ofais

displacement
upazd By gas ofHc Collection
soconc.H agenti Drying
HCl duy tconc.
Nacl
joy Fgas
H,So konc.
HCL‘ NaHso Soconc.
H Naclt
<200°c
oNC.H
SO WITHCHLOBIDE
ETALLIC REACTON
OF 11
PREPARATION
HCL OF 1
H2t
4 Page
Daie.
alAsSMAte
 clAsSMAte
Date
Page 12

Na Cl is used CHEAP and

EASILY AVALLABLE

cone. HNO is oot sed

VoLATlLE

At
fceeiunt SULPHATE
tempexatuYe > 2o0c: is fopmed
2Nacl t conc. HSo
Na, so Posmed StickS to the glaSs
apparatus hy fozming hard CAUSt
and becomes
dicficult to gemoYe

HCL is
collected by upwaTd
dlisplacement of aix as it is heaviex
than ais
HCL gas NOT collected Ove cwate
Qs it HLGHLY SOLUBLE in watez
(1 volof H,o dissalves. 406 valof HCL

1.2 DIBECT COMBINATION

diffused sunlight
H t CL 2HCL
Ho3
2 PROPER TIES OF HCL
cu+ GAS
NH 2.1CHEMICAL PROPERIIES
NHOHHcLt REAGENT OBSERVÀTION
Moist blue litmus Papes TUTnS red
Glass Tod dipped in NHsOH Dense white Pumes
Ozange methyl oange c TuTns pink
Colovlese phenolphthalein Remains colouxless]
 classmate
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Page13

2.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Colouxless puagent odoux

CorTosive

Heaviez han

fumes in i+ dissolves
HCL gas ais

in moistuTe

Highly Soluble io wates Cean be

demonstxated by FoUNTAIN EXPERIMENT)

2.2.1 FOUNTAIN EXPERIMENT

Ted fountain

doy HCl gas

dsoppeß
blue itmus_ sola

2.2.11 APPARATUS

Round-botomed flask is iled wth HCL

gas

Fitted with 2-hole ubbe OSk one

containing- JET TUBE and othe
 cAsSMAte
Date.
Page

contoining DROPPER with watex

2.2.1.2 PROCEDUREO

The flask is invegted

the tip Of the jet tube
qUchawy
is placed
inside he heakeY containing blue
itmus Soluion

The doppe% is pessed.

Since HCL gasis hìghly saluble in

wate it dissolyesio wates,
cIeathng- a partia VacuUm in he
OUnd-bottomed Plask

22 3 OBSERVATION

Blue litrnus Soln.

passes through jet
tube and emezges. as. red
Rountain in YOUnd-bottomed plask

2.2.1.4 INEERENCE
main înference
HCL gas hi ghlysoluble in/watea
and acidic.

2.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Conta)

NoN- cOMBUST IBLE and NoN-UPPORTER
of Combusion
 elAssMAte
Date
Page 45

Soe

THERMAL DISSOCIATION: 2HCL H+ CL

24.1 REACT IONS

with ammonia gas HCL (g+ NH (g2NH,CL (3)

with metals: Zn + 2HCLCa2’ ZAcL t H1

3LABORATORY PREPARATION
(INVERTED FUNNEL
ARBANGEMENT
HCL gas HCL gas

invested ais
funnel gap

USING DELVERY FuNNELARRANGEMENT

TUBE

o3.1 DIBECT ABSORPTION

Causes BACK SUCTIoNof wate

which can damage the apparatus

3.2 FUNNEL ARRANGEMENT

 cPageG
AsSMate
Date.

