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DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

BA4212
DATA ANALYSIS & BUSINESS MODELING

LAB RECORD

II SEMESTER
2021-2023 BATCH
1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Experiment Name of the Experiment
No Date
1 05/04/2022 Descriptive Statistics
2 07/04/2022 Independent Sample t-Test
3 12/04/2022 One Sample t- Test
4 19/04/2022 Paired Sample t-Test
5 21/04/2022 One way ANOVA
6 26/04/2022 Two way ANOVA
7 28/04/2022 Chi-square Test
8 03/05/2022 Mann-Whitney U Test
9 05/05/2022 Kruskal-Wallis H Test
10 10/05/2022 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
11 12/05/2022 Spearman Rank Correlation
12 17/05/2022 Correlation: Bivariate Analysis
13 19/05/2022 Regression
14 24/05/2022 Financial Management
15 26/05/2022 Inventory Analysis
16 31/05/2022 Investment Appraisal
17 02/06/2022 Ratio Analysis
18 07/06/2022 Portfolio Management
19 09/06/2022 Revenue Management
20 14/06/2022 Transportation
21 16/06/2022 Assignment
22 21/06/2022 Economic Order Quantity
23 23/06/2022 Forecasting Trend
24 28/06/2022 Linear Programming
25 30/06/2022 Linear Programming
26 30/06/2022 Transportation

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EX.NO:1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

DATE:

AIM: To obtain a frequency table, measures of central tendency and variability using SPSS.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Select the Analyze menu
Step 2: Click on Descriptive Statistics and then on Frequencies… to open the Frequencies
dialogue box
Step 3: Select the variables you require and click on the button to move the variable into the
variables box.
Step 4: Click on the Statistics… command push button to open the Frequencies: Statistics
Sub-dialogue box.
Step 5: In the Percentile values box, select the Quartiles check box.
Step 6: In the Central Tendency box, select the Mean, Median and mode check boxes.
Step 7: In the Dispersion box, select the standard deviation, variance, range, Minimum and
maximum check boxes.
Step 8: Click on continue. Click on the charts… command push button to open
frequencies charts sub-dialog box.
Step 9: click on the histograms/pie chart/bar chart button. You will notice that you can also
obtain a normal curve overlay, so click on the with normal curve check box.
Step 10:Click on continue and then ok.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: Take Sample size=25

Variable name Type width label values

Name String 12 Name Nil
Gender number 2 Gender 1-male , 2-female
1=<25
2=26-30
Age Number 2 Age
3=31-35
4=>36
1= student
Occpn Number 2 Sector 2=salaried
3= business
1=<6 months
Mob-use Number 2 Usage of Mobile 2=1-2yrs
3=>2yrs
1=convenience
Mob-rea Number 2 Reason for usage 2=business
3=status
1=<500
Amount for
Mob-amo Number 2 2=501-700
spend
3=>701

Result: The descriptive statistics have been done using SPSS .

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EX NO: 2 INDEPENDENT SAMPLE t-TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform independent sample t-test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Data Editor, click variable view, name the variable as “Diet” under name,
select Numeric under type, and label as Diet under label.
2. Click on the grey area under Value. A popup window opens , type 1 in the value
box and “Diet A” in Label box and click Add to transfer it to the box below. Type
2 in the value box and “Diet B” in Label box and click Add to transfer it to the
box below and click ok.
3. Go to second row and type “Haemoglobin” under Name select Numeric under
Type, type as “Level of haemoglobin (gm %) under label.
4. Click Data view and enter data in the column under Diet and Haemoglobin.
5. Choose Analyse, select compare means and then select Independent Samples T-
Test.
6. Independent-Samples T-Test window opens, transfer Haemoglobin to Test
Variables and Diet to Grouping Variable.
7. Click on Define Groups, a pop up window with Define Groups opens.
Type1under Group 1 and Type 2 under Group 2. Click continue
8. Click options. A pop up window opens. Check the confidence interval box as
95%, click continues.
9. Click ok to run the analysis and get the required output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: Two groups of children were fed on 2 different diets
namely, diet A and Diet B. The level of haemoglobin in blood were estimated and
presented in the table below. Test the superiority of diet B over diet A in increasing the
haemoglobin level.

DIET HAEMOGLOBIN (GM %)

A 10 11 12 11 10 9 10 9.5 12 13 11 11 12 10
B 11 11 12 13 11 9 12 10 11 12 12 12 13 10

RESULT: Thus independent sample t-test using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 3 ONE SAMPLE t-TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform One sample t-test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Data Editor, click variable view, name the variable as “Haemoglobin HB ”
under name, select Numeric under type, and label it as Haemoglobin(gm%)
2. Click Data view and enter data in the column under Haemoglobin
3. Choose Analyze, select compare means and then select One-sample T Test.
4. Transfer the variable under study “Haemoglobin (gm %)to test variable and type
in the test value box as 13 (Here we are testing whether the mean level of
haemoglobin of this sample differs significantly from the normal level of 13gm %
expected for women in the population)
5. Click options. A pop up window opens. Check the confidence interval box as
95%, click continues.
6. Click ok to run the analysis and get the required output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

ONE SAMPLE T-TEST: The following data gives the haemoglobin level (gm%) in a
group of 15 women students studying in a college. Test whether the haemoglobin level in
the women is significantly lower than the average level of 13 gm% expected for women
population. Infer whether the women in the age group are having the tendency towards
anemia.

Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
HG (gm 10 12 11 10 9 8 12 10 11 9 10 12 11 9 10
%)

RESULT: Thus One sample t-test using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 4 PAIRED SAMPLE t-TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform Paired sample t-test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Data Editor, click variable view, name the variable as “HB Before” under
name, select Numeric under type, and label it as before-haemoglobin.
2. Go to second row and type “Haemoglobin after” under Name select Numeric
under Type, type as “After Haemoglobin (gm %) under label.
3. Click Data view and enter data in the column under Before and After.
4. Choose Analyse, select compare means and then select Paired Samples T-Test.
5. Paired-Samples T-Test window opens, transfer Before Haemoglobin to Variable1
and After Haemoglobin to Variable2.
6. Click options. A pop up window opens. Check the confidence interval box as
95%, click continues.
7. Click ok to run the analysis and get the required output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST: An investigator wants to evaluate the effect of a
particular supplementary diet in increasing the level of haemoglobin in man. He selected
a group of 15 individuals, the level of haemoglobin in these persons was estimated and
then these individuals were fed on the supplementary diet. After feeding for a sufficient
period of time, the level of haemoglobin in these persons were estimated. The data
obtained in this study is given in the form of table. Evaluate the efficiency of the
supplementary diet in increasing haemoglobin (gm %) level.

BEFORE 10 12 11 10 9.5 10.5 11.5 10 9.8 10.5 12 11 11.5 10.5 9.9

AFTER 11 12 12 11 10 11.5 12 10 10 11 13 12 12 11 10

RESULT: Thus Paired sample t-test using SPSS was done.

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EX: NO: 5 ONE WAY ANOVA

DATE:

AIM: To perform ONE WAY ANOVA using SPSS

PROCEDURE:
1. Open new data file and make variables for city (1-Delhi, 2-Kolkata, 3-Mumbai
and 4-Chennai) and sales. Enter the sales data of 40 respondents.
2. Click analyze--compare means—one way ANOVA—Shift the sales variable to
dependent list and City variable to Factor column.
3. Click contrasts. Push button to open its sub dialogue box. Enter the coefficients as
2, 1,-1,-2. Note that the coefficient total should be zero. Click continues.
4. Click Post Hoc…push button to check the significance level in the Post Hoc Sub
dialogue box. In this case it is 0.05. Click continues.
5. Click options.. Push button to open its sub dialogue box. Select descriptive and
Homogeneity of Variance test and click continue & ok to generate output

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: Ritu wants to know the sales in four different metro
cities of India in Diwali Season. She assumes the sales contrast of 2:1:-1:-2 for Delhi,
Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai respectively. She collects sales data from 10 respondents
each from the four metro cities, collecting a total of 40 sales data.

City Sales in Rs.(Lacs)

1 400 450 499 480 495 300 350 356 269 298
2 389 398 399 498 457 400 300 298 369 348
3 488 469 425 450 399 385 299 298 389 390
4 450 400 428 398 359 360 310 295 322 365

RESULT: Thus ONE WAY ANOVA using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 6 TWO WAY ANOVA

DATE:

AIM: To perform TWO WAY ANOVA using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click Analyze, General Linear Model, Univariate… This will open Univariate
Dialogue box.
2. Choose the dependent variable and send it in dependent variable box. Similarly,
choose independent variables to send them in fixed factors list box.
3. Click options push button to open its sub dialogue box.
4. Click Descriptive Statistics, Estimates of effect size, observed power and
Homogeneity tests check boxes in the Display box and click continue. Previous
dialogue box will open.
5. Click ok to run the analysis and get the required output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Perform to find the interactive influence of herb and gender on blood sugar level
(mg/100ml)

NORMAL DIABETIC HERB 1 HERB 2

male female Male female male Female Male female
96 101 180 270 180 192 120 130
100 97 225 250 190 170 130 125
111 110 260 230 185 169 130 126
98 108 250 220 190 198 135 140
106 102 265 267 180 174 136 138
105 111 280 284 170 180 140 119

RESULT: Thus TWO WAY ANOVA using SPSS was done

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EX NO: 7 CHI-SQUARE TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform Chi-square test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:
STEP 1: Open a new data file in SPSS
STEP 2: Name the variables in Variable view. Click variable view, type the variable in
the first row as “Gender” under Name, Select Numeric under Type, Select 0 under
Decimals, label the Variable under Label Column. In the Values columns click the gray
area, to get Value labels dialog box and assign value number and labels as 1 for male
and 2 for female. In the second row, type the second variable as “Blood group” under the
column Name, select Numeric under Type, Select 0 under Decimals, label the variable
as “Blood group” under Label column. In the Values column click the grey area to get
Value labels dialog box and assign value number and label as 1 for A, 2 for B, 3 for AB
and 4 for O.
STEP 3: In the third row type Frequency under Name, Select Numeric under Type, select
0 under the column Decimals, label column as “Frequency”. There is no need to give
value labels under Values.
STEP 4: Click on Data view and enter data under the respective variables as labeled in
Variable View
STEP 5: Select Data from the main menu and then click Weight cases. Select Weight
cases by and transfer Frequency to frequency variable. Click ok. Now the entire display
will disappear.
STEP 6: Select Analyse from the main menu then click Descriptive statistics and then
click cross tabs. Transfer Gender and Blood group in rows and column boxes
respectively. If you want bar diagram select Display cluster bar chart. Click the
statistics button.
STEP 7: Crosstabs: Statistics window appear. Choose chi-square. Click continues.
STEP 8: Finally click ok to run the analysis. SPSS Output appears and interprets the
results. If the value is greater than 0.05, then null hypothesis is accepted.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: INDEPENDENCE OF ATTRIBUTES

A Group of students were classified in terms of gender and blood group (A, B, AB and
O). Find whether there is association between gender and blood group.

