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5th Unit 2 Mark in Java

The document provides an overview of lambda functions in Java, highlighting their components, features, and usage examples such as iterating over lists and starting threads. It also discusses Java Streams, their characteristics, and operations like converting collections and parallel processing. Additionally, it covers concepts related to reactive programming and RxJava, including observables, observers, and subjects.

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4 views3 pages

5th Unit 2 Mark in Java

The document provides an overview of lambda functions in Java, highlighting their components, features, and usage examples such as iterating over lists and starting threads. It also discusses Java Streams, their characteristics, and operations like converting collections and parallel processing. Additionally, it covers concepts related to reactive programming and RxJava, including observables, observers, and subjects.

Uploaded by

alzaheerkhan7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

**Use of Lambda Functions with an Example** Lambda functions in Java provide a


concise way to represent functional interfaces, which are interfaces with a single abstract
method. They enable cleaner and more readable code, especially when passing behavior
as parameters. For example, a lambda expression can be used to define a simple function
that adds two numbers:

```Example
(a, b) -> a + b
```

2. **Components of a Lambda Function** A lambda function consists of three main


components:
- **Parameters**: The input values for the function, which can be zero or more.
- **Arrow Token**: The `->` symbol that separates parameters from the body.
- **Body**: The code block that defines the behavior of the function, which can be a
single expression or a block of statements.

3. **Features of Lambda Functions** Key features of lambda functions include:


- They provide a clear and concise syntax for writing anonymous methods.
- They can capture variables from their surrounding context (closure).
- They enhance the readability of the code by reducing boilerplate code associated
with anonymous classes.

4. **Iterating Over a List Using Lambda Expressions** You can iterate over a list and
display its elements using lambda expressions as follows: Example :

List<String> myList = Arrays.asList("A", "B", "C");


myList.forEach(item -> System.out.println(item)); ```

5. **Starting a Thread in Java Using Lambda Expression** To start a thread using a lambda
expression, you can implement the `Runnable` interface like this:

```Example
Thread thread = new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Thread is running"));
thread.start(); ```

6. **Differentiating Anonymous Inner Class and Lambda Expression** Anonymous inner


classes require more boilerplate code and are less concise compared to lambda
expressions. For instance, an anonymous inner class must define the entire class
structure, while a lambda expression simplifies this by allowing direct implementation of
functional interfaces without extra syntax.

7. **Purpose of Comparator Interface with Example** The `Comparator` interface is used


to define custom orderings for objects. It allows sorting based on specific criteria. For
example:

```Example
Comparator<String> comparator = (s1, s2) -> s1.length() - s2.length();
Arrays.sort(arrayOfStrings, comparator);
```

8. **How the sort() Method of Collections Class Works** The `sort()` method in the
`Collections` class sorts elements in a list based on their natural ordering or according to
a specified comparator. It modifies the list in place and uses a stable sorting algorithm,
ensuring that equal elements maintain their relative order.

9. A **Stream** in Java is a sequence of elements that supports various methods for


processing collections of objects. It allows for functional-style operations such as filtering,
mapping, and reducing, enabling efficient data manipulation without modifying the
underlying data structure[3][5].

10. The **characteristics of Java Stream** include:


- **Declarative**: Specifies what to do, not how to do it.
- **Lazily evaluated**: Operations are executed only when a terminal operation is
invoked. - **Single-use**: A stream can be consumed only once; after a terminal
operation, it cannot be reused. - **Parallelizable**: Streams can easily be processed
in parallel for better performance[1][5].

11. To **generate a Java Stream**, you can use:


- The `stream()` method on a collection, which creates a sequential stream.
- The `parallelStream()` method on a collection, which creates a parallel stream for
concurrent processing[5][6].

12. The purpose of the **reduce() method** in collections is to aggregate values into a single
result by applying a binary operator repeatedly. It combines elements using an associative
accumulation function and can return an Optional describing the reduced value if any[2]
[4].

13. The syntax for converting a **List into Set** in Java Stream is:
`
Example
Set<Type> set = list.stream().collect(Collectors.toSet());
```
This utilizes the `Collectors.toSet()` method to collect the stream elements into a Set[6][7].

14. The syntax for converting a **List into Map** in Java Stream is:

Example
Map<KeyType, ValueType> map =
list.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(Function.identity(), /* value mapper
*/));
``` Here, you specify how to derive keys and values from the list elements[6][7].

15. The main difference between **Collection and Stream** is that:


- A **Collection** is a data structure that stores elements and allows for direct
manipulation.
- A **Stream** is not a data structure but rather an abstraction that facilitates
functional-style operations on collections without changing the underlying data[3][5].

16. The **map() function** transforms each element of the stream using a provided function,
producing a new stream of transformed elements. It is used to apply operations like
conversions or modifications on each element in the pipeline[3][5].

17. Two methods to generate a **Stream** are:


- Using the `stream()` method from collections (e.g., `list.stream()`).
- Using the `Stream.of()` method to create a stream from specified values (e.g.,
`Stream.of(value1, value2)`)[5][6].

Parallel processing refers to executing multiple computations simultaneously, leveraging


multiple CPU cores. Two advantages of parallel processing are: - **Increased performance**:
Tasks can be completed faster by dividing them across multiple processors. - **Efficient
resource utilization**: Makes better use of available hardware resources by distributing
workloads[1][7].

18..The advantages of **parallel processing** include:


1. **Increased Performance**: Parallel processing allows multiple tasks to be executed
simultaneously, significantly improving the speed of computations, especially for complex
and data-intensive operations. This is crucial in fields like scientific simulations and real-time
data processing[1][4].

2. **Scalability**: It provides excellent scalability, enabling systems to efficiently manage


larger workloads by adding more processing units. This adaptability ensures that as
computational demands grow, the system can expand to meet them without a complete
redesign[1][3]. --19. The difference between **synchronous and asynchronous execution** is:

- **Synchronous Execution**: In this model, tasks are executed sequentially, where each
task must complete before the next one begins. This can lead to delays if a task takes longer
than expected.

- **Asynchronous Execution**: Tasks can run independently of one another, allowing a


program to initiate a task and continue executing other tasks without waiting for the first to
finish. This enhances responsiveness and overall efficiency.

20. **Reactive Programming** is a paradigm that focuses on building systems that


respond dynamically to changes in data or user input, often utilizing asynchronous data
streams to manage these changes effectively. --21.The operations for creating operators-
reactive subjects in RxJava include:

- **Creating Subjects**: Use `PublishSubject`, `BehaviorSubject`,


`ReplaySubject`, or `AsyncSubject` based on the desired behavior regarding emitted items.

- **Subscribing to Subjects**: Attach observers to these subjects to react to emitted items.

- **Emitting Items**: Utilize methods such as `onNext()`, `onComplete()`, and `onError()` to


emit values or signal completion/errors.

--22.The key components of **RxJava** include:

- **Observable**: Represents a stream of data that can be observed and reacted to.

- **Observer**: Subscribes to an Observable to receive notifications about emitted items.

- **Schedulers**: Manage threading and execution context for Observables and Observers,
allowing for efficient execution.
- **Operators**: Functions that transform, filter, or combine Observables for more complex
data manipulation.

- **Subjects**: Special types of Observables that allow manual emission of items while also
acting as an Observer, facilitating bidirectional communication.

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