Assiut University 3rd Year Mechatronic

Faculty of Engineering First Semester 2020/2021

Mechanical Engineering
Cooling of Electronic Equipment
Department
Tutorial 2

1- Is heat transfer a scalar or vector quantity? Explain. Answer the same question for
temperature.
2- How does transient heat transfer differ from steady heat transfer? How does one-
dimensional heat transfer differ from two-dimensional heat transfer?
3- Consider a round potato being baked in an oven. Would you model
the heat transfer to the potato as one-, two-, or three-dimensional?
Would the heat transfer be steady or transient? Also, which
coordinate system would you use to solve this problem, and where
would you place the origin? Explain.
4- Consider heat loss from a 200-L cylindrical hot water tank in a
house to the surrounding medium. Would you consider this to be a
steady or transient heat transfer problem? Also, would you
consider this heat transfer problem to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional? Explain.
5- From a heat transfer point of view, what is the difference between isotropic and
anisotropic materials?
6- What is heat generation in a solid? Give examples.
7- In a nuclear reactor, heat is generated uniformly in the 5-cm-diameter cylindrical
uranium rods at a rate of 7 × 107 W/m3. If the length of the rods is 1 m, determine the
rate of heat generation in each rod.
8- Starting with an energy balance on a cylindrical shell volume
element, derive the steady one-dimensional heat conduction
equation for a long cylinder with constant thermal conductivity in
which heat is generated at a rate of ̇ .
9- Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is
given in its simplest form as;

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?

(b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional?
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?

Page 1 of 4
10- Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form
as;

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?

(b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional?
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?

11- Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form
as;

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?

(b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional?
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?

12- What is a boundary condition? How many boundary conditions do we need to specify
for a two-dimensional heat transfer problem?
13- What is an initial condition? How many initial conditions do we need to specify for a
two-dimensional heat transfer problem?
14- What is a thermal symmetry boundary condition? How is it expressed mathematically?
15- How is the boundary condition on an insulated surface expressed mathematically?
16- It is claimed that the temperature profile in a medium must be perpendicular to an
insulated surface. Is this a valid claim? Explain.
17- Consider a spherical container of inner radius r1, outer radius
r2, and thermal conductivity k. Express the boundary
condition on the inner surface of the container for steady one
dimensional conduction for the following cases: (a) specified
temperature of 50°C, (b) specified heat flux of 30 W/m2
toward the center, (c) convection to a medium at T∞ with a
heat transfer coefficient of h.
18- Consider a steel pan used to boil water on top of an
electric range. The bottom section of the pan is L = 0.5
cm thick and has a diameter of D = 20 cm. The electric
heating unit on the range top consumes 1000 W of
power during cooking, and 85 percent of the heat
generated in the heating element is transferred
uniformly to the pan. Heat transfer from the top surface

Page 2 of 4
 of the bottom section to the water is by convection with a heat transfer coefficient of h.
Assuming constant thermal conductivity and one-dimensional heat transfer, express the
mathematical formulation (the differential equation and the boundary conditions) of this
heat conduction problem during steady operation. Do not solve.
19- Consider one-dimensional heat conduction through a large plane wall with no heat
generation that is perfectly insulated on one side and is subjected to convection and
radiation on the other side. It is claimed that under steady conditions, the temperature in
a plane wall must be uniform (the same everywhere). Do you agree with this claim?
Why?
20- It is stated that the temperature in a plane wall with constant thermal conductivity and no
heat generation varies linearly during steady one-dimensional heat conduction. Will this
still be the case when the wall loses heat by radiation from its surfaces?
21- Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.4 m, thermal conductivity k = 2.3 W/m ·
°C, and surface area A = 20 m2. The left side of the wall is maintained at a constant
temperature of T1 = 80°C while the right side loses heat by convection to the
surrounding air at T∞ = 15°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 24 W/m2 · °C.
Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no heat generation in the wall, (a) express
the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat
conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the
wall by solving the differential equation, and (c) evaluate the rate of heat transfer
through the wall.
22- Consider a solid cylindrical rod of length 0.15 m and diameter 0.05 m. The top and
bottom surfaces of the rod are maintained at constant temperatures of 20°C and 95°C,
respectively, while the side surface is perfectly insulated. Determine the rate of heat
transfer through the rod if it is made of (a) copper, k = 380 W/m · °C, (b) steel, k = 18
W/m · °C, and (c) granite, k = 1.2 W/m · °C.
23- Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.3 m, thermal conductivity k = 2.5 W/m ·
°C, and surface area A = 12 m2. The left side of the wall at x = 0 is subjected to a net
heat flux of ̇ = 700 W/m2 while the temperature at that
surface is measured to be T1 = 80°C. Assuming constant
thermal conductivity and no heat generation in the wall, (a)
express the differential equation and the boundary
conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction
through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of
temperature in the wall by solving the differential equation,
and (c) evaluate the temperature of the right surface of the
wall at x = L.

Page 3 of 4
24- In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius r1 = 40 cm, outer
radius r2 = 41 cm, and thermal conductivity k = 1.5 W/m · °C is used to store hot water
and to keep it at 100°C at all times. To accomplish this, the outer surface of the container
is wrapped with a 500-W electric strip heater and then insulated. The temperature of the
inner surface of the container is observed to be
nearly 100°C at all times. Assuming 10 percent of
the heat generated in the heater is lost through the
insulation, (a) express the differential equation and
the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional
heat conduction through the container, (b) obtain a
relation for the variation of temperature in the
container material by solving the differential
equation, and (c) evaluate the outer surface
temperature of the container. Also determine how
much water at 100°C this tank can supply steadily if
the cold water enters at 20°C.
25- Consider a long solid cylinder of radius r0 = 4 cm and thermal conductivity k = 25 W/m ·
°C. Heat is generated in the cylinder uniformly at a rate of ̇ = 35 W/cm3. The side
surface of the cylinder is maintained at a constant temperature of Ts = 80°C. The
variation of temperature in the cylinder is given by;

Based on this relation, determine (a) if the heat conduction is steady or transient, (b) if it
is one-, two-, or three-dimensional, and (c) the value of heat flux on the side surface of
the cylinder at r = r0.
26- Consider a large 5-cm-thick brass plate (k = 111 W/m · °C) in
which heat is generated uniformly at a rate of 2 × 105 W/m3. One
side of the plate is insulated while the other side is exposed to an
environment at 25°C with a heat transfer coefficient of 44 W/m2 ·
°C. Explain where in the plate the highest and the lowest
temperatures will occur, and determine their values.

Page 4 of 4