Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Digital Signal Processing

Subject Code - ECN-312

Fourier-transform and
its applications
 Frequency analysis of Signals
*A signal can be broken into sum of sinusoids
Class of periodic signals: Class of finite signals:
Fourier series Fourier Transform
Fourier Series:
¥
Synthesis Equation: x(t) = åce k
j 2 p kF0t

k=-¥
Analysis Equation: 1
ck = ò x(t)e - j 2 p kF0t
dt
T p Tp
If signal is periodic and satisfies dirichlet conditions!
 Frequency analysis of Signals
*Dirichlet conditions:
1. Signal has finite number of discontinuities in any period.
2. Signal contains finite number of maxima and minimas.
3. Signal is absolutely integrable in any period

ò x(t) dt < ¥
Tp
If signal is real signal , ck and c- k are complex conjugate.
¥
x(t) = c0 + 2å ck cos(2p kF0t + q k )
k=1
Power Density Spectrum of Periodic Signals
A periodic signal has finite average:
1 2
Px = ò x(t) dt
Tp Tp
Taking complex conjugate of synthesis equation:
¥
1
Px = ò
Tp Tp
x(t) å c * - j 2 p kF0t
ke dt
-¥
¥ é1
Px = å ck ê ò x(t)e
* - j 2 p kF0t
dt
-¥ êë T p Tp
¥
= å ck
2

-¥
 Example
Determine the fourier series and the power spectrum
density of the rectangular pulse train shown in
following figure:
Example
Effect of pulse width
Fourier transform of aperiodic
signals
x(t) = limTP ®¥ x p (t)
¥
1
x p (t) = å ck e j 2 p kF0t
, F0 =
k-¥ TP
 Fourier transform of aperiodic
signals

Lets define a new variable called Fourier transform:

 For Aperiodic Signals
F does not directly depend on either F0 or Tp, however

¥ ¥
Synthesis: x(t) = ò X(F)e j 2 p Ft
dF x(t) = ò X(F)e j 2p Ft dF
-¥ -¥
¥
Analysis: X(F) = ò x(t)e- j 2p Ft dt
-¥
 Energy Spectrum of Aperiodic
Signals
¥
Ex = ò x(t) dt
2
-¥

*Parceval’s Relation for aperiodic, finite energy signals:

¥
Ex = ò x(F dF
2
-¥
Home assignment: Proof of parseval’s relation.

2
Sxx = x(F is called energy density spectrum.
 Example
Find the Fourier transform and energy spectrum density of
following signal:
Frequency Analysis of discrete time signals
x(n) is a periodic discrete time signal, x(n)  x(n  N )
Its Fourier series representation is given as:

Synthesis Equation: DTFS

Analysis Equation:
 Example

(a) Single frequency at Fourier Series?

Not periodic, no Fourier series!!
(b) .Signal is periodic with time period N=6.
Example
 Example
(c)
Example

Self Study: Example

of power density
spectrum calculation
for discrete signals!
Fourier transform of discrete
aperiodic signal
Energy Density function of aperiodic
signal
Energy Density function of aperiodic
signal
Energy Density function of
aperiodic signal
 Energy Density function of
aperiodic signal

First find its fourier transform:

Effect of ‘a’ on energy spectra
 Example-2
Find fourier transform of following signal:
Solution
Relationship of fourier transform to Z-
transform

As , within region of convergence:

Can be interpreted as fourier transform of this term!

Relationship of fourier transform to
Z-transform
• Fourier transform can be evaluated as z-transform on
unit circle.
• If Z-transform does not converge at Z  1 , ( ROC
does not contain unity circle) the Fourier transform
does not exist.
• If Z-transform converges only for
Z-transform exists, but Fourier transform does not!
Example:
ROC: Z-transform exists! But unity circle not contained,
so Fourier transform does not exist.
Relationship of Fourier transform
to Z-transform
*The existence of Z-transform depends on ROC.

*When ROC contain unit circle , Fourier transform

for that Z-transform exists.

* However, the existence of Fourier transform does

necessary guarantee the existence of Z-transform.