Advantages.
Pxovides laxge Suface
absospion.of HCL gas
Pxevents back ucionof uatex

Rim of funnel touches trough

PROPERTIES OF
HYDROCHL ORICACID
41 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
COLOURLESS
Pungeot odous
Non- poisonous
4.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
4,2.1 dil. HCL
dil. HcL is
MoNOBASIC and pooduces
only NORMAL SALTS

Produces only 1 hydxonium ion,

hence exhibits typical acid propesies
HCL ig o
COVALENT compound hich
ioniseg aqueoUs Soluion.
 clAsSMAte
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Page 14

dilHCL PRoDUcTS EXAMPLE(S)

Actve metal Salt + H‘ zn + dil.2HCL’ Zncl,+ H,1
Base Ca Salt + Hao CUO+ dil.2HCL’cUcl, +H, o
Carbonote/ Salt+ Haot co,tNa,co;t diL. 2HCl ’ 2Nacl|
Bicaybonate
Sulphite/ Salt + H0+ So‘ Mgso t dilL. 2HCL ’ Mgclz
Bisulphite + Ha0+ So,
Sulphide Salt + HaS Na,St dil. 2HCL 2NaCL+H,ST
Ag No3 AgNOg t dil.HCL ’AgC HNO
Pb(NO, PbNO), dil.2HCLPBct 2HrNo,
Ag cU dyuuhite ppt PbCA white pp
insoluble in HrNO,
soluble in NH0 (ere)
Agcl*NHuoH(exe) As (NHs),cl + 2H,0
(oiammine silver chloride )

4.2.2 ConcHCL

Reacts with. oXOISING AGENTS

Oxidising agent Conc. HCL Salt t H,o +

(OBSERVATION: GRenish
etggis evolved
conc. 4HCL ’ MacL t 2H, O + CL
Pbo, conc. HCL P CL12H,0+i
5 DENTECATION
when qlass od dipped in NHOH SoLn.
is bxQUght neas mouth of he
arDENSE WHITE FUMES Seen
NH + HCL NHcl L
 classMute
Date
Page 18

Addition of A, NO, Sol +O di HcL:

cUROY wHITE ppt foxmed which
soluble in (exe) (diammine
NH, OHOH (exe
Ag No+ dil. HcL Ag CLl + HNO, Agc
Ag cl + 2NH_OH (exe) AgNH CT 2H,
JAg Not dil. HCL CUNdy white pp+
AgNo, *dit HND NO ppt beloe

Addition of Conc. HCL to MAo,

GREENISH-YELOW fumeS evolved
Mno, t conc 4HCL

XX

Hs*
LABORATORY PREP
1.1 AMMONIUM SALI + ALKAL)
Ammoniun çalt Alkali Salt + H,o t

(Hso + 2Na QH Na, so 2H0t 2NH

 classMAte
Date
Page.49

1.44i+í8EACTANTS

o NHCL cSALAMMONIAC) CaloH), (SLAKED

LIME)

2NH CLCa(oHGaCl,

CaloH) uded as is:

g5T - cheap
(unlike othex alkalis) not
deliquescent

not USed as. itis

NHN,
EXPLOSIVE andmgy decoaposeito
No andH,o NHNo N,O 2H, o

NHCL Cao
+
CaloH

Flask kept inclined posihon

waten yapou foxmed does not taickle
down and break the jaz

112 DRYING

Drying agent Cao CQUcKLIME)

orc ,60y 0ot wsed as i eacts cheraieay wdh)
NH
conc.HSOy 2NH(N), So4
 dAsSMAte
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Page20

1.1.3 CoLLECTION OF SNH

DryNH, gascollected by downwaxd

displacement a£
OYe wates
NH gas NoT collected
as it is highly soluble in uwatex
4 vol. of H,o dissolves 02 vol. 0f NH)
d.2 METAL NITRIDES + WARM WATER
wasm wates day NH
gas

Cao

metal
ntoide

Foxmahion of meta)nitide: Burning metal

Dtrogen Metal itxide

3Cat N
2.AL +N2ALN

Foxmation of ammonia: Metal tride +

waterMetal hydxoxide NH,1
MoN + 6Ho3Mg(oHD,+ 2nH,1
Ca, N t 6H,0 3ca (OH), 2NH,1
ALN + 3H_o AL(OH, NH1
Poecaution.Lowet
Shoulo dip belo wasm
end of thiste
wates in
funnel
flask
 clAsste
Date.
Page 2 1

axe expensive Hhismethod

As nitxid es
USed.
isxaely
2 MANUFACTURE (HABER'S
an PROCESS)
Reaction N ¢ 3H 2NH, 4 A

