Update/Outline

• Previously we have discussed

– Probability of Error for Orthogonal M-ary
modulation
– Union Bound
– Some signal types
• We will now consider
– M-ary Modulation Types
– MFSK, MPSK
– Tradeoffs

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 M-ary Modulation Types
• We have seen how to:
– Design an optimum M-ary Receiver
– Calculating the probability of bit and
symbol errors
– Considered some general transmission
signal types
• Now we wish to discuss specific but
popular modulation formats and
determine their properties and when to
use which one

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M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK)

• Assuming that

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Examples of MPSK constellation

Also called QPSK

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MPSK signal sets for M=2,4,8,16

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 Error Performance of MPSK
• It can be shown that

i.e. Eqn.(4-98) in Ziemer and Peterson

Except for M = 2 and 4, numerical integration is needed.
Alternatively, we can use the tight upper and lower bounds below.

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SER vs Eb/No for MPSK

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For large Es/No:

Very tight for fixed M as Es/N0 increases.

How about Bit error prob?

Different from M-ary orthogonal, it depends
on the bit labeling scheme used.

Typically Gray Coding is used for MPSK.

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Binary Code Gray Code

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 Gray Coding
• Allows representation of symbols or bit-to-symbol
mapping
• In going from one symbol to an adjacent symbol,
only one bit out of the k (or n bits in text) bits
changes.
• An adjacent symbol error (i.e. the most likely
symbol error) will therefore be accompanied by one
and only one bit error.
• Thus, the bit error probability of Gray-coded
MPSK can be well approximated by

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 M-QAM Modulation
Time Domain Description
sk (t) = ak cos( c t) + bk sin( c t) for t [0, Ts ], k = {1, 2, ..., M }
⌃
where ak , bk ⇤ {± , ±3 , ..., ±( M 1) } and M = {4, 16, 64, 256, ...}

Geometric Domain Description 2-dim signal space with basis

functions {cos( c t), sin( c t)}
Rectangular M-QAM
signals can be
2 generated easily
using I-Q modulator

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2
 MQAM Performance
• Bit Rate: Rb = T1 log2 M
s
⇥
• Average Symbol Energy: Es = 2 + 2(3 ) + ...
2
M
2 2

⇥
– e.g. for 16QAM, Es = 2
4 2 + 2(3 ) = 10 2
2 2

• Average Transmit Power: Ps = Es

Ts

• Remarks:
– Not all M points have the same energy.
– Information can be visualized as carried by
the amplitude and phase information of the
points
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 MQAM Performance
• Symbol Error Probability (SER)
Analysis:
– M-QAM can be regarded as two
independent M-PAM, each having M = 2 k/2
points

– Probability of correct decision for M-QAM

is given by:
Pc = (1 P M )2 where P M is the probability
⇥
of error of a M -PAM.

2
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 M-QAM Performance
• It can be shown that
⇥ ⇤ ⇥
P⇥M = 2 1 ⇥1
M
Q 3 Es
M 1 N0

• Hence, ⇥ ⇥
PM = 1 (1 P⇥M )2 ⇥ 2P⇥M = 4 1 ⇥1
M
Q 3 Es
M 1 N0

• Recall that the MPSK

⇤
SER
⇥
is given by:
PM 2Q sin M 2Es
N0

• Compare M-QAM with M-PSK SER:

– The gain of M-QAM over M-PSK is given
by: gain = 2 3/(M 2
1)
sin ( /M)
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 M-QAM Union Bound
• Instead of working out the exact Pe, the
union bound is simpler and is
asymptotically accurate for high SNR.
⇥ ⇥ ⇥
d2min (2 )
2
3Es
Pe ⇥ 4Q ⇤ 4Q ⇤ 4Q
2N0 2N0 (M 1)N0

On average 4 nearest neighbors

• Compare with the exact Pe, they are very
close especially for large Es/No.

