Force, Motion, and Energy Whether we are tossing a ball or simply walking down the street, invisible forces are at play, shaping how things move. These forces have a direct impact on the way objects behave, and by delving into them, we unlock a whole new level of understanding about motion. Unit III consists of three chapters. Chapter 7 discusses balanced and unbalanced forces, and their influence on the motion of objects. Chapter 8 explores ways to describe motion in a straight line using the quantities such as distance, displacement, speed, and velocity. Finally, Chapter 9 focuses on the concepts of internal energy, temperature, heat, and how heat moves from one object to another.ie Forces in Action © UNDERSTANDING Forces can change the motion of an object or change its shape. a What cana force do ‘when applied to an object? How is force measured? PRE-LEARNING ) CHECK Have you experienced driving a bumper car? If not, you should try it to experience a fun adventure of driving your own little car. You will twist and turn around the track, bumping 1. Give examples of into other cars safely and in a thrilling way. It is a fascinating forces you encounter activity to experience physics in action. One of the concepts in in everyday life. physics that is applied in bumper cars is forces. The interaction 2. Howdo we measure of various forces in bumper cars affects their motion and how the strength of a they behave. force? 3. Whatis the difference between balanced and unbalanced Understanding the concept of force and its interactions gives us the ability to predict how objects will behave in the real world. When we can identify whether forces are balanced forces! Explain the or unbalanced, we are able to make logical predictions about | ——_impactof each on whether a system will remain stationary or not. motion. 138 Sciencein the Modern World 7 dahyoepprneearyurervaravraraer tan rusty(4d) tmageby bgt on Frei (8 Pit com. Imag by macovecar on Freel (0 Fras, CCBYSA 30, va Wikimedla Commane (500) Force and Interaction ces aeaTne dentify that forces act between Forces are present everywhere in your daily life, Whether objets and anbe measured. yu are sitting, standing, writing, or playing, different kinds of Forces are at work, When you si ona chair end you push ont, UEARMNG OBDECTIVES itpushes back on you. The same goes for when you stand on the _* Hetty the forces that act between floor. You press down, and the floor pushes back. When you tts write on paper, especially if it is a bit rough, you are applying en decedent force. Therefore, force is basically an interaction between two peaehy cia iy things or between something and its surroundings. ne through a A force is essentially a push or a pull, capable of setting an « Differentiate contact force from ‘object into motion or bringing it to.a halt. Moreover, it can even noncontact force, change the shape of an object when applied. « Demonstrate how to measure force, Look at figure 7-1, Can you identify which of these illustrations demonstrate a force setting an object in motion, bringing it to a stop, or changing the shape of an object? \e (a) catching a football (b) stepping on a brake (©) pushing a swing wef, i ws a7 (d) kicking a soccer ball (molding clay (f) inflating a balloon Figure 7-1. Effects of forces In figures 7-1a and 7-1b, force is being used to stop an [Science object. For instance, a catcher's hand must apply a force in the opposite direction of the football's movement to bring "AV Forces Result in Motion” | it to a stop. Similarly, st it | Notalfores however canresutin stop. Similarly, when a driver steps on the brake, it | Muifestowes. ane anobjectstateofmoton or change the | creates friction between the brake pads and the surface of the brake rotor or drum, generating a force that opposes the motion of the wheels. Ghapter7 Foresin Acton 139In figures 7-1c and 7-1d, the forces acting on the objects cause them to move. When you kick a soccer ball, it moves in the same direction as the force you applied. Similarly, when the boy gives a push on the swing, the girl (and the swing) moves in the direction of that push. But eventually, the girl (and the swing) swings back because of gravity pulling it down, the tension in the chains, and the normal force from the seat. Lastly, in figures 7-1e and 7-1f, you see forces that change the shape or deform an object. In order to mold a clay, you need to apply force on it. When you blow air into a balloon, the pressure inside increases because the air molecules push more against the walls, creating a force on the inside surface. Forces play a crucial role not only in the physical world, but also