GENDER BLOOD GROUP

A B AB O TOTAL
MALE 28 16 7 49 100
FEMALE 25 13 8 54 100
TOTAL 53 29 15 103 200
Two groupings of categorical variables are Gender-male and female, Blood group-A, B,
AB and O

RESULT: Thus Chi-square test using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 8 MANN WHITNEY U TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform MANN WHITNEY U Test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Data Editor, click variable view and define the variables under name, type,
label, values, etc.,
2. Click on Data view and enter data
3. Choose Analyze, click Non-parametric and then select 2 independent samples
4. In the two-independent samples tests dialog box, transfer pulse rate in
counts/mins to test variable list box and gender to grouping variable box and click
continue.
5. The previous step will bring you back to TWO-independent samples tests pop up
window, now select U test under test type.
6. Click ok to run the analysis and get the required output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: The pulse rate (pulse/min) of 2 independent random

samples, one from male population and the other from female population sitting inside a
fast moving coach are given below. Find out whether there is a difference in the mean
pulse rate of 2(male and female) populations.

MALE 72 69 72 68 68 70 70 68 68 69 69 75 74
FEMALE 73 72 75 70 68 73 74 74 70 72 71 71 63

HINT: Ho: The pulse rate of both male and female sitting inside a fast moving coach is
equal, Grouping variable [Gender(1,2)], Test variable: Pulse rate

RESULT: MANN WHITNEY U Test using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 9 KRUSKAL-WALLIS H TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform KRUSKAL WALLIS- H Test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Data Editor, click variable view and define the variables under name, type,
label, values, etc.,
2. Click on Data view and enter data
3. Choose Analyze, click Non-parametric and then select K independent samples
4. This will open tests for several independent samples dialog box, transfer
dependent and independent variable in test variable list & grouping variable box
respectively.
5. Now select H test under test type.
6. Click on define range and give minimum 1 and maximum 3, and click continue to
get the required output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

The SPSS Vice president Sales has developed 3 new training programs for increasing
sales effectiveness. These are 60 new hires in the organization. He has randomly chosen
10 people for each training program. After one year, he decides to see the results.
Perform H test. Sales value is in lakhs. [Test Variable: Sales, Grouping Variable: Prog
(1,3)]

I PROG 45.00 10 12 30 50 25 33 45 45 50
II PROG 100.00 150 134 123 123 145 167 89 89 67
III PRO 10.00 222 22 22 45 332 89 23 54 76

RESULT: Thus KRUSKAL WALLIS- H Test using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 10 WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TEST

DATE:

AIM: To perform WILCOXON SIGNED RANK Test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Data Editor, click variable view and define the variables under name, type,
label, values, etc.,
2. Click on Data view and enter data
3. Choose Analyze, click Non-parametric and select 2 Related Samples
4. A pop window appears as Two- related samples test. Select the variable to be
analyzed and send it in variables list box by clicking the right arrow button.
Similarly do this for other variables 1 & 2.
5. Select Wilcoxon under Test type and Click options. Two-related samples: Options
dialog box opens.
6. Select Descriptive under Statistics and click continue. Click ok to see the output.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Drug A 3 2 3.6 2.6 7.4 3 16 7 3.3 2 6.8 8.5 7 8 5.6
Drug B 3.5 3.5 5.7 2.4 9.9 4 18.7 6.6 4.5 4 9.1 1.8 8.5 7.5 2.9

The TABLE shows the hours of relief provided by 2 analgesic drugs in 15 patients
suffering from arthritis. Is there any evidence that one drug provides longer relief than the
others? Use Wilcoxon signed rank test.

RESULT: Thus WILCOXON SIGNED RANK Test using SPSS was done.

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EX NO: 11 SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION

DATE:

AIM: To perform Rank correlation Test using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:
STEP1: Name the variables in Variable View and data in Data editor
STEP2: Click Analyze then select correlate and click bivariate.
STEP3: Transfer both the variables to variables box and select spearman under
correlation coefficients and two-tailed under test of significance.
STEP4: Click OK to run the analysis
STEP5: If the value is greater than 0.05, the correlation coefficient is insignificant.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: Compute Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for

the data given below on academic achievements and family income.

Grade 75 73 96 61 71 56 50 85 90 54
points
Family 8500 7000 6000 12000 12000 5000 18000 9000 7000 8200
income(Rs.)

RESULT: Thus Rank correlation Test using SPSS was done.

