Volume 10, Issue 2, February – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317

Blockchain Based Secure Data

Management for IoT Devices
(A Survey of Current Research and Future Directions)
Madhuri Sharma1; Dr. Arvind Mahindru2; Dr. Pardeep Arora3
1
PhD Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
DAV University Jalandhar, India.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
DAV University Jalandhar, India.
3
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
K.M.V College Jalandhar, India

Publication Date: 2025/03/08

Abstract: Two of the most ground breaking technologies, blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT), are already
beginning to drastically alter The network configuration as it appears now and reshape details digital world during the
future. IoT integration has given the things around us life and made them "smart" and able to communicate with one
another. This has allowed them to continuously record the physical world and gather massive amounts of data, which can
then have analyzed and used to inform intelligent actions. It has changed the fundamental way we perceive the physical
world and enabled our ideal of a smooth transition between the digital and physical realms. Still, the problem with existing
Connectivity of The circumstances solutions is that they require a centralized entity, such as a cloud server, for interacting
with one another over the Internet, whose conveys an important concern to the private nature and safety of the large
amount of private facts being produced, Despite the original architectural plan called for for an autonomous one, such as a
distributed or peer-to-peer (P2P) system, blockchain enters the picture, offering a reliable and secure method of
information sharing through a distributed/P2P model, to achieve transparency, security, privacy, auditability, resilience,
access authentication, data immutability, etc. In this paper, we will examine how to combine both technologies to get
around their drawbacks and maximize their advantages. We have provided a thorough overview of the fundamentals of
both technologies, as well as the blockchain-based Internet of Things (BIoT) architecture, protocols, and operation, as well
as a few instances of BIoT applications that can be while the original architecture design requires constructed on top of it,
for connecting and interacting via the Internet, which presents a serious risk to the security and privacy of the huge
quantity of sensitive data being generated, and comparing.

Keywords: IoT; Blockchain; Blockchain Protocol; Bitcoin.

How to Cite: Madhuri Sharma; Dr. Arvind Mahindru; Dr. Pardeep Arora (2025). Blockchain Based Secure Data Management for
IoT Devices. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 10(2), 1728-1733.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317

I. INTRODUCTION play a significant role in our daily lives. The Internet of

Things will be at the heart of 95% of newly released devices
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a widespread network of by 2020 [1]. Bitcoin is a revolutionary system for
people and intelligent physical things known as "Things." decentralized digital currencies that uses cryptographic
IoT turns the physical world into a vast information system components to ensure its operation. Since its inception in
through allowing any "Thing" to connect and interact. Cloud 2009 by its obscure creator Satoshi Nakamoto, widespread
computing, machine learning, data analysis, and information interest in the currency has gradually grown, as have its
modeling are just a few of the technologies that are rapidly applications. Despite regulatory uncertainty and
becoming essential components of the Internet of Things. underdeveloped infrastructure, the main computer science
The business of information and communication technology challenges for Bitcoin are its ability to scale to higher
(ICT) is expanding as a result of the amazing progress made transaction rates and process individual transactions quickly.
in the IoT space. New business approaches are being made This study seeks to address both of those concerns and how
possible by IoT, and one of its most important features is data they intersect with Bitcoin's security against double-spend
augmentation, which will have an impact on the expansion of attacks.
the ICT sector. It comes readily from the fact that IoT will

