Qualitative Research Design Strategies Projective Technique Projective Techniques are indirect and unstructured methods of investigation.

This has been developed by the psychologists. These techniques help the respondents to project his own attitude and feelings unconsciously on the subject. Projective Techniques play a important role in motivational researches or in attitude surveys.
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Projective Techniques
Important Projective Techniques Word Association Technique. (Association Technique) Completion Technique. Construction Techniques Expression Techniques

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Projective Techniques
Word Association Technique A subject is given a stimulus (word / picture) and asked to respond to the first thing that comes to mind. Word associations are especially effective for extracting information about a product or brand from consumers.

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Projective Techniques
Word Association Technique Coca-Cola: Soft drink Beverage Thirst Relaxation

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Projective Techniques
Completion Technique In this the respondents are asked to complete an incomplete sentence or story. The completion will reflect their attitude and state of mind. I drink Coca-Cola because it is .

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Projective Techniques
Construction Technique A picture is given to respondent and asked to write about it. The initial structure is limited and not detailed like the completion test.

2 cartoons are given and asked to write a dialogue.

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Projective Techniques
Expression Technique In this subjects are given a verbal or visual stimulus and asked to relate the feeling and attitude of other people in that situation. (not own feelings). Role play is one such technique.

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Descriptive Research

Descriptive Research
Descriptive research provides answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how but not why.

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Descriptive Research
Descriptive studies report summary of data (numerical or graphical). Mean, median, mode, variation, percentage etc. Charts, diagrams etc. Data collection Survey Interview Observation
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Descriptive Research
Survey A method for collecting quantitative information about pre-decided items from a population for a specific purpose.

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Descriptive Research
Multiple method approach A single study combines both Qualitative and Quantitative methods, uses Primary and Secondary data. Advantages

Different methods can be used for different purpose. Eg. Interview to decide on questionair before a survey.

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Descriptive Research
Cross-sectional study Cross-sectional study is collection of data from a population or a representative sample, at a specific time period. Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies in which samples are drawn in such a way as to be representative of a population.

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Descriptive Research
Longitudinal Study A longitudinal study is collection of repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time. Methods

Draw different units from the same sampling frame. Use a panel where the same people are asked to respond periodically.

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Descriptive Research
Cohort Cohort is a group of subjects who have shared a particular time together during a time span and share a common characteristic or experience. A cohort study is a form of longitudinal study. A group having one or more similar characteristics is closely monitored over time simultaneously with another group that does not have the same characteristic.
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Causal Research

Causal Research
Causality research is understanding a phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the form If X, then Y. Causal relationships through Experiments. Regression. may be determined

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Experiment
An experiment is manipulating (changing
values/ situations) one or more independent variables to see how the dependent variable gets affected, while keeping the effects of other influencing variables under control.

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Experimental Design
An experimental design is a procedure of designing an experimental setting so that a change in the effect of the dependent variable is attributed due to a change in independent variables.

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Concomitant variation
Two or more variables varying together is concomitant variation. Y increases as X increases. Y increases as X decreases. However, Concomitant variation does not necessarily indicate if there is a Causal relation. But a Causal relation indicates a Concomitant variation.

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Concomitant variation
Over the years, Sale of cars have increased. In the same period Price of petrol has increased. However they do not have a Causal relation.

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Research Proposal
1.

Introduction Why this research has been taken up? Problem Statement Gives direction to the research process. Review of studies Review of previous studies, literatures etc. Findings of old work and gaps / unanswered questions.
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1.

1.

Research Proposal
4.

Scope of the study Area, process boundaries, study groups, time period to be considered.

4.

Objective and significance List the questions the research wants to answer. Likely impact of the research. Hypothesis Possible answers of research question, that needs to be tested.
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4.

Research Proposal
7.

Methodology Survey, experimentation, case study, historical data etc.

7.

Sampling Define population and sample. Method of sampling.

7.

Data collection procedure Interview, questionair, observation etc.

Research Proposal
10.

Plan for Analysis Statistical methods, tools, software package. Time frame Total time duration and activity-wise time plan.

10.

10.

Budget Expected cost with break-up.

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