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PHYSICs
SOUND
Sound is a form of energy that produces a sensatiorn of
hearing in our ears.
Sound is always produced by a
vibrating body. Sometimes even though a
vibration is produced in body, we are unable to hear a
sound because the sound
produced is too feeble and is not in the audible range (20 Hz to 20000 Hz.
A vibration Is a fast to and fro motion. As
the source of sound vibrates, it createsa
periodic disturbance in the medium. This periodic disturbance travels in the form
of wavesS.

Sound produced by a vibrating rubber band

Take a rubber band. Hold it between yOur

index finger and the thumb as shown in
Figure. Pluck the rubber band with the finger
of the other hand. What do you obsenve?
The plucked rubber band Is seen moving to
and fro and a humming sound Is heard. This
humming sOund is produced by the
vibrating motion of the rubber band.
A vibrating rubber band

We human beings have a voice box called lanynx in our throat. Two ligaments
known as ocal cords are stretched acioss the larynx in such a way that it leaves
a narrow slit between them for the passage of air. When our lungs force air through
fhem, they vibrate and produce sound. Ihe frequency depends on the pull of this
muscle. When the vocal cords are tight frequency is high and when it is loose the
voice is of low frequency.

Some aninmals like dogs, cats, frogs and cows make sounds with the help of their
volce boxes. Birds produce sound with ring of cartilage known as syrinx.
Mosquitoes, bees and some other insects make buzzing sound by rapidly vibratingg
their wings.

Different Instruments, depending on thelr shape and size, produce different types
of sound which ls regular and pleasant. Some musical instrurments are violin.
guitar, harmonium, table etc.

Date... Signature..
2
Class Seven.
Study Materials/12B Physics
Name..
PHYSICSS
SOUND
SOUND PROPAGATION-
The vibration of the body Is transferred to the medlum and this energy travels through
he medium and reaches our ear through consecutive compresslon and rarefaction.
enaity rntUn

aker

paker

Dotetty

Distance
A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of its
propagation
is known as longitudinal wave. Ex.- Sound wave.
A wave in which the parficles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of its propagation is known as transverse wave. Ex.- Light wave.
Sound needs a medium for propagation
Glass bell ar Connecting wires

Electric bell

Vacuum pump Battery

As we use a vaçuunm pump and takes out all the alr in the Jar we suddeny stop
hearing the sound as no more sound is able to travel through vacuum inslde the jar.
So, we can prove from here that sound needs a medium to travel rom one place to
the ofher.
If you place your ear at one end of a table and your frlend knocks from the other end
, then you will be able to hear the sound very clearty t proves that sound can travel
through the solid medium.
Ifyou place a squeaking foy Ina polythene bag and hold and press t Inside water
can travel
you still will be able to hear the sound from outslde. lt proves that sound
thiough water.
Fill a balloon with air and press it to your ear. Scratch the other end of It with your
fingers. You will note that the sound reaches your ear. This shows that sound can trave
through gases
Light travels much faster than sound. Speed of light In air is 3x108 m/s.
Whereas, the speed of sound Is 340 m/s In alr.

Date.. Signature..
Class Seven.. Gm2
Study Materials/13A Physics
Name.
PHYSICS
SOUND
Speed of Sound in Gases, Liquids and Solids
Medium
Speedofsound (inms)
Gasses
Air 332
Carbon dioxide 260
Hydrogen 1270

Liquids
Alcohol 1210
Turpentine 1325
Water 1450

Solids
Copper 3560
Steel 5100
Glass 5500
Granite 6000

Supersonic Sound- Mach Object's speed /Speed of sound.

number
a surface
Reflection of Sound The phenomenon of returning back of sound on atriking
sound. Metallic sheets are
is called reflection of sound. Laws of reflection are obeyed by
curtains, gunny bags are bad
good reflectors whereas plywood, solid wall, cotk,
reflectors.
Echo The reflected sound that can be distinguished as the repetition of the original
sOund is called an echo. Echo is heard as a
result of reflection of sound froma large
our ear about 0.1 seconds, after original
obstacle. The sensation of any sound persists in
of hearing. To hear an echo the
sOund heard dies off. This is known as persistence
after a lapse of at least 0.1 sec. after the
reflected sound should reach the ear only
should be 17m for
original sound djes off. The minimum distance from the obstacle
hearing an echo.
Ifv speed of sound in the medium,
=

the obstacle, and

d distance travelled from the source to
t time taken,
For an echo to be produced, V 2d/t
If v =340 ms-1, t 0.1 s, then
=

17m
d (vxt) /2 (340x0.1)/2
=
=
=

source has stopped producing

Reverberation- The persistence of sound afterthe original
Reverberation even can occur in a small room.
sOund Is known as reverberation.
known as SONAR. It is a technique to
SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging short Is
in
submarines etc.
determine the depth of sea, shoal of fish,
sound. The walls of the audiioriums are covered with
Soft materials are good absorbers of
the sOund energy of the event
flannel, carpets and thick cotton materidls which fake in
taking place.