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Volume 10, Issue 2, February – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317
The Bitcoin protocol aims to replace centralized control Because payment channel technology is still new and
over money transmission by a peer-to-peer network, rather experimental, if you want to utilize it, please contact us first
than major corporations like banks and credit card firms. The and let us know what you're doing so we can guarantee you
network's nodes check each other's work, preventing single retain up on the latest as the code matures. [3]
entities from misbehaving. Bitcoin does this by keeping a
complete and public record of all transactions at every node II. OVERVIEW OF BLOCKCHAIN IN IOT
in the network. This record, called as the block chain, is
made up of a rising number of blocks, each holding a set of The potential of blockchain technology to improve
approved transactions. The primary obstacle that Bitcoin security, transparency, and scalability in IoT ecosystems has
faces is synchronizing the ledger among many different drawn a lot of interest to its integration with the Internet of
nodes. Unsavory actors might try to disrupt synchronization Things (IoT) in recent years. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a
and interrupt previously processed payments, causing them to network of linked devices, including manufacturing
utilize the same money again.[2] Bitcoin has tremendous equipment, smart appliances, and sensors, that gather and
promise as a platform for enabling small-scale payments, share data. IoT has enormous potential in a number of
which are significantly smaller than what the traditional industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and smart
banking system can process. Indeed, you can swap an cities, but it also has serious drawbacks, especially in the
extremely tiny amount of value in a Bitcoin transaction areas of data security, privacy, and system dependability. A
without doing anything unusual and it will function, even if it decentralized distributed ledger system called blockchain has
is only a fraction of a cent. However, there are multiple shown promise in overcoming these issues. Blockchain can
significant shortcomings. At times such limitations don't guarantee the integrity of data transferred across Internet of
matter since you only want to make a single, very modest Things networks by utilizing its fundamental characteristics,
payment and the recipient won't receive many of them including indestructibility, openness and an cryptographic
regardless. Yet, such constraints can be too restrictive at security. The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain
times, necessitating the search for an alternate approach. This technology have the ability to completely transform how we
article discusses how to use payment channels, which are a handle and evaluate data from IoT devices, resulting in a
method of setting up a pending transfer of value from one safe, open, and effective environment. A decentralized,
wallet to another so that the amount transmitted is increment distributed ledger that documents transactions across a
able at a high rate and in very small increments. While this network of devices is made possible by the combination of
does not allow you to transmit micropayments at high speeds blockchain technology and the Internet of Things, offering a
to different receivers at the same time, it can be used for a safe and impenetrable record of every contact. The
variety of applications, including micro-billing for capped application of blockchain-based IoT solutions can increase
applications. Beginning with bitcoinj 0.10, you may utilize productivity, save costs, and improve decision-making in a
payment channels to construct many types of metered billing variety of businesses, spanning supply chain management,
software. We provide a sub-library that implements a smart cities, automated manufacturing, healthcare, and
client/server protocol for this, as well as an example transit.[4]
client/server program that demonstrates its ease of use.

Fig 1 Architecture of Blockchain

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Volume 10, Issue 2, February – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317
III. BLOCKCHAIN ARCHITECTURE IN IOT  Hierarchical Layering

The blockchain architecture in IoT allows for secure,  IoT Device Layer: This layer is made up of IoT devices
autonomous, and efficient interaction among devices and the such as sensors, actuators, and smart devices, which
network. The architecture is made up of multiple layers, such generate enormous amounts of data.
as the IoT device layer, data processing layer, blockchain  Data Processing Layer: This layer analyses and analyses
network layer, and the application layer. data generated by IoT devices using a variety of
algorithms and approaches.

Fig 2 (Blockchain Layers)

 Blockchain Network Layer: This layer is the intermediaries while enhancing efficiency. The usage of
architecture's central component, where data is stored, blockchain in IoT can also allow for the construction of smart
verified, and approved via a consensus mechanism like expands, which can automate a variety of IoT applications,
proof-of-work or proof-of-stake. including management of supply chains and smart cities.
 Application Layer: This layer is where many applications Blockchain has many perks in the Internet of Things, such as
like smart contracts, data analytics, and machine learning better security, more efficiency, and more transparency.
are built on top of the blockchain network to deliver Blockchain technology can lower the risk of cyber-attacks
different services and capacities. and data breaches by offering a secure method of managing
and controlling Internet of Things devices. Furthermore,
 Types of Blockchain Architecture blockchain technology can streamline and automate Internet
of Things procedures, eliminating the need for middlemen
 Universal Blockchain: A decentralized, open-source and boosting productivity. IoT applications like logistics
blockchain network that anybody may join and participate administration and smart cities can be automated through the
in. use of blockchain technology, which also makes it possible to
 Corporate Blockchain:A centralised and closed create smart contracts. Additionally, blockchain technology
blockchain network managed by a single entity. can offer an unchangeable and visible record of every IoT
 Collaboration Blockchain: A hybrid blockchain network transaction, boosting transparency and confidence in IoT
managed by a collection of companies. networks.[5]

 IoT-based Blockchain Motivation  Blockchain Adoption in IoT

The demand for a secure, productive, and transparent The momentous situation regarding blockchain
approach for handling and controlling IoT devices adoption in IoT is one of growing curiosity and early
encourages the invention of blockchain-based IoT. As more deployment. Many organisations and companies are looking
IoT devices connect to the internet, the potential of cyber- at the potential benefits of employing blockchain technology
attacks and data breaches grows. Blockchain technology in IoT applications including managing their supply chains
offers a safe method of managing and controlling these and smart cities. Some businesses are now starting to
devices by keeping a decentralised and tamper-proof record incorporate blockchain technology into their IoT applicati
of all transactions. Furthermore, blockchain technology may ons, and many studies are being introduced to explore the
automate and optimise IoT activities, decreasing the need for viability of blockchain technology in IoT. For instance, the

