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Lec 16

The document discusses nonequilibrium solidification in materials, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and peritectic systems. It highlights the effects of rapid cooling rates on microstructure development, including phenomena such as coring and liquation, which lead to non-uniform compositions and potential mechanical integrity issues. The lecture is part of a course on Phase Transformation of Materials taught by Maliha Rahman at RUET.

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8 views15 pages

Lec 16

The document discusses nonequilibrium solidification in materials, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and peritectic systems. It highlights the effects of rapid cooling rates on microstructure development, including phenomena such as coring and liquation, which lead to non-uniform compositions and potential mechanical integrity issues. The lecture is part of a course on Phase Transformation of Materials taught by Maliha Rahman at RUET.

Uploaded by

shilasharmin1064
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MSE 2103

Phase Transformation of Materials


Section-B
Course instructor: Maliha Rahman, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MSE, RUET
MSE 2103
Phase Transformation of Materials

Lecture 16
Topic: Nonequilibrium Solidification
Book: ASW Kurny Chapter 6

Maliha Rahman
Assistant Professor, Dept. of MSE
RUET
CONTENTS
❖Nonequilibrium Cooling in Isomorphous Systems
❖Development of Microstructure during nonequilibrium colling
❖Coring
❖Liquation
❖Nonequilibrium Cooling in Eutectic Systems
❖Nonequilibrium Cooling in Peritectic Alloys
NONEQUILIBRIUM COOLING
➢Conditions of equilibrium solidification and the development of microstructure are
realized only for extremely slow cooling rates.
➢The reason for this is that with changes in temperature, there must be
readjustments in the compositions of the liquid and solid phases in accordance
with the phase diagram.
➢These readjustments are accomplished by diffusional processes—that is, diffusion
in both solid and liquid phases and also across the solid–liquid interface.
➢As diffusion is a time-dependent phenomena, to maintain equilibrium during
cooling, sufficient time must be allowed at each temperature for the appropriate
compositional readjustments.
➢In virtually all practical solidification situations, cooling rates are much too rapid to
allow these compositional readjustments and maintenance of equilibrium.
NONEQUILIBRIUM COOLING IN ISOMORPHOUS
SYSTEMS

➢To simplify this discussion, it will be assumed that diffusion rates in


the liquid phase are sufficiently rapid such that equilibrium is
maintained in the liquid.
➢As the rate of diffusion in solid state is much slower than in the
liquid state, gradient of composition occurs in solid state during
solidification.
➢The faster the cooling rate, the greater the depression of solidus line
(during cooling).
At any given temperature,
only the outmost layer of
each crystal has the
composition indicated by
solidus curve.
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE
• Growth rate of a crystal depends on atom added or leaving the interface.
• At equilibrium, atom added to the interface = atom leaving the interface.
• For crystal growth, interface temperature must be less than equilibrium
temperature and more atoms added than leaving.

During the cooling of a liquid, an appreciable nucleation rate (i.e., solidification)


will begin only after the temperature has been lowered to below the equilibrium
solidification (or melting) temperature (Tm). This phenomenon is termed supercooling (or
undercooling).

•Rate of growth of crystal, therefore, depends on interface temperature.


Coring
• If an isomorphous alloy have solidified under nonequilibrium conditions,
the distribution of the two elements within the grains is nonuniform, a
phenomenon termed segregation.
• Concentration gradients are established across the grains.
• The final composition of solidified alloy is non-uniform. This is termed a
cored structure, which gives rise to less than the optimal properties.
• Coring structure-
• Typical in as-cast materials,
• Can be avoided by a homogenization heat treatment carried out at a
temperature below the solidus point for the particular alloy composition. During
this process, atomic diffusion occurs, which produces compositionally
homogeneous grains.
LIQUATION
• As a casting having a cored structure is reheated, grain boundary
regions will melt first as they are richer in the low-melting
component.
• This produces a sudden loss in mechanical integrity due to the thin
liquid film that separates the grains.
• Furthermore, this melting may begin at a temperature below the
equilibrium solidus temperature of the alloy.
• This is called liquation or Hot shortness in the alloy.
NONEQUILIBRIUM COOLING IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
• Eutectic Shift
• If both phase undercool at the same degree, both liquidus lines are depressed
at the same extent
• Eutectic point does not shift.

• If both phase undercool by different amount, both liquidus lines are


depressed differently
• Eutectic point shifts.
Continues….
Metastable Eutectic
NONEQUILIBRIUM COOLING IN PERITECTIC ALLOYS
End of today

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