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EX.NO: 12 CORRELATION: BIVARIATE ANALYSIS WITH SPSS

DATE:

AIM: To perform correlation coefficient test using SPSS

PROCEDURE
STEP1: Open the data editor and click the Variable view and then enter the name of
variables and details of the variables.
STEP2: Click Data view and enter data under appropriate variable.
STEP3: Select Analysis from the main menu and select Correlate from the drop down
menu and then select Bivariate.
STEP 4: Bivariate correlations dialog box opens.
STEP 5: Transfer variables into Variables box, select Pearson under Correlation
Coefficients and select Two-tailed under Test of Significance and Flag Significant
Correlations.
STEP 6: Click options to open Bivariate Correlations: Options, select Mean, Standard
Deviation under Statistics, so that you can get some descriptive statistics in the output.
STEP 7: Click continue and ok to run the analysis. Two outputs are generated.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: Find out correlation coefficient for the variables, age
(years) and systolic blood pressure (mmHg) in man.

Age 56 42 60 50 54 49 39 62 65 70 40 53
BP 160 130 125 135 145 115 140 120 140 160 126 145
Age 35 38 39 37 70 75 65 64
BP 118 120 123 138 160 163 145 146

RESULT: Thus correlation coefficient test using SPSS was done.

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EX: NO: 13 SIMPLE REGRESSION

DATE:

AIM: To perform Simple Regression using SPSS

PROCEDURE:
STEP1: Open Data Editor and click Variable View. Enter the name of variables and
details of the variables.
STEP2: Click Data view and enter data under appropriate variable
STEP3: Select Analyse from the main menu and select Regression and Linear from the
drop down menu.
STEP 4: Linear Regression dialog box opens. Transfer Systolic pressure to Dependent
box and Age to Independent Box.
STEP 5: Click Statistics to open Linear Regression: Statistics dialog box, select
estimates, descriptives and model fit, then click continue.
STEP 6: Click plots to open Linear Regression: Plots and transfer *ZRESID (dependent
or criterion) to Y: box and * ZPRED (independent or predictor) to X: box and then click
Continue.
STEP 7: Click Ok to run the analysis

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Formulate regression equation of Y (systolic pressure mm Hg) on X (age) in man. Predict
the most probable value of systolic pressure for ages 51 and 68.

Age 56 42 60 50 54 49 39 62 65 70 40 53
BP 160 130 125 135 145 115 140 120 140 160 126 145
Age 35 38 39 37 70 75 65 64
BP 118 120 123 138 160 163 145 146

RESULT: Thus Simple Regression using SPSS was done.

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EX: NO: 14 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT USING MS- EXCEL

DATE:

Aim: To Calculate Interest rate, Future value of investment and calculation of EMI using Excel.

Procedure:
1. Start with Start menu bar -> Ms-Office -> Ms-Excel -> Type the given problem (a)
2. Type Interest Rate in A7 and keep the cursor in B7
3. Go to insert function (fx) --- insert function box will appear
4. Select “Financial” in select a category and select “rate” in select a function
5. Type Nper = 48 , Pmt = 6000, Pv = -200000 in function arguments and click ok
6. Rate will appear for months, to calculate annual interest rate add *12 in the above formula
7. Output will be displayed in the specified Cell
8. Type the given problem (b)
9. Type future value A6 and keep the cursor in B6
10. Go to insert function (fx) --- insert function box will appear
11. Select “Financial” in select a category and select “FV” in select a function
12. Type Rate = 0.12/12 or calculate monthly interest rate by dividing 12, Nper = 24, Pmt= -2000
13. Output will be displayed in the specified Cell
14. Type the given problem (c)
15. Type EMI A7 and keep the cursor in B7
16. Go to insert function (fx) --- insert function box will appear
17. Select “Financial” in select a category and select “PMT” in select a function
18. Type Rate = 0.14/12 or calculate monthly interest rate by dividing 12, Nper = 180 or 15*12, PV= -
400000
19. Output will be displayed in the specified Cell

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

(a) Suppose we have availed a loan of Rs. 2,00,000 that is paid off in 48 monthly installments of
rupees 6000 each. Find out the rate of interest charged on this loan

(b) You deposit Rs.2000 each and every month in your bank account. The bank pays 12% annual
rate that is compound every month. Find out how much money will be in your account at the
end of 24 months.

(c) Suppose if you want to take a loan of Rs. 4,00,000 at an annual interest rate of 14%. The loan
has to be repaid in 15 years in equal monthly installments. Find out the EMI.

RESULT: Thus Interest rate, Future value of Investment and EMI is successfully completed by using
Excel.

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EX: NO: 15 INVENTORY ANALYSIS USING MS-EXCEL DATE:

AIM:
To Perform Inventory Analysis - Economic Ordering Quantity - Using Ms-Excel.

Procedure
1. Start with Start menu bar -> Ms-Office -> Ms-Excel -> Type the given problem
2. Calculate the following by giving the formulas in different Cells with Cell address
3. Where,
A = Annual usage = units per day * no. of days in a year= 18000 units
B = Cost per order =Handling charges + Freight Charges = Rs.500
C = Cost per unit = Cost per lot / No. of units per lot = Rs.10
S = Storage and carrying cost % per annum (15% + 5%)= 20%
4. Calculate EOQ = SQRT((2 x (Annual Usage x Cost Per order))/(Cost per unit x Storage &
Carrying cost))
5. Calculate No. or orders = (Annual Consumption / EOQ)
6. Calculate Frequency of order = (Number of Days or Months in a year / No. of orders)

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE: A factory consumes 60 units of material per day which is
supplied by a vendor in lots of 240 units each at Rs.2,400 per lot. The factory works for 300 days
per annum.

Each order involves handling charges of Rs.120 and Freight charges of Rs.380. The storage cost is
5% and carrying cost is 15% per annum.

