The main key factor is to collect and
analyze the data and update the BIM model consistently (McArthur, 2015).

2.2 BIM Execution Plan (BEP)

BIM Execution Plan (BEP) can be defined as a detailed plan of carrying out a construction project using BIM
technologies. It involves execution, monitoring and control steps with respect to BIM technology. This plan is
specific to each project. It defines the goals and uses for utilizing BIM. It is an important plan to manage and
integrate the deliverables of the project. BEP is prepared before the initiation of the project and defines a team,
identifies BIM goals, and BIM uses to achieve the goals, specifies the tools to be utilized, responsibilities of each
team member and collaborator and protocols for information exchange. It also identifies key performance
indicators to track progress. Here, BIM is a tool to achieve the goals (Bloomberg et al., 2012).

3 Case Study

3.1 The Method

To demonstrate how BIM process can be used and its advantages for project management, a case study where
the BIM model of a three-storey building project is used to carry out various tasks. To achieve the goals of this
study, a 3D model which includes a data set of quantities, costs and schedules was developed using an integrated
suite of tools from a single software company. First, the building was modeled using the BIM authoring system.
To conduct Clash Detection for determining the conflicts prior to construction, the model was exported to project
review software. BIM-based Scheduling (4D Model) was prepared using a spreadsheet and linked to the project
review software to set a Gantt chart. The quantity take-off schedules and cost estimation (5D) were also
prepared. Energy analysis was conducted using the authoring system’s integrated tools (6D - Sustainability
analysis). The effectiveness of BIM approach in terms of Structural Analysis was investigated by linking the
BIM system with a structural analysis software. To achieve the goals of this study, the project is carried out in
phases and the important details of each phase and related software are listed in Table 1 which shows the main
phases.

Following the methodology, the 3D model was developed using Autodesk Revit. To conduct Clash Detection,
the Revit model was exported to Navisworks. Work schedule was prepared in Excel and linked to Naviswork to
set a Gantt chart. The quantity take-off schedules were prepared automatically in Revit and were exported to
Excel. To perform the structural analysis, Revit model was linked to Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis.

3.2 Project Phases

3.2.1 3D Modeling

A three storey building project was evaluated for the purpose of the study. First, the architectural model was
created using Revit. The information about the project was stored with the model. The structural frame created

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on Floor Plan and 3D model was automatically built. After the creation of architectural columns, floors, walls,
stairs, railings, windows, doors and roof; the structural model was completed with the addition of foundation and
reinforcement details. The schedules for either model were generated and sheets were prepared by adding details
of the model. Figure 1 shows the 3D Model of the building in Autodesk Revit. Figure 1a is the architectural
model and Figure 1b is the structural model. Figure 1c demonstrates a detail about structural model as
reinforcement visualization.

Table 1. Project steps

Project Phase Detail Related Software

Develop a 3D Model which includes a
3D Modeling data set of quantities, costs and schedules Autodesk Revit
(Bloomberg et al., 2012).
To determine the conflicts prior the
construction stage (Bloomberg et al.,
Autodesk Revit, Autodesk
Clash Detection 2012).
Navisworks
Check geometrically the design (Fazli
et al., 2014)
Time estimation and visualization of Autodesk Revit, Autodesk
BIM-based Scheduling (4D
the project according to the schedule (Fazli Navisworks, Microsoft Excel,
Model)
et al., 2014). MS Project, Primavera
Provide a quantity take-off and cost
estimation at the design stage. It is a look
before to start the construction stage ad
BIM-based Cost Estimation Autodesk Revit, Microsoft
help to focus during the early stages
(5D Model) Excel
(Bloomberg et al., 2012).
Creates financial decisions (Fazli et al.,
2014).
Sustainability (6D) Energy analysis (Fazli et al., 2014). Autodesk Revit
Data analysis and collection and BIM
Facility Management (7D) Autodesk Revit
model update (McArthur, 2015)
Autodesk Robot Structural
Structural Analysis Concrete structural framing
Analysis

Figure 1. (a) Architectural model (b) Structural model (c) Visualization of reinforcement

3.2.2 Clash Detection

Secondly, clash detection was conducted. To do clash detection, the 3D architectural model was converted to
Navisworks. Revit includes an add-in for exporting the model to Navisworks. Using this add-in, Revit exports
the model but some properties are not converted automatically. In Navisworks settings Convert Element
Properties check box must be checked to transfer Revit properties into Navisworks properties. In addition,
structural model must be saved in IFC format. After this process, the architectural model can be opened in
Navisworks and the structural IFC model can be appended to the Navisworks model. The main important thing
is to align the two models. For this reason, the models are transformed into a composite model. To carry out
clash detection, "Clash Detective" tool is used. The model contained 598 clashes. To fix the model, all clash

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status must be checked as "Approved". The clashes can be seen in the simulation when the mouse hovers over
each clash. All clashes were highlighted according to the color coding. Revit and Navisworks can combine
models from all disciplines (architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical projects) into a single model.
Clash detection can avoid and detect the conflicts before construction and help save time and lower costs. Figure
2a shows a beam and column intersection.