across various scientific disciplines, such as biology, chemistry, and Earth science. In the earlier chapters, you explored concepts in chemistry and biology that have direct connections to physics. For example, the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is determined by the forces between solute and solvent particles. Furthermore, in processes such as mitosis and meiosis, forces come into play by ensuring the accurate separation of chromosomes to each daughter cell. In the next chapters, you will learn how forces in the Earth's mantle propel the movement of tectonic plates, giving rise to different phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges. Examine the following situations where forces are applied and predict the effect of the force(s). Briefly explain your answer. 1. Applying force on the brake lever 4. Applying force on the ping-pong ball 5. Applying force on the javelin 2. Applying force on the shopping cart \a/ 3. Applying force in molding the clay pot 140 Sdiencein the Modern Werld 7 ‘la uodon gate (0 ong waa 6) song vo MLD wp dae‘iba Publshing Howe. Force Vector Physical quantities can be classified as either scalar or vector. A scalar quantity is characterized solely by its magnitude, whereas a vector quantity possesses both magnitude and direction. Force is a vector quantity and is usually expressed in its SI unit, the newton (N). As a vector, force is represented as a line with an arrowhead at its tip. The length of the arrow indicates the magnitude of the force, while the arrowhead tells its direction. Meanwhile, the four cardinal directions—north (N), south (8), east (E), and west (W)— are fundamental conventions employed in a Cartesian plane. Consequently, north and east. signify positive directions, while south and west signify their negative counterparts. Northwest (NW), southwest (SW), northeast (NE), and southeast (SE) form an angle of 45 degrees from the reference directions. sty-axls origin —xaris praxis —yanis Suppose a man slides a fruit crate along the floor by applying a 200 N force to the right. ‘The 200 N is the magnitude of the force while its direction is to the right. To represent the applied force, you can draw a five-centimeter-long arrow directed to the right (figure 7-2). This scale (1 cm = 40 N), however, is arbitrary. Figure 7-2. Vector representation ofa 200 N force applied to slide a fruit crate along the floor Inthe next section, you will learn the different types of force. Arrows are used to visually represent several forces acting on an object in specific directions. Draw an accurate representation of the following forces using a scale (1 cm = 40 N): 1. 20N,east 4, 85N, north 2. 100N, west 5. 180N,northwest 3. 120N, southeast Ghapter7 ForesinAdion 141Tynes of Force In our previous discussions, you have encountered the terms friction, tension, normal force, and gravity. Forces can be mainly classified into two primary categories: contact forces and noncontact forces. Contact forces are exerted by direct physical contact between two objects. Here are some examples of contact forces: + normal force (F,)- This is the force exerted by a surface in contact with an object. For example, in figure 7-3a, the flower vase experiences a normal force exerted by the table it is resting on. + applied force (F,) - This is a force that is exerted directly on an object. For instance, in figure 7-3b, when you roll a bowling ball along a smooth alley, you apply force to it. + friction force (F;) - This force occurs when two surfaces are in contact and move past each other. As shown in figure 7-3c, the friction between the soles of your shoes and the ground allows you to move forward. + tension force (F.) - This isa pulling force exerted by a stretched rope, string, or cable on an attached object. For example, in figure 7-3d, a child is suspended by a rope, and the rope experiences tension, supporting the child’s weight. + spring/restoring force (F,) - This force is present in springs, causing them to return to their original position after being stretched or compressed. As shown in figure 7-3e, when you compress a spring and let go, the restoring force brings it back to its equilibrit position. © air resistance (Fy,) - This force opposes the motion of an object moving through the air. For example, in figure 7-3f, a falling parachute experiences increasing air resistance that eventually equals the force of gravity. + buoyant force (F,) - This is an upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object. In figure 7-3g, some objects, such as.a boat, float in water because the buoyant force from the fluid is greater than their weight. een) ou 