You are required to ascertain

1. No. of units to be ordered each time to minimize the overall inventory cost
2. No. of orders per annum
3. The frequency of placing orders.

RESULT: Thus Inventory Analysis – EOQ was performed using Ms-Excel.

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EX.NO:16 INVESTMENT APPRAISAL USING EXCEL DATE:

AIM: To perform investment appraisal among four investment proposals for Small Wonders Ltd using
Excel.

Procedure
1. Start with Start menu bar -> Ms-Office -> Ms-Excel -> Type the given problem
2. Type the problem from A1 cell ( A1: Years, B1: Project 1, C1: Project 2, D1: Project 3, E1: Project
4. A7: Capital Available for each year, A8: Cost of capital)
3. Type NPV(Net Present Value) in A9 and place the cursor in B9 for project 1
4. press function option(fx)
5. Type NPV in search for function option click go

6. In Select a function --- Select NVP function and ----click ok

7. Function Arguments popup box will open, in rate --- type cost of capital 0.15, in value 1 ---- select
(B3:B6), close bracket and type + B2 ( initial Investment)
8. Press enter
9. Output will be displayed in the specified range

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Small Wonders Ltd is a small manufacturer of microcomputers. The Board of Director of the firm is faced
with the problem of evaluating four proposals and deciding which, if any, of the alternatives are
acceptable. The table shows the expected cash flows of the project and available capital (Rs. ‘000s) over
the next four years. Cash inflows are shown in positive and cash outflows are shown in negative and cost
of capital is assumed as 15% per annum.

Proposals Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

1 -60 0 40 70
2 -50 -30 50 100
3 -40 -80 100 90
4 -35 110 -50
Capital available 100 100 50 50
for each year
You are requested to compute the proportion of investment in each projects that will maximize the NPV
for Small Wonders Ltd.

RESULT: Thus investment appraisal for Small Wonders Ltd was successful completed using Excel

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EX.NO: 17 RATIO ANALYSIS USING MS-EXCEL

Date

AIM: To Perform Ratio analysis (Average inventory and Average Debt Collection Period) Using Ms-
Excel.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start with Start menu bar -> Ms-Office -> Ms-Excel -> Type the given problem
2. Calculate the following by giving the formulas in different Cells with Cell address
⮚ Cost of Goods Sold = Sales – Gross Profit
⮚ ITR = COGS / Avg. Inventory; Avg. Inventory = COGS / ITR
⮚ Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
⮚ Current Assets = Current Ratio x Current Liabilities
⮚ Current Assets = Cash + Inventories + Closing Debtors
⮚ Closing Debtors = Current Assets – (Cash + Inventories)
⮚ Average Debt Collection Period = (Avg. A/c Receivables / Credit Sales) * 365
⮚ Avg. A/c Receivables = (Opening Debtors + Closing Debtors)
/2

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Calculate
(i) Average Inventory and
(ii) Average Debt Collection Period from the following Data:
Credit Sales (Rs.) 640000
Gross Profit Margin 0.15
Current Ratio 2.50
Current Liabilities (Rs.) 96000
Inventories (Rs.) 48000
Cash (Rs.) 16000
Inventory Turnover Ratio 5.00
Opening Debtors (Rs.) 80000

RESULT: Thus Ratio Analysis was performed using Ms-Excel.

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EX.NO: 18 PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT USING MS-EXCEL DATE:

AIM: To perform portfolio management using Ms.Excel.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start with Start menu bar -> Ms-Office -> Ms-Excel -> Type the given problem
2. Type given problem: A2: Years, B2: company A, C3: Company B, D3: Company C
3. Type “Average Return” in A13 and place the cursor in A13 to calculate average return for
company A.
4. press function option(fx)
5. Type Average in search for function option --- click go
6. Function arguments will open, select or type B3:B12 and click --- ok
7. Output will be displayed in the specified Cell
8. Continue for company B and Company C
9. Output will be displayed in the specified Cell

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Eby Abraham has recently inherited some money which he would like to invest in stock. Eby already
holds stock in company A, and over the past ten years he has received an average annual return of 7.48%
on his investment. He would like to increase this and hence informed his investment banker that an annual
return of at least 12% is his desired objective. The bank’s funds investment manager has forwarded details
given below of two suitable companies B and C, whose stock performances meet Edby’s requirements.

Company 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 8.5 15.3 11.5 -1.6 -3.6 8.4 6.8 11.9 6.1 11.5
B 6.7 9.2 11.3 17.7 7.4 13 19.5 15.1 19.4 15.2
C 15.1 27.8 38.6 -12 -5.6 12.7 -2.1 12.8 36.8 22.7

RESULT: Thus Portfolio Management is successful completed using Excel

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EX.NO: 19 REVENUE MANAGEMENT USING MS-EXCEL DATE:

AIM: To perform Revenue Management for Xyz Company by calculating Sales for given EPS and
calculating EPS for given sales using Excel.
.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start with Start menu bar -> Ms-Office -> Ms-Excel -> Type the given problem
2. Type the heading calculation of EPS in A11, Particulars in A12, Amount in B12
3. Type the variables like sales, expenses, fixed expenses, interest , tax and no of equity shares in
column A and respective Amount in column B
4. Type PBIT in cell A16 and place a cursor in B16 – type this formula (=B13-B14-B15)
5. Type PAIBT in cell A18 and place a cursor in B18 – type this formula (=B16-B17)
6. Type EAT in cell A20 and place a cursor in B20 – type this formula (=B18-B19)
7. Type EPS in cell A22 and place a cursor in B18 – type this formula (=B20/B21)
8. EPS for Given problem calculated , now find sales to earn a EPS of Rs. 3
9. Type EPS Rs.3 and no of shares 10000 in cell E13 and F13
10. Calculate EAT by using this formula EAT = EPS* no of shares
11. Calculate PAIBT by using this formula PAIBT = EAT + Tax
12. Calculate PBIT by using this formula PBIT = PAIBT + Interest
13. Calculate sales by using this formula sales = PBIT + Expenses + Fixed expenses
14. Therefore output i. e desired sales to earn a EPS will be displayed in specified cell
15. Repeat the step 2 to 7 for reduction in expenses by 5% and 10% respectively
16. Output will be displayed in the specified Cell

PROBLEM:
Xyz Company made an EPS of Rs. 2. Confirm the above with the following data.
● Sale of Rs. 1,50, 000
● Expenses Rs. 1,00,000
● Fixed Expenses Rs. 20,000
● Interest Rs. 2000 ( 10% of the fixed expenses)
● Tax 8,400 (30%)
● Number of shares 10000
As the sales manager of the firm, you need to know what would be the effect of sales on EAT and EPS.
What would be your target for the sales forces so that the investors could earn an EPS of Rs. 3. Also find
out what will be the effect of cost cutting measures that would result in 5% and 10% reduction in the
expenses respectively.

RESULT: Thus revenue Management for Xyz Company is successfully completed by calculating
Sales for given EPS and calculating EPS for given sales using Excel.

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EX: NO: 20 TRANSPORTATION USING POM

DATE:

AIM: To determine the optimal solution for given transportation problem using POM
Modules

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Open a POM applications
Step 2: Select LP transportation Module
Step 3: Go to production menu
Step 4: Enter the values for row & columns
Step 5: Enter the object values, capacity & demand for the restrictions
Step 6: Select the solve in the menu
Step 7: Run the output
Step 8: Save the output file with suitable file name

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Solve the transportation problem

DESTINATION
SOURCE SUPPLY
A B C D
1 40 25 22 33 100
2 44 35 30 30 30
3 38 38 28 30 70
DEMAND 40 45 60 55

RESULT: The optimal solution for given transportation problem using POMModules was
done.

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EX: NO: 21 ASSIGNMENT USING POM

DATE:

AIM: To calculate maximum profit & minimum cost in assignment using POM Modules

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Open a POM applications
Step 2: Select assignment Module
Step 3: Go to production menu
Step 4: Enter the values for row & columns
Step 5: Enter the object values
Step 6: Select the solve in the menu
Step 7: Run the output
Step 8: Save the output file with suitable file name

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

Solve the assignment problem using POM. Assign the salesmen to the territories for
maximizing sales.

TERRITORIES
1 2 3 4
A 120 100 80 90
SALESMEN B 80 90 110 70
C 110 140 120 100
D 90 90 80 90

RESULT: Calculation of maximum profit & minimum cost in assignment using POM
Modules was done.

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EX: NO: 22 ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY USING POM

DATE:

AIM: To calculate Economic order quantity using POM Modules

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Open a POM applications
Step 2: Select fixed order quantity module
Step 3: Select module 1 in general menu
Step 4: Go to production menu
Step 5: Enter the given values
Step 6: Select the solve in the menu
Step 7: Run the output
Step 8: Save the output file with suitable file name

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

1. Find the EOQ and the number of orders if demand for the year is 2000 units.
Ordering cost is Rs.500 per order and the carrying cost per unit per year is
Rs.2.50.

RESULT: Calculation of Economic order quantity using POM Modules was done.

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EX: NO: 23 FORECASTING USING POM

DATE:

Aim: To forecast sales for next period using POM

Procedure:
1. Select the module from the menu bar(In our case its Forecasting Using causal
regression)
2. Open a new sheet with Time series analysis First enter the number of periods of
past data,
3. enter the name of the variable you want to forecast,
4. enter the number of periods to forecast,
5. enter the percent confidence interval for forecast ranging,
6. Enter the number of most recent periods to be used in computing MAD, and enter
the number of independent variables.
7. Then enter the name of each independent variable.
8. Next enter the past data in the grid on the left.
9. Finally enter the values of the independent variables for future periods to be
forecasted, in the grid at the bottom right.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE:

A Firm believes that its annual profit depends on its expenditures for research. The
information for the preceding 6 years is given below. Estimate the profit when the
expenditure is 8 units.
year Expenditure Annual Profitin lacs (Y)
for research (X)

2011 3 22
2012 4 27
2013 6 36
2014 5 32
2015 12 45
2016 7 36
2017 8 ?

RESULT: Forecasting for sales for next period using POM modules was done.

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EX: NO: 24 LINEAR PROGRAMMING USING POM

DATE:

AIM: To determine the optimal solution for given linear programming using POM
Modules

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Open a POM applications
Step 2: Select Linear Programming Modules
Step 3: Enter given values
Step 4: Enter the values for constraints & objective function
Step 5: Select the solve in the menu
Step 6: Run the output
Step 7: Save the output file with suitable file name

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Maximize Z = X1+2X2+3X3-X4 subject to
X1+2X2+3X3=15
2X1+X2+5X3=20
X1+2X2+X3+X4=10
X1, X2, X3, X4>=0

RESULT: Determination of optimal solution for given linear programming using POMModules was done.

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EX: NO: 25 LINEAR PROGRAMMING USING TORA

DATE:

AIM: To Solve a linear programming problem using TORA

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: In the main menu select linear programming
Step 2: In the data entry, select new problem
Step 3: Enter the project title, number of variables and constraints.
Step 4: Specify objective function and constraints
Step 5: Specify the supply and demand amount
Step 6: Save the problem
Step 7: Select solve the problem
Step 8: Select automatic procedure to display the result and print the optimum result.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

MAX Z = 2X1+3X2
Subject to
X1 + X2 <= 400
2x1 +Xx2 <=600
X1, X2 >= 0

RESULT: Solve a linear programming problem using TORA was done.

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EX: NO: 26 TRANSPORTATION USING TORA

DATE:

AIM: To Solve a transportation problem using TORA

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: In the main menu select transportation model
Step 2: In the data entry, select new problem
Step 3: Enter the number of sources and destinations
Step 4: Specify a unit cost from source to destination
Step 5: Specify the supply and demand amount
Step 6: Save the problem
Step 7: Select solve the problem
Step 8: Select automatic procedure to display the result and print the optimum result.

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Solve the following transportation problem using TORA (MINIMIZATION)

SOURCE DESTINATION SUPPLY

A B C
1 2 7 4 5
2 3 3 1 8
3 5 4 7 7
4 1 6 2 14
DEMAND 7 9 18

RESULT: Solution for a transportation problem using TORA was arrived.

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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS

1. Define SPSS
2. What is Descriptive statistics?
3. Define Parametric Test
4. Define Non Parametric Test
5. Give Examples for Parametric test
6. Give Examples for Non-Parametric test
7. What is correlation?
8. What is regression?
9. What is forecasting?
10. Give examples for forecasting techniques?
11. Distinguish between data and information.
12. What is POM?
13. What is TORA?
14. Distinguish between PERT & CPM.
15. What is queueing theory?
16. Define balking and reneging
17. Classify queueing models
18. Define linear programming
19. Define assignment model
20. Define transportation model
21. Define portfolio
22. Define portfolio selection
23. Define revenue management
24. Define sensitivity analysis
25. Define capital budgeting
26. Define risk
27. Define return
28. Define EOQ
29. Define Inventory
30. Distinguish between correlation and regression/parametric and non-
parametric test.
31. Define scheduling
32. Define sequencing.
33. What is factor analysis?
34. What is wilcoxon signed rank test?
35. What is discriminant analysis?

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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Define SPSS
SPSS stands for Statistical Package for Social Science.
2. What is Descriptive statistics?
Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which can
be either a representation of the entire or a sample of a population. Descriptive statistics are
broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability (spread). Measures of
central tendency include the mean, median, and mode, while measures of variability include the
standard deviation, variance, the minimum and maximum variables, and the kurtosis and
skewness.
3. Define Parametric Test
Parametric tests assume underlying statistical distributions in the data. Therefore, several
conditions of validity must be met so that the result of a parametric test is reliable. For example,
Student’s t-test for two independent samples is reliable only if each sample follows a normal
distribution and if sample variances are homogeneous.
4. Define Non Parametric Test
Nonparametric tests do not rely on any distribution. They can thus be applied even if parametric
conditions of validity are not met.
5. Give Examples for Parametric test
One sample t-test, 2-sample t-test, one way ANOVA
6. Give Examples for Non-Parametric test
Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis H test, one sample sign test, one sample wilcoxon,
friedman test
7. What is correlation?
Correlation is usually defined as a measure of the linear relationship between two quantitative
variables (e.g., height and weight).
8. What is regression?
A technique for determining the statistical relationship between two or more variables where a
change in a dependent variable is associated with, and depends on, a change in one or more
independent variables.
9. What is co-efficient of determination (r2)?
A statistical method that explains how much of the variability of a factor can be caused or
explained by its relationship to another factor. Coefficient of determination is used in trend
analysis. It is computed as a value between 0 (0 percent) and 1 (100 percent). The higher the
value, the better the fit. Coefficient of determination is symbolized by r2 because it is square of
the coefficient of correlation symbolized by r. The coefficient of determination is an important
tool in determining the degree of linear-correlation of variables ('goodness of fit') in regression
analysis.
10. What is forecasting?
A planning tool that helps management in its attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the future,
relying mainly on data from the past and present and analysis of trends. Forecasting starts with
certain assumptions based on the management's experience, knowledge, and judgment. These
estimates are projected into the coming months or years using one or more techniques such as
Box-Jenkins models, Delphi method, exponential smoothing, moving averages, regression
analysis, and trend projection. Since any error in the assumptions will result in a similar or
magnified error in forecasting, the technique of sensitivity analysis is used which assigns a range
of values to the uncertain factors

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11. Give examples for forecasting techniques?