Figure 2. (a) Clash detection of a beam and column (b) 3D Navisworks model with Gantt Chart

3.2.3 Scheduling

In the third step, the schedule of the project was prepared using Microsoft Excel. Work Breakdown Structure
(WBS), milestones and activities were evaluated and planning analysis was done using Excel. The Excel sheet
was linked as the schedule activities into the Navisworks model to represent a Gantt chart. For this, the sheet was
saved as .CSV file and in the Timeliner display, the data source was added as .CSV import. The activities and
the activity view points were matched in the Navisworks model and 4D model Gantt chart generated. This also
allows a simulation of the construction to be animated. Some viewpoints were set according to the activities and
attached to each corresponding activity. With this method, a simulation of the construction can be run. Figure 2b
shows the 3D composite Navisworks model which includes architectural and structural information with a Gantt
chart which is generated in Autodesk Navisworks by linking the schedule.

3.2.4 Cost Estimation

Quantity takeoffs for the construction give an idea and feedback about the way of the construction. It searches
answers for how much material is used or what is the cost. That is why generating takeoffs in a timely manner is
a big advantage. The schedule of all element materials or some basic materials for example walls, columns or
reinforcement can be generated in Revit with "Schedule" panel which is situated in the View tab. With selecting
the scheduling fields and sorting them according to the importance level, the schedules and quantities are
generated. Beside the prepared scheduling fields, Revit also can estimate "Calculated Values" to identify total
cost. To estimate the total cost of the project, the bill of materials and quantities must be input. Figure 3a
demonstrates Door Schedule which was generated from the Architectural model and Figure 3b is Concrete
Schedule from the Structural model.

3.2.5 Sustainability

In the fifth step, energy simulation was carried out. Energy analysis is an important part of assessing the
performance of the building. Simulation settings were input, location was set for the estimation of weather, and
thermal assets and the layers of the wall were defined. Basic energy model was evaluated. The report includes
building performance factors, energy use intensity, life cycle energy use/cost, renewable energy potential, annual
carbon emissions, annual energy use/cost and energy uses (fuel and electricity) based on the assumptions. This
report can be exported to PDF format and placed into the project folder.

3.2.6 Facility Management

Creating new facility management (7D) parameters to BIM model for operating and maintaining the facility
throughout the life cycle is often used by Facility Managers. To include facility management, shared parameters
were updated by creating a new parameter e.g. a check box and a schedule which includes this check box was
added. Within this context, a new shared parameter is created as Yes/No checkbox and linked to Room
properties as a parameter.

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Figure 3. (a) Door schedule (b) Concrete material takeoff

3.2.7 Structural Analysis

The final step of this project was to work with the structural model to investigate the interoperability within the
software. Within this context, the Revit model was linked to Robot Structural Analysis. Revit consists of a direct
link to Robot. The advantage to import the model using the same company's software is to exchange all data
almost without losing any information (Nielsen and Madsen 2010). Before the generation of the Revit model, the
pre-sizing of the columns and beams were predicted. According to the Turkish Regulations TS500 and
Earthquake Regulations, columns and beams were dimensioned with considering the principle that the columns
must be stronger than the beams. The slab thicknesses were predicted and the floor load patterns were calculated.
From the load analysis in Robot, the required forces and moment diagrams were generated to provide the
reinforcement of the concrete slab elements. After the period of the structure was found, the earthquake loads
acting on the levels were achieved to obtain the shear forces under the horizontal loads. In addition, the
superposition of the horizontal and vertical loads is calculated for different load combinations. The safety factors
were checked for beams and columns according to the load combinations. Reinforcements for beams, columns
and foundation were generated by Robot. Figure 4 shows a typical output of Robot for column reinforcement.
After the reinforcements process, the Revit model is updated according to the Robot model.

Figure 4. Robot model and column reinforcement result by Robot

5 Conclusion
This study presented a BIM-based concept for construction projects to investigate how BIM processes impact
project management. For this reason, a three storey building was selected as a case study. The case study
demonstrates how BIM allows effective sharing of a 3D model of a project that includes necessary semantic data
for all processes that were investigated within the scope of the study. However, it should be noted that generation
of the model with all the required information presents challenges for inexperienced users. It can be clearly said
that once the model is complete with all details about the model, creating Floor Plans; Ceiling Plans, 3D Views,
Perspectives, Elevations, Sections, Renders, Schedules and Quantities can be generated automatically.
Furthermore, the ability to detect clashes, errors or defects of the project in the early design stages, before
construction, helps managers avoid unnecessary costs.

The benefits of the BIM technology begin at the conceptual design stage and cover the entire lifecycle. BIM
facilitates the design and implementation of construction projects and provides a collaborative platform. Several
researches show that BIM-based models are time-saving and cost-effective when compared with conventional
construction methods. This study provides an insight about how BIM technology can be and will be employed.

To move forward with this study, a more detailed and complex construction will be modeled and the model will
be developed with every detail in Revit, Navisworks and Robot.

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