Canditions
- catalyst Einely divided ixon (Ee)
Pxomotex: Moly bdenum (Mo)
Tempezatuse: 50 - S0Oc
200- 900 atm
O-PxessUxei
3 PROPERTIIES.OF AMMONIA
31 PHYS\CAL RROPERTIES&
Colóuxless pungent odousslightly
alkaline taste

Lighte than ais Suiteh xed & blue

litmus
Highly Soluble in wates Coan be
demonstaated by fountan expesiment)

3.2CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

O3.21 BEACTION WITH OXyaEN

 alassmate
Date.
Page 22,

2BURNING NH NOR 'eATALYTIC OX\DATION

4N0
tNHt 30’ 2N t 6He o 4NH+ 50, &ao
Greenish-yelow,Flame
Observations:
4latinum continues
+6H0t
obseved NOT
+oglouw red-hot
even
Bumely i neating is Temoved
as it is an exotheomic
xeaction (if heoting.
Leantinye~S
2, NO is colouless, b
can combine-with O,
to fom NO, (reddish
9bxownfumes)
2NO + Oz 2N0,

3.22 REDUCING NATURE

3.2-2.4 REACTIoN wITHMETAL ox\DE

Reaction: Metal oxide + NH, ’ Metal

(reddish- brown)
yellow) geg)
3H Q+ N
3PbO t 2NH

çondensed
water vapou
 ELEMENTS wHiCH oxDISE Mg ToN) dhssate
Date
chlovine Page 23
Orygen

3.222 REAC TIONwiTH'CHLORINE "A

whenNH,
NH is
is in excoSS:

2NH cexe) + 3cL,GHCL)+ N,t

+ GHCU GNHcL
Ccolouçs)(9rehish-yellou) (dense white, fumcs)
Net equgtion eNH exe) 3c NHC N
When .9reenishyellow
CL exceSS: eyplosivé
colousless liquid
NH + 3Ct4ex e) 3HCL+SNC
nitogen
4sichlaiae
3.2.3 BASIC NATURE
Day ammonia gas /liquid ammonia isheutyal
todxy"litmus

*HQUORiAMMON IA rFORTIS)ÁI Satuiated soln.

slelRe -ammsnia
gas sdissolved in? Ho oy
invexted funnel Qxxangement)

NH OH is a weak alkali as it undegoes

partial dissociation in aa soln to produce.
concentoation oH ons
NH, + HD s NH_oH NH4 H,o
C3TM.J
0aylo3.2.3.4AmmoNum SALTS
NH A
.9*NH tHcC NH cL
iniNHA HNO ’ NHN
tnishNH dil HSoNH
 clAsSMAte
Date
Page

NHOH: di Acid a Ammoniun ssalt

dil. HCL NH,cl +Ho
NH, oH dit HNO NHNO,+ Ho
2NHO + dili H, So NH) So H,o
32.3.2REACTION OF NHOH WITH
METALLIC SALTS

SACT SoLN. NHåOH

LIMITED EXcES3
ZnsO Gel. white ppt White ppt dissolves
(zn(oH) cleas sola fomed
ort Pb(NO, Chalky whiteppt White Ppt demains
(PblOH),1 insoluole
Caclz No ppt foxmed
Fe S4pDirty 9Teen
ppt.,Dity green Ppt..
(Fe(oH?,) remains insoluble
FeCl3 Ghel. eddish-brown Gel. yeddish-bown
Pet (FetOH)) arppt remains insoluble
CUSOy Pale blue Ppt Pale, blue ppt
(CutOH),) 2 dissolves, to form
inky blve soln