Home assignment: See examples of cases where poles

are at unity circle : E.g. 4.2.8 in Proakis book.
 Concept of Bandwidth
Based on frequency content ( PDS,
or EDS as case may be) three types:
(a) Low Pass
(b) High Pass
(c) Band-pass
Fourier Analysis Pointers
Fourier Analysis Pointers
 Properties of DTFT

(1)

(2)
 Properties of DTFT

Based on above formulation, some cases can be

investigated:
Example: Real signals

(Even)

(Odd)

Real signal’s fourier transform

has hermitian symmetry
 Example: Real signals
• Check symmetry for Magnitude and phase of

• Find out the symmetry conditions for real and

even signals:
Summary of such Symmetry
Properties
 Application of symmetry properties

(Even) (Odd)

(Even) (Odd)

Home assign.: Derive other symmetry properties

 Fourier transform theorem and
properties
*Linearity:
Application:
Properties of Fourier transform
Useful transforms
 Response to Complex Exponential
and Sinusoidal Signals
Response of any linear time-invariant system to any arbitrary input
is given by:

Lets excite this system by complex exponential:

Function of frequency
 Response to Complex Exponential
and Sinusoidal Signals
•Response is in the form of a complex exponential with the same
frequency as input, altered by multiplicative factor .
•For this case, x(n) is called an eigenfunction ( input that produces
an output which differs from input by a constant multiplicative
factor of the system.
•Multiplicative factor H(w) is called an eigen value of the system.

Case-:
 Response to Complex Exponential
and Sinusoidal Signals
Case-2: Plot magnitude and phase of for moving average
system:

Self Study examples:

*Response to sinusoidal input signals.
* Response to periodic input signals.
*Response to aperiodic input signals.
LTI system as frequency selective filters
• By selecting proper coefficients in difference
equation, frequency selective filters can be
designed.

Frequency shaping function

*Ideal filters have unity gain in pass-band and zero gain in their
stop-band.
 Example of bandpass system

Spectrum of filter output:

By applying scaling and time shift property:

Output is a phase shifted version of X(w):

Group delay can be calculated as:

Constant, if linear function of frequency!!
Computation of frequency response
in terms of pole-zero
 Computation of frequency response
in terms of pole-zero

*If poles and zeros are known, frequency response can be calculated!
Example: Suppose we know pole at point A and zero at point B.
We wish to calculate at specific value of frequency.
•When fourier-transform is evaluated at unit circle, it represents Z-transform!!
•We can rotate phase by ω on unit circle to get point L.
•Z-transform at point L is equivalent to F-transform in complex plane.
Geometric Interpretation
 Application of Geometric
interpretation
Example case given in the adjacent plot:
What happens if
=0
=0
What happens if
=0
=∞
• Zero near unity circle makes magnitude smaller!
• Pole near unity circle makes magnitude larger!
• Placing zero near pole cancels effect of poles and zeros.
 Application

* Peak of filter response is at ω=0, which is closest to pole on unity circle.

 Pole-Zero approach for designing basic
filters
*To locate poles near unit circle corresponding to
the frequency to be emphasized.
* To locate zeros near unit circle corresponding to
the frequency to be deemphasized.
* All poles should be inside unity circle (for
stability).
* All complex zeros and poles must occur in
complex conjugate pairs for filter coefficients to
be real.
 Pole-Zero approach for designing basic
filters

* b0 is selected so that
*
*N is selected to be higher or equal to M.
*Pole –zero placement for high-pass, low-pass,
band-pass, digital resonators and comb filters
can be done.
 Pole-Zero approach for designing
basic filters
• Low-pass filters: Poles should be near to unity
circle for low frequencies, and zero at high
frequency.
• High-pass filters: Poles should be near to unity
circle for high frequencies, and zero at low
frequency.
Example of single pole filter:
 Select low-pass and high-pass filter
response
Further:

Case-1: when
only pole is
there!
High -Pass

Case-2: Zero is
adding to low
pass behavior

Low -Pass
Example
Find b0 and P such that: