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Experiment NO-1 Objectives

The document outlines Experiment No-1, which focuses on familiarizing students with electrical circuit instruments and components, including resistors, breadboards, and multimeters. It details the function and measurement of resistors, their color codes, and tolerances, as well as the use of breadboards for circuit prototyping and the role of multimeters in measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Additionally, it discusses the importance of DC power supplies and batteries in circuit experimentation.

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rifatniham6
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5 views5 pages

Experiment NO-1 Objectives

The document outlines Experiment No-1, which focuses on familiarizing students with electrical circuit instruments and components, including resistors, breadboards, and multimeters. It details the function and measurement of resistors, their color codes, and tolerances, as well as the use of breadboards for circuit prototyping and the role of multimeters in measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Additionally, it discusses the importance of DC power supplies and batteries in circuit experimentation.

Uploaded by

rifatniham6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment NO-1: Familiarization with the Electrical circuit instruments and components

Objectives:
• To observe the various parameters of the electrical circuit.
• To observe the different instruments which are usually needed for measurement.
• To understand the uses of instruments and components in the Experiment.
Experiment Components:
1. Resistor.
2. DC power Supply or Voltage Source.
3. AVO Meter or Multi-meter (VOM).
4. Breadboard or Trainer Board.
Resistor or Resistance:
Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is spelled as an omega. 1 is quite small, so
resistor values are often given in kΩ and MΩ. 1k = 1000Ω. 1M=1000000Ω. Resistor values are
normally shown using colored bands. Each color represents a number, as shown in the table.

The Resistor Color Code:


Color Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
white 9

Fig l: Resistor
Most resistors have four bands: a) The first band gives the first digit. b) The second band gives
the second digit. c) The third band indicates the number of zeros. d) The fourth band is used to
show the tolerance (precision) of the resistor.

Fig 2: Resistor with color code


This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros), and gold bands. So, its value is 270000 =
270k. The Ω is usually omitted on circuit diagrams, and the value is written as 270K.

Tolerance
Brown ±1%
Red ±2%
Gold ±5%
Silver ±10%
None ±20%

Tolerance of Resistors (Fourth Band of Color Code):


The fourth band of the color code shows the tolerance of a resistor. Tolerance is the precision of
the resistor, and it is given as a percentage. For example, a 390 resistor with a tolerance of ±10%
will have a value within 10% of 390, between 390 - 39 =351, and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of
390). A unique color code is used for the fourth band tolerance: silver ±10%, gold ±5%, red ±2%,
and brown ±1%. If no fourth band is shown, the tolerance is ±20%. Tolerance may be ignored for
almost all circuits because precise resistor values are rarely required.

Preset (open style) Presets (closed style) Multiturn preset


Fig:3. Other types of Resistors
Breadboard:
A breadboard is a prototype construction base for a one-of-a-kind electronic circuit.
In modern times, the term is commonly used to refer to a particular type of breadboard, the
solderless breadboard (plug board). A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing
or to try out an idea. No soldering is required, so changing connections and replacing components
is easy. Parts will not be damaged, so they can be reused afterward.

The photograph shows a typical small breadboard for beginners building simple circuits with one
or two ICs (chips). Larger sizes are available, and you can buy one of these to start with.
Breadboards have many tiny sockets (called 'holes') arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads of most
components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are inserted across the central gap with their
notch or dot to the left.
The diagram shows how the breadboard holes are connected:

The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally across, as shown by the red and black lines on
the diagram. The power supply is connected to these rows +at the top and 0V (zero volts) at the
bottom. The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the center as shown
by the blue lines on the diagram.
Multimeter:
A multimeter, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features
such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance i.e. An ammeter measures current,
a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter
measures resistance. There are two categories of multimeters: analog and digital (Often
abbreviated as DMM or DVOM).
As ammeter: Diagrams below show a circuit before and after connecting an ammeter.

Consider the changes you must make to a practical circuit, including the ammeter. First, you must
break the circuit to connect the ammeter in series. All the current flowing in the circuit must pass
through the ammeter. Meters are not supposed to alter the circuit's behavior, or at least not
significantly, and it follows that the ammeter must have a very LOW resistance.
As voltmeter: Diagrams below show a circuit before and after connecting a voltmeter.

This time, you do not need to break the circuit. The voltmeter is connected in parallel between the
two points where the measurement will be made. Since the voltmeter provides a parallel pathway,
it should take as little current as possible. In other words, a voltmeter should have a very HIGH
resistance.
As ohmmeter: An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply. If you
want to measure the resistance of a particular component, you must take it out of the circuit
altogether and test it separately, as shown in the diagram.
Ohmmeters pass a small current through the component and measure the voltage produced. If you
try this with the component connected to a circuit with a power supply, the most likely result is
that the meter will be damaged. Most multimeters have a fuse to help protect against misuse.
DC power Supply or Voltage Source:

A battery is an alternative to a line-operated power supply; it is independent of the availability of


mains electricity, which is suitable for portable equipment and use in locations without mains
power.

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