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Communication System and AM

The document provides an overview of amplitude modulation (AM) in electronic communication systems, detailing the components involved in AM transmission and reception. It explains the roles of the information source, transmitter, modulation, channel, noise, receiver, and demodulation, as well as the structure of AM transmitters and receivers. Additionally, it introduces the superheterodyne receiver, which converts radio signals into a lower frequency for improved selectivity and sensitivity.

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15 views6 pages

Communication System and AM

The document provides an overview of amplitude modulation (AM) in electronic communication systems, detailing the components involved in AM transmission and reception. It explains the roles of the information source, transmitter, modulation, channel, noise, receiver, and demodulation, as well as the structure of AM transmitters and receivers. Additionally, it introduces the superheterodyne receiver, which converts radio signals into a lower frequency for improved selectivity and sensitivity.

Uploaded by

cierrie manois
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A.

AM Receiver – Amplitude modulation and transmission/ block diagram

I. Introduction to Electronics Communications System

Communication

- process of exchanging information

Information Source

- a device that generates message or data to be transmitted


- can be in analog or digital form

Transmitter

- convert input messages produced by source into electrical form suitable


for transmission

Modulation

- a process in changing the carrier wave to transmit data


- reduce antenna size and interference, to allow multiplexing of signals
(transmission simultaneously)

Channel

- a (physical) medium through which message signal is transmitted


- copper wires, coaxial cables, optical fiber, radio links, satellite channels

Noise

- unwanted signal that disturbs, interferes and affect the transmitted


signal
- cannot prevent but can minimize
- it’s a random signal and its behavior cannot be predicted

Receiver

- reconstructs the transmitted signal and delivers it to the destination


(user of information)
- accepts transmitted message from channel and converts to a form
understandable by humans

Demodulation

- process of removing carrier from transmitted signal

II. Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation
- is a modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier signal is
varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation
signal
- the amplitude of the carrier wave changes according to the amplitude of
the message signal at each moment
- frequency of carrier wave remains constant but the amplitude fluctuates
to encode the information
- carrier wave is a high-frequency signal

- one of the earliest modulation techniques


- commonly used in radio broadcasting – transmit audio signals such as
voice and music over long distances
- AM frequency range is 535 to 1605 kHz
- frequency range of human voice is 85 – 255 Hz
III. AM Transmitter

AF Section

- the electrical energy from the microphone is very low


- hence amplified through an amplifier
- output from AF amplifier is fed to AF power amplifier
- power amplifier provides the required audio frequency power
- output from AF power amplifier is given to the modulator
- modulator is an electronic circuit which performs the process of
modulation

RF Section

- high frequency carrier wave is generated by a crystal controlled


oscillator
- buffer isolates the RF power amplifier from the oscillator
- this arrangement keep the frequency of the crystal controlled oscillator
as a constant
- output of the crystal controlled oscillator is power amplified by the RF
power amplifier
IV. AM Receiver

Receiving Antenna

- receives radio waves from different broadcasting stations

RF Amplifier

- selects the desired radio wave by employing a tuned parallel circuit


- tuned parallel circuit amplifies the selected radio wave

Detector

- extracts the audio signal from the amplified radio wave (has PN diode)

AF Amplifier

- audio signal is amplified by one or more stages of audio amplification

Loudspeaker

- amplified audio signal is given to the loud speaker for sound


reproduction

Disadvantages

- poor sensitivity – reduced ability to pick up smaller signals


- poor selectivity – difficult to filter unwanted signals
- limited range

Superheterodyne AM Receiver

Superheterodyne (Superhet)

- converts radio signal you want to listen to into a lower, fixed frequency
called intermediate frequency (IF)

Imagine you want to listen to a specific song on the radio. The


superheterodyne receiver "mixes" the radio station's frequency with a
frequency generated inside the receiver to create a new, lower frequency (the
IF). This new frequency makes it easier to filter out all the other radio stations
and amplify the song you want to hear

Receiving Antenna
- various broadcasting stations are intercepted and couple to this stage
RF Amplifier
- a tuned parallel circuit selects the desired radio waves
- it also enhances the strength of the wave to the desired level

Local Oscillator

- generates a signal with a specific frequency

Mixer

- combines amplified output of RF amplifier and output of local oscillator


- two frequencies beat together and produce an immediate frequency (IF)

Intermediate Frequency

- the difference between oscillator frequency and radio frequency


- standard intermediate frequency for medium wave AM radio is 455 kHz

For example, if 600 kHz station is tuned, then local oscillator will produce a
frequency of 1055 kHz and consequently the output from the mixer will have
frequency of 455 kHz. By achieving this fixed intermediate frequency, the
amplifier circuit in such receivers can be made to operate with maximum
stability, selectivity and sensitivity.
IF Amplifier

- output of the mixer circuit is amplified

Detector

- output from IF amplifier is coupled with input of a detector


- audio signal are extracted from the IF output
- usually a diode detector is used due to its low distortion and excellent
audio fidelity

AF Amplifier

- amplifies the usually weak detected AF signal

Loudspeaker

- converts audio signal into sound waves corresponding to the original


sound at the broadcasting station

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