04 AN SO EIN F natant 0 YEA ‘some Sheartin eee Reg aR ONON e Figure 7-3. Contact forces 142 Sdenceinthe Modem World 7‘van Pockypler 12380 com andeprodhs@i23RF com, Matthew HowardOLREcomt Another type of force does not involve direct contact. It acts at a distance and is called a non-contact force, also known as an action-at-a-distance or field force. There are several kinds of noncontact force: + gravitational force (F,) - This force is exerted by a massive object on another massive object. For instance, the gravitational force between the Earth and the moon in figure 7-4a. + electromagnetic force (B, or F,)- This force can be either attractive or repulsive and acts between charged bodies. For example, in figure 7-4b, electrostatic force can be ‘observed when a balloon is charged, attracting the hair. The magnetic force is evident when the magnet attracts the metal nails and screws, as shown in figure 7-4c. Re Figure 7-4, Non-contact forces CONS uae) Determine the forces involved in the various situations below: 1. swinginga pendulum 2, _pushingaboxon an 3. _astone hung using a spring inclined plane Ghapter7 Forcesin Action 143Measuring Force A basic method to measure force is by using a spring scale. This device consists of a spring with a pointer on one end and a hook on the other. When you hang an object on the hook, the spring stretches and the pointer indicates the measured force. However, it is important to ensure accuracy by calibrating the spring scale before use. This guarantees precise measurements. librating a spring ‘ To calibrate the spring balance, follow these steps: Use standard masses with known weights. Before hanging the standard mass, make sure that the spring balance reads “O”, Perform the necessary adjustment to zero if needed. Attach one standard mass securely to the spring balance without allowing it to swing. Record the displayed reading for this mass. Do steps 3 and 4 for all the other masses. Compare the recorded readings with the known values of the weights. If there are discrepancies, adjustments may be necessary. 7. Some spring balances have calibration features for fine-tuning readings. Just refer to the manufacturer's instructions for detailed adjustment procedures. Gary esa rari vor an ee AA spring scale is used to measure the force or weight of an object. thas a spring fixed at one end and a hook at the other end. Richard Salter invented the first spring scale in 1770. This device works by following Hooke's law, which states that the force applied to a spring is directly proportional to the elongation or displacement, of the spring from its equilibrium position. 144, Sdenceinthe Modern World 7‘Sib Pubahing Hoven. PIN Ri=Suauet Measure the amount of force indicated inthe different spring balances below. —O———— When two or more forces act on a body at different points, the consequent motion of the body is determined by the net force. BE, =R+BR+K+...+ ‘When two people push a crate at the same time in the same direction (figure 7-6), the forces add up to a net force. If each person exerts a force of 2N, then the net force is 4 N. However, if they push with the same magnitude but in opposite directions figure 7-7a on the next page), then the net force is zero. Figure 7-6. The net force of two forces in the same direction isthe sum ofthese forces. 7 «= Drawa free-body diagram to represent the relative ‘magnitude and direction ofthe forces, involving balanced and unbalanced forces. + Men and describe everyday stations that demonstrate) balanced forces, such as.aboxresting maningined plane, aman standing stil or an object moving with constant velocity; (8) unbalanced forces, suchas reeling futon accelerating ca. + Identity that when forces ae not balanced they can ‘ause changes inthe objects speed or direction of motion. + Gat net force acting onan object. + Recognize how the net force determines the ‘consequent motion ofan object. + det the forces that act between objets. + Representa force trough force vector + Determine the effect of concent fore onan objec. Chapter? Foresindcon 145N4(-2)=0N Fig =4N+(-2N)=2N @ (b) Figure 7-7. The net force of two forces in opposite directions is the difference. between the magnitudes of these forces. For opposing forces with different magnitudes (figure 7-7b), the direction of the net force is always the same as the direction of the force with greater magnitude, F.,, is the vector sum of all the forces acting on it. Calculate the net force in the following situations: 1. 2Neast, and 5 N, west 4, 100N, northeast, and 60 N, southwest 2. 10N, south, and 5 N, south 5. 150NN, southeast, and 300 N, northwest 3. 