Summative assessment:

Write your answers on a clean sheet of one whole paper.

Multiple-Choice Questions:
Choose the correct answer and write only the letter.
1. A balloon filled with helium gas expands when placed in direct sunlight. Which of
the following best explains this phenomenon?
a) The mass of the gas increases due to heat.
b) The gas molecules move slower and occupy more space.
c) The gas molecules move faster and collide with greater force, increasing
volume.
d) The gas undergoes a chemical reaction with sunlight, increasing volume.
2. A scientist decreases the temperature of a sealed gas container. What is the best
explanation for the decrease in pressure?
a) The gas molecules stop moving entirely.
b) The number of gas molecules decreases.
c) The kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases, leading to fewer collisions.
d) The volume of the container decreases.
3. A diver exhales a bubble at the bottom of the ocean. As the bubble rises, its
volume increases. What is the best reasoning behind this observation?
a) The gas inside the bubble is reacting with the water.
b) The atmospheric pressure decreases as depth decreases, causing the gas to
expand.
c) The gas inside the bubble absorbs more water, increasing volume.
d) The temperature of the water at the surface is lower than at the bottom.
4. Why does a sealed plastic water bottle appear crushed after being placed inside
a refrigerator for several hours?
a) The mass of the gas inside the bottle decreases.
b) The pressure outside the bottle becomes greater than inside due to a
decrease in gas temperature.
c) The number of gas molecules inside decreases.
d) The water inside the bottle reacts with the plastic, causing contraction.
5. During a space mission, astronauts release gas inside their spacecraft. How
would the behavior of gas molecules differ in space compared to Earth?
a) The gas molecules would stop moving due to the absence of gravity.
b) The gas molecules would move slower and remain at the bottom of the
spacecraft.
c) The gas molecules would disperse evenly due to the absence of external
pressure.
 d) The gas molecules would condense into a liquid due to lower atmospheric
conditions.
6. Two identical balloons are inflated—one with oxygen gas and the other with
helium. The helium balloon rises while the oxygen balloon remains near the
ground. Which property of gases best explains this observation?
a) Gases expand when heated.
b) Lighter gases have lower density and experience greater buoyant force.
c) Heavier gases occupy more space than lighter gases.
d) Oxygen gas molecules are more compressed than helium gas molecules.
7. A pressurized gas cylinder is placed in a hot environment. What could be the
possible risk if the temperature keeps increasing?
a) The gas molecules will liquefy inside the cylinder.
b) The gas molecules will stop moving, preventing expansion.
c) The pressure inside the cylinder will increase and may cause an explosion.
d) The gas will contract, leading to a vacuum inside the cylinder.
8. If a gas sample follows the combined gas law and the volume is doubled while
keeping the temperature constant, what happens to the pressure?
a) It is doubled.
b) It remains constant.
c) It is reduced to half.
d) It becomes zero.
9. How does Avogadro’s law explain the expansion of a balloon when more gas is
pumped into it?
a) The additional gas molecules increase pressure, leading to expansion.
b) The gas molecules occupy less space, making the balloon expand.
c) The temperature decreases, causing the balloon to expand.
d) The gas molecules become lighter and push outward.
10. A gas sample is compressed in a piston at constant temperature. What happens
to the speed of the gas molecules?
a) The speed of gas molecules increases.
b) The speed of gas molecules remains the same.
c) The gas molecules stop moving.
d) The speed of gas molecules decreases.
Problem-Solving Questions for Each Gas Law:
Solve each gas law problem with solution.

1. Boyle’s Law: A scuba diver’s lung volume is 5.0 L at a depth where the pressure
is 3.0 atm. If the diver ascends to a depth where the pressure is only 1.0 atm,
what will be the new lung volume assuming constant temperature?
2. Charles’ Law: A weather balloon has a volume of 4.0 L at 25°C. If it rises to a
region where the temperature is -30°C, what will be its new volume, assuming
constant pressure?
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law: A sealed can of gas has a pressure of 2.5 atm at 300 K. If
the temperature increases to 450 K, what will be the new pressure inside the
can?
4. Avogadro’s Law: A 10.0 L container holds 2.0 moles of oxygen gas. If another
3.0 moles of gas are added, what will be the new volume at constant temperature
and pressure?
5. Combined Gas Law: A gas sample occupies 600 mL at 1.5 atm and 300 K. If the
pressure is changed to 2.5 atm and the temperature increases to 350 K, what will
be the new volume?
6. Ideal Gas Law: A sample of gas has a volume of 10.0 L at 2.0 atm and 400 K.
How many moles of gas are present? (Use R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)