Qualitative vs. quantitative methods, Average approach, Naive approach, Drift method, Seasonal
naïve approach, Time series methods, Causal / Econometric forecasting methods, Judgmental
methods.
12. Distinguish between data and information.
Data – collection of raw facts Information –processed data
13. What is POM?
Production and Operations Management
14. What is TORA?
Taha operations research alogarithm
15. Distinguish between PERT & CPM.
Basis for
PERT CPM
Comparison
PERT is a project management CPM is a statistical technique of project
Meaning technique, used to manage uncertain management that manages well defined
activities of a project. activities of a project.
A technique of planning and control
What is it? A method to control cost and time.
of time.
Orientation Event-oriented Activity-oriented
Evolved as Research &
Evolution Evolved as Construction project
Development project
Model Probabilistic Model Deterministic Model
Focuses on Time Time-cost trade-off
Estimates Three time estimates One time estimate
Appropriate for High precision time estimate Reasonable time estimate
Management of Unpredictable Activities Predictable activities
Nature of jobs Non-repetitive nature Repetitive nature
Critical and Non-
No differentiation Differentiated
critical activities
Non-research projects like civil
Suitable for Research and Development Project
construction, ship building etc.
Crashing concept Not Applicable Applicable
16. What is queueing theory?
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is
constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally
considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making
business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.
17. Define balking , reneging and retrial.
Balking : When notified that they will have to wait in line, someone leaves the system instead.
Reneging : Someone gets tired of waiting, and leaves the system before starting service.
Retrial : Someone who left the system early (due to a busy signal, or balking, or reneging) tries
again.
18. Classify queueing models
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is
constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally

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considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making
business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.
19. Define linear programming
A mathematical technique for maximizing or minimizing a linear function of several
variables, such as output or cost.
20. Define assignment model
In order to generate an assignment problem it is necessary to provide the number of jobs
and machines and indicate whether the problem is a minimization or maximization problem. The
number of jobs and machines do not have to be equal but usually they are. The assignment
method is used to determine what resources are assigned to which department, machine, or center
of operation in the production process. This method is used to allocate the proper number of
employees to a machine or task, and the number of jobs that a given machine or factory can
produce.
21. Define transportation model
The Transportation Method of linear programming is applied to the problems related to the study
of the efficient transportation routes i.e. how efficiently the product from different sources of
production is transported to the different destinations, such as the total transportation cost is
minimum.
22. Define portfolio
In finance, a portfolio is the combination of shares or other investments that a particular person or
company has.
23. Define portfolio selection
The proper goal of portfolio construction would be to generate a portfolio that provides the
highest return and the lowest risk. Such a portfolio would be known as the optimal portfolio. The
process of finding the optimal portfolio is described as portfolio selection.
24. Define revenue management
Revenue management is the application of disciplined analytics that predict consumer behaviour
at the micro-market levels and optimize product availability and price to maximize revenue
growth.
25. Define sensitivity analysis
A sensitivity analysis determines how different values of an independent variable affect a
particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions.
26. Define capital budgeting.
Capital budgeting is the process in which a business determines and evaluates potential large
expenses or investments. These expenditures and investments include projects such as building a
new plant or investing in a long-term venture.
27. Define risk
A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is
caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive action.
28. Define return
A return, also known as a financial return, in its simplest terms, is the money made or lost on an
investment. A return can be expressed nominally as the change in dollar value of an investment
over time. A return can be expressed as a percentage derived from the ratio of profit to
investment.
29. Define EOQ
Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the ideal order quantity a company should purchase for its
inventory given a set cost of production, demand rate and other variables. This is done to
minimize variable inventory costs, and the equation for EOQ takes into account storage, ordering
costs and shortage costs.

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30. Define Inventory

Inventory is an accounting term that refers to goods that are in various stages of being made ready
for sale, including: Finished goods (that are available to be sold) Work-in-progress (meaning in
the process of being made) Raw materials (to be used to produce more finished goods)
31.Distinguish between correlation and regression
Basis for
Correlation Regression
Comparison
Correlation is a statistical measure Regression describes how an
Meaning which determines co-relationship or independent variable is numerically
association of two variables. related to the dependent variable.
To fit a best line and estimate one
To represent linear relationship
Usage variable on the basis of another
between two variables.
variable.
Dependent and
Independent No difference Both variables are different.
variables
Correlation coefficient indicates the Regression indicates the impact of a
Indicates extent to which two variables move unit change in the known variable (x)
together. on the estimated variable (y).
To estimate values of random variable
To find a numerical value expressing
Objective on the basis of the values of fixed
the relationship between variables.
variable.
32. Define scheduling
Scheduling is the process of arranging, controlling and optimizing work and workloads in a
production process. Companies use backward and forward scheduling to allocate plant and
machinery resources, plan human resources, plan production processes and purchase materials.
33. Define sequencing.
Sequencing can be defined as the selection of an order for a series of jobs to be done on a number
of service facilities (machine). The purpose of sequencing problems is to complete the job within
the minimum possible time, keeping the minimum idle time of the machines (or services).
34. What is factor analysis?
Factor analysis is a technique that is used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer
numbers of factors. This technique extracts maximum common variance from all variables and
puts them into a common score.
35. What is wilcoxon signed rank test?
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric statistical hypothesis test used to compare two
related samples, matched samples, or repeated measurements on a single sample to assess
whether their population mean ranks differ (i.e. it is a paired difference test).
36. What is discriminant analysis?
Discriminant Analysis is a statistical tool with an objective to assess the adequacy of a
classification, given the group memberships; or to assign objects to one group among a number of
groups. For any kind of Discriminant Analysis, some group assignments should be known
beforehand.

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