SALT soLN. NaðH

LIMITED EXCESs
Ge! whitepptangwhite ppt dis so lves
(2ntOH),) Cleas Soln foT med
Pb(NO, chalky white ppt white potidissolves
(obtoH),) elear soln fomed
Cacle milky white Ppt. white ppt remains
(ca(oH),) insoluble
Fe SO+ Dizty reen pet. Oisty 9reen ppt
(Fe(OH),) |remains jnsoluble
 latile is it as use not iS HCL Conc.
le. isit as used is H_SQ Conc.
REACTANTS 1.1
ND) NaHso
+
HNOKHSD+ 2200* KNQ,+
(vapoDS7 (nitre)
A
fox
t
NO,
conc.H,SO4
HNO, KND
wates cott
LABORATORY
PREP
HNO 24JA
sidue) (no
salt not,a
metallic (NO, Ca
nitrite+ Metallic ’
NO, K/Na Cu
Temains CuOH),) (
ppt blue Pale Ppt blue Pale CUSO4
remains ept (OH),) (Fe Ppt
Gel.eddish-broun
Fecls
seddish Gel.
EXCESS LIMITED
SoUN SAT
5 Page
Date
clASSMAte
 Date
alAssMAte
Paga_6

and HNOUL valatile'HCL'apouzs

illcaIIY
HNO, vapouas" axe highly coxTOsive
cani athadkbbér
atack": and coxk Hen
balyalatt ao8rats
appazatus ate usEd.

Tf eactian tempe satureexÇegds 200.

KNO, codc HSo:
3390'e
NoSoHNOP ()
Glass apßaxáts may bee damaged
andaitzic acid may be decomposed

MANUEAÇTURE
PROCESS)
OSTWALD
tNH +
2N0+
sH,ofeen ditionc
2NO, pToceSS
NOt2H0 HNO, NOT

3 PROPERTIES OF HNO.
1si3.A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Colouless
Pungent odous
Highly soluble in watex
Highly cozTOSì ve 2lATDASA
 cASSMALe
Date
Page

3.2 2CHEMCALA PROPERTIES

coloalesshot unsta ble.

Puzei HNOis
decomposes at o0 emperatYe
It

Commecially' available HNO, has

yellouish tinge as xeddhsh-orown No
emains AdisSotved in the acido

32.2 JoNl SATION ÖE HNo,

Depends concentration of acid

3.2.21 DIL, HNO,

Campletely ionised hence exhilaits typisal

cíacid piopexties

Reaction with metal Salts:Metal salt +

dil. HND ’ Metal nitxate + Ho gas1
NaOHdit:HNO NaNo Hoah
cago tudil 2HNO Pca (No} 04co+
CalHce), dil 2HNo, CacN, t 2Ho cot
Fesoidil 2Hn FeNo, HotS0
EeCHso), dil. HNO: FeNo), 2t 0t so1
3.2.22 coNC HND
OXIDISING
Ponxly iogised hence
PROPERTY ispredominant
 clAsSMate
Date
Page 3

3.2.3&oxDISINGNATURE
when conc HNO,ecomposSes NAsCENT
OXYhEN iS formed
2HNO,’ H, o+ 2NO [ol
Lo] oxidises bathmetals
both metals and Don-metals

3.23.10OXIDATION OF NON- MEALS

which
s/p:normeal
qw
¢onc. Non- metal + conc. HNo, Acid t Ho+ NOt
its
Ct conc. tHNO
fomst conc
$
with bHND,
Conc SHNO
HSo12Ho + 6NO
H,2o HO4 5NO,
to
eacts
HNO,B.23.2 OX\AILONoF METALS
C 3.2.3.2.1 DIL HNO
When
dil. HNo, reacts uith metals,
H qasS is ot evalyed a dil, HNO is
a stxong oxidising agent
uhich oxidises

Metal t dil.i HNo aitJColousless)