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Date..
 Class Seven.
Study Materials/13B Physlcs
Name...
PHYSICS
SOUND
Somecommon terms related to Sound
Oscillation One complete to and fro motilon of a vibrating body about its mean
postlon that constute one ful wave ls called one oscilation.
Wavelength- The length of the wave along the x aws is called the wavelength. In the
diagram AC Is the wavelength
l Amplitude The maximum displocement of a vibrating body on elther side of the
mean poslfion is called its amplitude.
v) Time period - Thetime taken by a vibrating body to complete one cycle is called its
time period. It is denoted by T
v) Frequency The number of complete cycle made In one second is called the
frequency of the vibrating body. Frequency Is measured in terms of Hertz (Hz].

wavelength (A)
e soee
a

B D

Time (t)
The audible range of sound is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. The
sound in this frequency range ls
called sonic sounds. Sounds of frequencles more than
sOunds. Some animals like dolphins, dogs, bats, and 20000 Hz Is called ultrasonic
monkeys can hear utrasonic sound.
Sounds of frequencies less than 20Hz is called inftasonic sound.
Some animals like
elephants and whales can hear infrasonlc sound.
Uses of utrasonic sounds
) A speclal whistle called Galton's whistle. It produces frequencies than 20000
i) Bats and dolphins can produce and detect ultrasonic sound.
more Hz
i) Uitrasonic used by fisherman to locatea shoal fish ir the sea.
ii) Ulfrasonic sound is used in sonar to measure the depth of the sea.
v) It is also used to detect fauts in metal sheets.
Characteristics of sound-
Loudness Loudness of a sound is the degiee of sensation of sound
Factors on which the loudness depends- produced in the ear.
i) Hdepends upon the sensitivity of the ears of the listeners.
i) Greater the amplitfude louder is the sound.
For example, if the string of guitar is plucked genty, a soft sound will be
Is plucked hard then a loud scound is produced.
produced but if it
li) Larger the aiea of the vibrating body, louder is the sound produced. A larger the drum
produces louder sound.
v) Loudness of a sound decreases with the incieases in distance of the listeners from the
SOurce

Date... Signature..
Class Seven... Physics
Study Materials/14A
Name.....
PHYSICS
SOUND
Diferent rids
determines the shrllness of a sound.
Pitch- Pitch is that characteristic which
of the harmonium have different pitches.
Factors affecting the pitch- sound incredases.
increases in frequency of the vibrating
body, the pitch of a the listeners the
With the approached by
source is approaching
listeners or if it is being
When is is also frue.
i) to rise. Similarly the opposte phenomenon
pitch of the sound appears of the same
Quality or Timbre between two sounds
us to dlstinguish is
of a sound enables with single frequency
Sualiy or Timbre two different sources. Sound
frequency is
produced by the minimum
pifch and loudness, tones is called a
note. In a note
called overtones.
collection of frequencles are
Called a fone. A rest of the are called
fundanmental tone
and the f u n d a m e n t a l frequency
called the 5. times the and
which are 2, 3, 4,
hamonics
of
Among the overtones d e t e r m i n e d by
the presence
sOund is
hamonics. The quality of
overtones in it.

Tuningfork AAAA
Flute
AAAAr
Voice

Violin
Pitch

of sound
Loudness characteristics

Pitch Is that sound can be

of a sOund which a shrill
flat
Loudness is the property can
by from a grave or a
loud sound dlistinguished
which a
virtue of faint o n e .
by from a sOund.
distinguished
be the
upon
not depend
Pitch does the ears.
on the
amount recelved by
depends energy
Loudness
by the
received

sound e n e r g y
of in frequency
unit time. with change
ears per It changes
frequency
of
on
depend
t does not
a sound.
of
second. If the speed
after o n e
distant hll
froma
EXAMPLE voice from the boy?
of the hil
own

hears a n
echo ofhis distance

A boy Is the
m/s, what
s o u n d in
air is 340 =[340x1/2
=
170m.
s= vi/2
A-v= 2s/t.
Signature.

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