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Volume 10, Issue 2, February – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317
use of blockchain-based smart contracts to automate IoT need for intermediaries while strengthening efficiency. In
management of devices is being investigated, and some addition, blockchain technology can generate a transparent
businesses are already exploiting blockchain technology to and tamper-proof record of all IoT transactions, promoting
track and control the flow of goods and products along the trust and accountability in IoT networks. Furthermore,
price chain.[6] blockchain technology can offer a safe and decentralized
approach to managing and storing IoT data, lowering the
The potential benefits associated with using blockchain danger of data breaches and cyber assaults. Overall, the
in IoT are numerous. Blockchain technology can provide a application of blockchain technology in IoT has the potential
secure method of handling and controlling IoT devices, to increase the security, efficiency, and transparency of IoT
lowering the risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches. It can systems.
also automate and optimise IoT processes, decreasing the

Table 1 Blockchain Protocols for IoT

Year Blockchain Adoption
2015 10%
2016 20%
2017 30%
2018 40%
2019 50%
2020 60%
2025 80%

Numerous blockchain protocols have been proposed for IoT offers various benefits that are including increased
IoT, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, and security, efficiency, and transparency. Blockchain protocols
Corda. These protocols feature varying designs, consensus can provide a secure way of managing and controlling IoT
techniques, and smart contract gadgets, therefore being devices, lowering the risk of cyber-attacks and data
suitable for a variety of IoT applications. For example, exposures. They can also give a visible and tamper-proof
Bitcoin is a public blockchain protocol that is appropriate for record of all transactions, which promotes trust and
IoT applications that require high levels of security and accountability in IoT systems. Furthermore, blockchain
transparency, however Hyper ledger Fabric, on the flip side, protocols can automate and streamline IoT activities,
is a private blockchain protocol that is appropriate for IoT decreasing the need for intermediaries while strengthening
operations that demand high levels of scalability and efficiency.[7]
efficiency. The consumption of blockchain technologies in

Table 2 Blockchain Protocol Categories

Category Description Examples
Public Open-source Bitcoin, Ethereum
Private Closed-source Hyperledger Fabric, Corda
Consortium Combination of public and private, group of organizations control R3, Quorum
Hybrid Combination of public and private, flexible access control Chaincode, Sawtooth

Innovative concepts that disrupt always provoke a lot of data privacy and integrity; and (ii) the design of a system
debate. Although there are many critics of virtual currencies, capable of managing the unique identity of devices in a
it is clear that the technology that underpins them represents tamper-proof manner. According to the study scope
a tremendous technical shift. Blockchain is here to stay. distribution, research on IoT and BC is still in its early stages.
However, influencing technology without sufficiently Specific fields such as Smart Energy and Smart
ensuring its operation or applying it to settings where the Manufacturing require extensive investigation. Being in the
expense does not justify for the benefit are risks that can beginning stages, relatively little research has been done to
easily be taken. As a result, the advantages of using address the challenge of scalability. The next natural step is
blockchain in the IoT should be carefully considered and to break down the most extensively used platforms into self-
adopted with prudence. This article examines the key hurdles contained subsystems, which can then be assembled into full-
that blockchain and IoT must overcome in order to featured stacks using standardized/pluggable components.
collaborate successfully. We have highlighted the primary Furthermore, defending against novel assaults such as side
areas where blockchain technology can enhance IoT channel analysis might be an intriguing endeavour. Another
applications. promising study area is the use of BC to solve the problem of
data interchange and trading. With the proliferation of IoT
In our viewpoint, there are numerous potential for devices and the increased generation of data, attempts to
future study directions. We believe that, in an era marked by monetise the data have begun, giving rise to the Machine
the widespread use of smart devices and the generation of Economy. BC can simplify the negotiation process,
massive amounts of data (Big data), the primary two diminishing the need for a competent a facilitator.
requirements are: (i) the development of a solution to ensure

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Volume 10, Issue 2, February – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317
IV. IOT CYBER SECURITY EXPLOTING  Development and implementation of blockchain-based
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY cyber security exchange of data systems: Create and
deploy blockchain-based cyber security information
Blockchain, IoT, and cyber security are subfields of sharing systems that make it possible IoT stakeholders to
information technology (IT), which is a branch of electrical share cyber security information and best practices.
and computer engineering. Nowadays, everything is linked to  Investigation and creation of blockchain-based
the Internet for convenience, to keep an eye on, and to incident response systems: Capable of responding to
manage devices worldwide. This offers the chance to cyber security incidents in IoT systems in an efficient and
automate various tasks and switch all of the gadgets that timely fashion.
communicate to the Internet. The most significant  Study and creation of blockchain based: Cyber security
technological advancement of the twenty-first century is the training and awareness initiatives to educate IoT
Internet of Things (IoT), which links devices from industry to stakeholders on cyber security procedures and potential
homes, or from one individual to another. Manufacturing, hazards.
automotive, transportation and logistics, retail, public sector,
health care, and agriculture are some of the industries that use  Ongoing (2030–2035)
the Internet of Things.
 Research and development of blockchain-based
Securing these devices and their network is required for autonomous cyber security systems: capable of detecting
overall safety in all industries. Data created by device-to- and responding to cyber security threats in IoT devices.
device communication, as well as personal information, must  The creation and setting up of blockchain based cyber
be secured. Cyber security courses aim to provide students security systems: For industrial control systems, including
with the knowledge and skills needed to protect their data, those utilized in power grids and water treatment plants.
devices, and personal information from attackers. This degree  The development of blockchain-based cyber security
opens up an abundance of opportunities in the IT sector, as systems: For smart cities, such as those for safeguarding
well as other production and manufacturing firms. smart transportation collaborations and smart energy
Blockchain is a distributed ledger that records information in grids.
such a way that it cannot be changed, hacked, or cheated.
 Development and research of blockchain-based cyber
Because all devices are linked to the Internet, massive
security systems for healthcare: This includes systems for
amounts of data are generated, which must be securely safeguarding medical devices and electronic health
accessed from storage and made available to authorized
records.
users. Blockchain is utilized in a variety of industries,
including financial transactions, lending, residential real
VI. CONCLUSION
estate, and security.
The combined use of blockchain technology and IoT
V. FUTURE OF BLOCKCHAIN IS BASED ON has the potential to transform the way we address cyber
CYBER SECURITY FOR IOT security in the world of Internet of Things (IoT). By taking
advantage of block chain’s decentralized, immutable, and
 The Immediate Future (2023–2025)
transparent nature, we can create a more secure and
trustworthy environment for IoT devices and systems. The
 Research and development of blockchain-based threat usage of blockchain-based cyber security solutions in IoT can
detection and response systems: Blockchain-based give several advantages, including increased security,
systems for detecting and responding to cyber security efficiency, and transparency. Furthermore, blockchain-based
threats in IoT devices and systems. cyber security solutions can aid in mitigating the risks
 The creation and deployment of blockchain-based associated with IoT devices and systems, including data theft,
identity management platforms: For securely managing cyber-attacks, and equipment manipulation.
identities and authenticating devices in IoT systems.
 Investigation and creation of the blockchain relies The investigate brief discusses the present state of
data encryption protocols: For securely encrypting and blockchain cyber security in IoT, including the benefits,
protecting data in IoT devices and systems. problems, and future prospects of this new topic. The article
 Research and development of ways : For integrating also discusses the many blockchain-based cyber security
blockchain-based cyber security solutions with existing solutions that are being developed and used in IoT, including
IoT security measures like firewalls and intrusion blockchain-based threat detection, identity management, and
detection systems. data encryption. Furthermore, the study investigates the
significance of blockchain in IoT cyber security, particularly
 Intermediate (2025–2030) its ability to create a safe and trustworthy environment for
IoT devices and systems to work in. The report also discusses
 Blockchain-based secure communication protocol the constraints and limitations of blockchain-based cyber
development: Blockchain-based secure communication security solutions for IoT, such as scalability,
protocols for securely transmitting data between IoT interoperability, and regulatory issues.
devices and systems are being researched and developed.

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Volume 10, Issue 2, February – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979317
In conclusion, the combined use of blockchain Internet of Things,” in New Advances in the Internet
technology and IoT may offer a more reliable and safe of Things. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018.
operational setting for IoT systems and devices. The usage of
blockchain-based cyber security solutions in IoT can give
several advantages, including increased security, efficiency,
and transparency. However, there are several obstacles and
constraints to using blockchain-based security solutions in
IoT, such as scalability, interoperability, and regulatory
problems. More research is needed to fully understand the
potential for blockchain-based cyber security solutions in
IoT, as well as the challenges and limitations connected with
their application.

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