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Modeling & Simulation

Modeling is the process of creating a representation of a system to predict the effects of changes, while simulation involves operating that model to analyze system performance. The document outlines the history of simulation, steps for developing simulation models, and performing simulation analysis, highlighting both advantages and disadvantages. Applications of modeling and simulation span various fields including military, telecommunications, and civil engineering.

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James Salcedo
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17 views11 pages

Modeling & Simulation

Modeling is the process of creating a representation of a system to predict the effects of changes, while simulation involves operating that model to analyze system performance. The document outlines the history of simulation, steps for developing simulation models, and performing simulation analysis, highlighting both advantages and disadvantages. Applications of modeling and simulation span various fields including military, telecommunications, and civil engineering.

Uploaded by

James Salcedo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modeling &

Simulation
Modeling

Modeling is the process of representing a model which includes


its construction and working. This model is similar to a real system, which
helps the analyst predict the effect of changes to the system. In other
words, modelling is creating a model which represents
a system including their properties. It is an act of building a model.
Simulation

Simulation of a system is the operation of a model in terms of


time or space, which helps analyze the performance of an existing or a
proposed system. In other words, simulation is the process of using a
model to study the performance of a system. It is an act of using a
model for simulation.
History of Simulation
1940: A method named ‘Monte Carlo’ was developed by researchers
(John von Neumann, Stanislaw Ulan, Edward Teller, Herman Kahn) and
physicists working on a Manhattan project to study neutron scattering.

1960: The first special-purpose simulation languages were developed, such


as SIMSCRIPT by Harry Markowitz at the RAND Corporation.

1970: During this period, research was initiated on mathematical


foundations of simulation.

1980: During this period, PC-based simulation software, graphical user


interfaces and object-oriented programming were developed.

1990: During this period, web-based simulation, fancy animated graphics,


simulation-based optimization, Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods were
developed.
Developing Simulation Models

Simulation models consist of the following components: system


entities, input variables, performance measures, and functional
relationships. Following are the steps to develop a simulation model.
 Step 1: Identify the problem with an existing system or set requirements of
a proposed system.
 Step 2: Design the problem while taking care of the existing system factors
and limitations.
 Step 3: Collect and start processing the system data, observing its
performance and result.
 Step 4: Develop the model using network diagrams and verify it using
various verifications techniques.
 Step 5: Validate the model by comparing its performance under various
conditions with the real system.
 Step 6: Create a document of the model for future use, which includes
objectives, assumptions, input variables and performance in detail.
 Step 7: Select an appropriate experimental design as per requirement.
 Step 8: Induce experimental conditions on the model and observe the
result.
Performing Simulation Analysis

 Step 1: Prepare a problem statement.


 Step 2: Choose input variables and create entities for the simulation
process. There are two types of variables - decision variables and
uncontrollable variables. Decision variables are controlled by the
programmer, whereas uncontrollable variables are the random
variables.
 Step 3: Create constraints on the decision variables by assigning it to
the simulation process.
 Step 4: Determine the output variables.
 Step 5: Collect data from the real-life system to input into the
simulation.
 Step 6: Develop a flowchart showing the progress of the simulation
process.
 Step 7: Choose an appropriate simulation software to run the model.
 Step 8: Verify the simulation model by comparing its result with the
real-time system.
 Step 9: Perform an experiment on the model by changing the
variable values to find the best solution.
 Step 10: Finally, apply these results into the real-time system.
Advantages of Modelling &
Simulation
 Easy to understand: Allows to understand how the system really
operates without working on real-time systems.
 Easy to test: Allows to make changes into the system and their effect on
the output without working on real-time systems.
 Easy to upgrade: Allows to determine the system requirements by
applying different configurations.
 Easy to identifying constraints: Allows to perform bottleneck analysis
that causes delay in the work process, information, etc.
 Easy to diagnose problems: Certain systems are so complex that it is not
easy to understand their interaction at a time. However, Modelling &
Simulation allows to understand all the interactions and analyze their
effect. Additionally, new policies, operations, and procedures can be
explored without affecting the real system.
Disadvantage of Modelling &
Simulation
 Designing a model is an art which requires domain knowledge,
training and experience.
 Operations are performed on the system using random number,
hence difficult to predict the result.
 Simulation requires manpower and it is a time-consuming process.
 Simulation results are difficult to translate. It requires experts to
understand.
 Simulation process is expensive.
Application Areas

 Modelling & Simulation can be applied to the following areas:


Military applications, training & support, designing semiconductors,
telecommunications, civil engineering designs & presentations, and
E-business models.

 Additionally, it is used to study the internal structure of a complex


system such as the biological system. It is used while optimizing the
system design such as routing algorithm, assembly line, etc. It is used
to test new designs and policies. It is used to verify analytic
solutions.

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