Communicating &
Reporting of
Assessment Data from
Alternative Methods
By: LLOYD PSYCHE T. BALTAZAR, LPT, MAEd
Topics
• Definition of Feedback
• Types of Feedback
• Considerations in Giving Feedback
• Different Forms of Feedback
Definition of Feedback
➢ Feedback is a powerful means of helping
learners improve their academic
performance.
➢ Feedback is a specific practice that
allows the learners to determine which
part of their performance needs
improvement.
Definition of Feedback
Feedback refers to comments
or other information that
learners receive concerning
their success on learning
tasks or tests, either from the
teacher or other persons.
Definition of Feedback
Classroom Assessment
Feedback is defined as
information communicated to the
learner that is intended to modify
the learner’s thinking or behavior
for the purpose of improving
learning (Shute, 2007).
Contents of Feedback
(1) The part of the answer or response that
needs to be corrected
(2) The specific strategy to be used to perform
the task
(3) The suggested procedure that needs to be
undertaken by the learner
Contents of Feedback
(4) A direction to the learner where to find the
answer
(5) A challenge to the learner to think about the
appropriate response
(6) A clarification on some misconceptions of
the learner
Types of Feedback
Informal Feedback
▪ can occur at any time as it is something that emerges
spontaneously in the moment or during action.
▪ can be used to see how students are progressing and
usually occurs during the learning.
▪ occur when the teacher visits students as they are engaged
in a task to make sure they are on the right track
Types of Feedback
Formal Feedback
▪ is planned and systematically scheduled into the process.
▪ is often written or a combination of oral and written, and
usually occurs at the end of a task.
▪ includes the likes of marking criteria, competencies or
achievement of standards.
Types of Feedback
Formative Feedback
▪ to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that
instructors can use to improve their teaching and students
to improve their learning.
▪ helps students to improve and prevents them from making
the same mistakes again.
Types of Feedback
Summative Feedback
▪ to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional
unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark.
▪ consists of detailed comments that are related to specific
aspects of their work, clearly explains how the mark was
derived from the criteria provided.
Types of Feedback
Peer Feedback
▪ occurs when students offer each other advice and
suggestions in relation to each other’s work.
▪ providing students with regular opportunities to give and
receive peer feedback enriches their learning experiences and
develops their professional skill set.
Types of Feedback
Self Feedback
▪ This is the ultimate goal of feedback for learning.
▪ Teachers can help students to become more independent
through explicit modelling and instruction, and teaching the
skills of self-assessment and goal setting.
Types of Feedback
Constructive Feedback
▪ This type of feedback is specific, issue-focused, and based on
observations.
▪ aimed at achieving a positive outcome by providing someone
with comments, advice, or suggestions that are useful for
their work or their future.
Types of Feedback
Constructive Feedback
▪ Negative feedback – corrective comments about past
behavior. It focuses on behavior that wasn’t successful and
shouldn’t be repeated.
▪ Positive feedback – affirming comments about past
behavior. Focuses on behavior that was successful and
should be continued.
Types of Feedback
Constructive Feedback
▪ Negative feed-forward – corrective comments about future
performance. Focuses on behavior that should be avoided in
the future.
▪ Positive feed-forward – affirming comments about future
behavior. Focused on behavior that will improve
performance in the future.
Considerations in Giving Feedback
1. Feedback needs to be specific and concrete.
General Feedback Specific Feedback
The essay is good. You started the paragraph in your
essay with a topic sentence, and
(Note: Saying that the essay is supporting sentences were
good does not provide idea to the provided after. This helped
learner which part was good. The strengthen the point you want to
learner might think that the essay make.
is good in all aspect.)
Considerations in Giving Feedback
1. Feedback needs to be specific and concrete.
General Feedback Specific Feedback
The painting needs improvement. Perhaps you want to use other
I can’t see any object! colors in your painting so that we
can distinguish the objects.
(Note: Saying that the essay is
good does not provide idea to the
learner which part was good. The
learner might think that the essay
is good in all aspect.)
Considerations in Giving Feedback
2. Feedback needs to be based on the agreed
criteria.
For example, the criteria in writing a technical paper are as
follows:
▪ The parts are organized according to the guide
questions
▪ The ideas are well understood by the reader
▪ The information included are accurate
▪ More than 5 references are used
Considerations in Giving Feedback
2. Feedback needs to be based on the agreed
criteria.
Feedback NOT based on Criteria Feedback based on Criteria
There are several grammatical errors Check again the idea conveyed by the
in the paper. author in the journal because there
are discrepancies on page 3.
(pertaining to the criteria on accuracy of
information)
The heading needs to be in bold font. Add one more reference to support
your claim on the benefits of using
organic fertilizer.
(pertaining to criteria on references)
Considerations in Giving Feedback
3. Feedback should provide recommendations or
suggestions on how to improve performance.
Bad Feedback Good Feedback
I cannot hear your voice. Make your voice louder.
Why are you looking at the ceiling Look at your classmates when you
while speaking? speak in front.
Revise the introduction of your Make your topic sentence clear
paper. and provide supporting sentences
to strengthen your claim.
Different Forms of Feedback
1. Focus on the product or performance.
This kind of feedback describes how well the performance was
done.
Examples:
➢ “All parts of the paper are complete. You have used up-to-date
references.”
➢ “Include a definition of terms based on the main author.”
➢ “Rephrase the findings stated by the author on page 25.”
Different Forms of Feedback
2. Focus on the procedure.
This kind of feedback focuses on the step-by-step process that
needs to be done by the learner.
Examples:
➢ “Follow the guidelines stated in the workbook in conducting
the experiment to get accurate results.”
➢ “Try a different procedure in solving the problem.”
➢ “Use more adjectives to describe the main character in your
story.”
Different Forms of Feedback
3. Focus on the strategy to improve the work.
Strategies refer to the different cognitive and metacognitive
actions that the learner needs to think about in order to arrive at
a better work or performance.
Examples:
➢ “Given the criteria for delivering a speech, which parts did you
achieve well and provide evidence.”
➢ “Use different methods to check if your answers are correct.”
➢ “Compare your work with the model, which parts are
different? How can you improve these parts further?”
