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AI ML Answers

The document provides a comprehensive overview of AI and ML concepts, including the relationship between the two, real-world applications, and various search algorithms. It explains key topics such as utility functions, heuristic functions, and intelligent agents, along with specific algorithms like A* and Alpha-Beta pruning. Additionally, it discusses expert systems and uninformed search strategies, highlighting their definitions and types.

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Gudu Prince
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45 views3 pages

AI ML Answers

The document provides a comprehensive overview of AI and ML concepts, including the relationship between the two, real-world applications, and various search algorithms. It explains key topics such as utility functions, heuristic functions, and intelligent agents, along with specific algorithms like A* and Alpha-Beta pruning. Additionally, it discusses expert systems and uninformed search strategies, highlighting their definitions and types.

Uploaded by

Gudu Prince
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AI & ML Questions and Answers

Section 1 (2 Marks Each)

1. How is ML related to AI?


Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables systems to
learn patterns from data and make decisions without explicit programming. AI is a broader
concept that encompasses ML along with rule-based systems, expert systems, and
reasoning algorithms to simulate human intelligence.

2. Explain four real-world applications of AI.


1. Healthcare: AI helps in disease diagnosis, robotic surgery, and drug discovery.
2. Finance: AI is used in fraud detection, risk assessment, and stock market prediction.
3. Autonomous Vehicles: AI enables self-driving cars through sensor data processing and
decision-making.
4. Chatbots & Virtual Assistants: AI-driven bots like Siri and Alexa provide customer
support and personal assistance.

3. What is the utility function in the context of Intelligent Agents?


A utility function in AI represents a measure of an agent’s success in achieving its goals. It
assigns numerical values to different states, allowing the agent to make optimal decisions
by choosing actions that maximize the expected utility.

4. Differentiate between BFS and DFS (Advantages & Disadvantages).


BFS (Breadth-First Search):
- Searches level by level.
- Requires more memory.
- Finds the shortest path in an unweighted graph.

DFS (Depth-First Search):


- Searches deep into one path first.
- Requires less memory.
- May not find the shortest path.

5. What is a heuristic function? Significance of heuristics.


A heuristic function is an estimate of the cost to reach the goal from a given state. It helps AI
algorithms like A* search to make informed decisions, improving efficiency by guiding
searches toward optimal solutions faster than uninformed methods.

6. Differentiate between uninformed & informed search with AI.


Uninformed Search:
- No domain knowledge is used.
- Explores all possibilities.
- Examples: BFS, DFS.

Informed Search:
- Uses heuristics to guide the search.
- Faster and more efficient.
- Examples: A* Search, Greedy Best-First Search.

Section 2 (6 Marks Each)

7(a). A* Algorithm - Is the A* Algorithm able to find a suitable solution? Justify your answer.
Yes, the A* algorithm can find an optimal solution in the state-space graph because it
combines the best features of BFS (completeness) and greedy search (efficiency). It uses the
function f(n) = g(n) + h(n), ensuring optimality if h(n) is admissible. It is widely used in
pathfinding and AI planning.

7(b). Explain Alpha-Beta Pruning with a suitable example. How is it different from Min-Max
Algorithm?
Alpha-Beta pruning is an optimization technique for the Minimax algorithm used in game-
playing AI to reduce the number of nodes evaluated in a decision tree. It prunes branches
that will not affect the final decision. Unlike Minimax, which evaluates all possible moves,
Alpha-Beta Pruning skips unnecessary calculations, making it more efficient.

8(a). Define Intelligent Agent. Explain types of Intelligent Agents.


An Intelligent Agent (IA) is an autonomous entity that perceives its environment using
sensors and acts upon it using actuators to achieve specific goals.
Types of Intelligent Agents:
1. Simple Reflex Agents
2. Model-Based Reflex Agents
3. Goal-Based Agents
4. Utility-Based Agents
5. Learning Agents

8(b). What is Means-End Analysis? Explain with an example.


Means-End Analysis (MEA) is a problem-solving strategy that reduces the gap between the
current state and the goal state by selecting appropriate actions. Example: Suppose you
need to go from home to a friend’s house. Identify the difference (distance between home
and destination) and take appropriate steps (bus, walk, etc.).

8(c). What is an Expert System? Describe different types of Expert Systems.


An Expert System is an AI-based program that mimics human expertise to provide decision-
making solutions.
Types:
1. Rule-Based Systems
2. Fuzzy Logic Systems
3. Neural Networks
4. Bayesian Networks

8(d). Describe uninformed search strategy with one example.


An Uninformed Search Strategy is a search technique that explores all possible paths
without prior knowledge of the goal location.
Example: Breadth-First Search (BFS) explores all nodes at the current level before moving
deeper. Useful for finding the shortest path in an unweighted graph.

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