MetalilnitatettHoNOT
32

Eiception: Mg Mn t coldVexy dil 2HNO,

 cassaute
Nate

3.2.32.2CoNC.HNo,
Metal conc. HNO, Metal
feddish-brown fumes)
cut conc.4NO ’culNO) aitaate tH0O
2H,o 2ND,t
4 TESTS FOR HNO,
Reaction with Cui Cut Qonc
tHNO
CulNO t 2H,ot2N
obserVaticn: Reddish-brOw0fmes
densig
n BRowrRING TESTOet
Obsexyation: Baoun ing is fomed
at junction o 2 liquids enDus ushal e
Precaution:
is
Fres hly-pepared Eesosalo.
used as FeSDon exposuxe to the
atmosphere gets Dxidised to
which wil not gnswoex the test.(esIC SUahale
4.1
DISTINGUISHING
OIL. HCL AND
BETWEEN
DIL HNO,
TEST dit. HCL diliHNC
Add Ag Noz soln. cusdy white ppt No ppt
ei B7wn ing,test No observable change Bsoun ing fomed
at unction of 2
|liquids
 Concentzation
So gives
H AO,
desired of
on upon which oleum give to
SQ
conc.
H_ dissolved
in is
So Hence
easily condense
does whieh HsO Offog hdense
exothezmic hienly Teaction
4he oa ábsorbed'
in"HO 'not
HSOt
HO
te
ulphuzic
make WOwwwusing,
Hysoy
to H,SOy 73WT982
-
BlG SO,iIN
1.3.ABSORPTION:
OE
450-So0C 12S0
pentoxide vanadium
So TO So,
OXIDATION
OF CATALYTIC 1.2
yzites
1.1\FORMATION
SO, OF
ESS)ci
NDEACTURE
 elassMate
Date
Page 31

2PROPERTIES OE HSO
:2.1. PHYSICAL PROPERIIES
Colouzless,0dourless 2 solwble
watex in alt proportio

Dense, oily, hygzoStopie liqoid

Highly CorTOsiye least volatile acid

Boiling poiatof H,s 338'c)

HCL : -83C
of HNO: 86c

Laboratosy peparation:
- Acid added to watey with constan+
sisxing to dissipate heat
Watey added to acid: Acid may spust

2.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

(ail. H,So4)
CompleBely ionised, hence exhibite typical
acid pToperties
H, SO +
2H,02A,0*
Dibasic acid

Conc. H SO, is pooty ionised

Least volatile acid hence is Used

 clAsSMate
Date
Page 32,

to prepare Moxe volatile acids iike

HCL and HN0,

2.2.4 OXIDISING AGENT

Non- metal t cone. H, so
Acid +H0+ So1
Ct Conc,
e. 2H,SD 2H0 t co,t+2so,t
St Conc.
nc. 2HSOu
2H,So,2H0+ 3s01
2P+ conc. 5H So

Metal t cone. H,So ’ Metal sulphate +Ho

+ So,t
Cut conc.
2H,SO CuSo
Tnoxganic Compound t conc. H,SO
Non-metal t H,0t So,
HS+ cone. H SO, S+ 2HO +so

2.2.2 DE HYDRATING AGENT

cone. H,So4
Caxbohydate C+ Ho
conc. Hso Sugax chasGallqck, spongu muss
12C + 11H_O
conc. H,Soy
Hydyated
blve
salt white Anhydsous salt +H0
conc. H$0y
CUSo, 5HO CuSO SH0
2.2.3 DIBASIC ACID
Alkali clnt) t dil, H,So, ’ Metal bisulphate t
NaOH Cmt) dil. H,So ’NaHsQ t H0
 clscsmste
Dala
33

Alkali (ere) + dil. H, SO, ’ Metal Sulphate+ H,D

2NaOHCexe) dil. H, So,’ Na,S0,+ 2H,O.
3 TEST FOR dil HSO4
Adding few duops of BacL, to dil. H, So4
BacL + dil H, so ’ Baso, 2HCL
whiteppt (Baso,) is insoluble in dil. Hcl
and dil HNO,