20N, north, and 60 N, south Free-Body Diagram In many situations, multiple forces, such as the force of gravity, normal force, friction, and applied force, come into play. Let's look at this example: Figure 7-8 illustrates various forces applied on a crate. Initially, an applied force (F,) pushes the crate to the right. However, counteracting this motion is the force of friction (F,) between the floor and the crate, eventually bringing it to a halt. Additionally, there is an upward normal force (Fi) and a downward force of gravity (i) acting on the crate. Figure 7-8, Pushing a crate and its free-body diagram ‘sor aron targgeg eas 146 _Scienceinthe Modem World 7To casily understand the net force acting on an object, you can use a free-body diagram. Follow these steps to draw a free-body diagram: 1, Determine the specific object for which you want to draw the free-body diagram. 2, Isolate the object you are analyzing from its surroundings. Represent with a dot. 3, Identify all the forces acting on the object. 4. Use arrows on a Cartesian plane to represent these forces. If forces are not along the cardinal directions (north, south, west, and east), specify their angles with respect to a reference axis. 5. _ Label all the forces on the body, 6. — Double-check to ensure you have included all relevant forces. Identify all the forces involved in each situation below. Draw a free-body diagram for each. 1. Afloating stationary ball 4, Aman pushing a crate upward along an inclined plane pr 2 3. Image by eso rep) Themihiygull,CCBY-SAA, Commas (0 BEIOS.O) Image by brite rhe Chapter? ForcesinAcion 147Objective: Determine the net force of a system. ‘Materials: 3 identical metal forks or spoons 1 piece of 250 mL drinking glass 3 identical glass bottles water ruler Procedure: Place the three identical glass bottles equidistant from each other, Use a ruler to measure the distances (approximately 15-20 cm). Place the metal forks on top of the bottles and intertwine them at the center, Balance the drinking glass on top of intertwined forks. Carefully pour water into the drinking glass until itis half-filled. Data and Analysis: 1. Whatare the types of force acting on the system? 2. Whats the net force of the system? ‘To observe the effects of various forces acting on an object, it is important to determine the net force acting upon the object. For two-dimensional problems, the net force should be calculated by combining forces acting in the same direction (eg. alongthex-or y-axis) Based on figure 7-9, the forces in the x-axis are friction and applied forces, while the gravitational and normal forces are along the y-axis. If the applied force, the frictional force, the normal force, and the force of, gravity are 144 N, 94 N, 490 N, and 490 N, respectively, what isthe net force along the x- and y-axes? Frictional ee and gravitational forces are negative, whilenormaland (Sttenenatedintoes®. applied forces are positive. Combining forces along the x-and y-axes, the net forces are as follows: Boa, = Fa +(-F) Figy F,, =B.+(R) B, =M4N+(-94N) Some E,, =490N+(-490N) &, E,, =50N sk i, =0 148 Sdienceiinthe Modem World 7 ‘seviteds sasIf the net force is zero, it indicates a state of balanced forces, In this case, the object will either remain stationary or move at a constant speed in a constant direction. Conversely, if the net force isnot zero, the forces acting on the body are unbalanced, causing the body to move in the direction ofthe net force. ‘The net force on the crate is 50 N along the x-axis and 0 N along the y-axis, The forces acting on the crate along the x-axis are unbalanced, causing it to move to the East. On the other hand, the forces acting along the y-axis are balanced, indicating that the object remains stationary along the y direction, Thus, the crate moves to the East after applying a 144 N force tot, while there is no motion along the y-axis. ‘A nonzero net force, or unbalanced force, can cause a stationary body to move or a moving body to change its speed and/or direction of motion. On the other hand, a zero net force, or balanced force, does not cause any change in the motion of the body. Stationary objects will remain at rest, while moving objects will remain moving at a constant speed and ina constant direction of motion. PI USSuacaa Determine whether the following situations involve balanced (8) or unbalanced (UB) forces. 1. tossing a coin 2. sitting on a chair 3. throwing ball 4. afalling stone 5. hanging a mobile sculpture 6. acar moving at a constant speed 7. the table structure ofa building 8. akid sliding on a pool slide 9. swinging a hammer to drive a nail 10. aboxon top of a table Chapter? Foresin Action 149