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 Choices of M-ary Modulations

• There are a number of factors that one needs to

consider in order to pick a modulation scheme.
For example:
– Power efficiency (inversely propotional to Eb/No)
– Bandwidth efficiency (bit rate/bandwidth)
• M-ary modulation allows us to trade in power,
bit rate and bandwidth

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Error Probability Performance Curves
• Allow us to design and set an operating point for a
system
• Consider MFSK
– Increasing M can provide an improvement in Pb,or
reduction in the Eb/N0 required, at the cost of increased
bandwidth
• Consider MPSK
– Increasing M can provide a reduction in bandwidth
requirement, at the cost of degraded Pb, or increase in
the Eb/N0 requirement

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Theoretical Limits on Performance
• Channel Capacity is the theoretical upper bound for the
maximum rate at which information could be transmitted
without error (Shannon 1948)
• For a bandlimited channel that is corrupted by AWGN
the maximum rate achievable is given by

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the ideal channel
Spectral Efficiency
Shannon Limit
• N=N0B, hence

• Next note that Energy Efficiency

• Then

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Bandwidth- efficiency plane

MPAM/MQAM

MPSK

Coherent
MFSK !20
 Trade-Offs
• Power-Limited Systems: Power scarce but bandwidth
available
– Improved Pb by expanding bandwidth (for a
given Eb/N0 ) or required Eb/N0 can be reduced
by expanding bandwidth (for a given Pb)
• Bandwidth-Limited Systems: bandwidth scarce
– Maximize R over the bandlimited channel at the
expense of Eb/N0 (for a given Pb)

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 Shannon Limit
• In the limit as R/B goes to 0, we get

This value is called the Shannon Limit ( what

is the relationship with k going to infinity)
Received Eb/N0 must be > −1.6dB for reliable
communications to be possible

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 Summary of M-ary Modulation Schemes
M-FSK M-PSK M-QAM
Bit Rate 1 1 1
Rb = log2 (M ) Rb = log2 (M ) Rb = log2 (M )
Ts Ts Ts
BW (Bandpass) M 1 1
BW =
<latexit sha1_base64="63ex6CMatJbg99j4M8tf7vvI+Nc=">AAAB/XicdVDLSsNAFJ3UV62v+Ni5GWwFVyWplDYLodSNG6FCX9CGMJlO2qGTBzMToYbgr7hxoYhb/8Odf+OkraCiBy4czrmXe+9xI0aFNIwPLbeyura+kd8sbG3v7O7p+wddEcYckw4OWcj7LhKE0YB0JJWM9CNOkO8y0nOnl5nfuyVc0DBoy1lEbB+NA+pRjKSSHP2o1OzBCzj0OMLJdZq0HZGWHL1olK16tXpeh0bZMKyKVVPEsiyzZkJTKRmKYImWo78PRyGOfRJIzJAQA9OIpJ0gLilmJC0MY0EihKdoTAaKBsgnwk7m16fwVCkj6IVcVSDhXP0+kSBfiJnvqk4fyYn47WXiX94gll7dTmgQxZIEeLHIixmUIcyigCPKCZZspgjCnKpbIZ4gFYRUgRVUCF+fwv9Jt1I2Fb+pFBvNZRx5cAxOwBkwQQ00wBVogQ7A4A48gCfwrN1rj9qL9rpozWnLmUPwA9rbJ2LslI8=</latexit>
Ts
BW =
Ts
BW =
Ts
Average Transmit Es Es 4 2
log2 M/2
⇥ (2i 1)2
Power Ts Ts M Ts i=1

Average Symbol ⇤ ⇥ ⇤ ⇥
Es 2Es ⇥ ⇥
Error Probability Pe ⇥ (M 1)Q Pe 2Q sin( /M ) PM ⇥ 4 1 ⇥1 Q 3 Es
M 1 N0
N0 N0 M

(SER)
Remarks • Orthogonal Signaling • Equi-energy constellation • Points are NOT equi-energy
Schemes (Equi-energy points (information carried by phase
• Information is carried by
& Mutually orthogonal values only)
both amplitude and phase
signals)
• Dimension of the signal set • Enhance spectral efficiency
• Enhance Energy Efficiency is always 2 (I-Q modulator) at the expense of extra power
at the expense of extra BW
• Enhance spectral efficiency • Better than M-PSK for
at the expense of extra power
M>4.
!23