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IoT − Overview Internet of Things

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a
system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and
emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.

IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes
towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of
products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those changes.

IoT − Key Features

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below:

 AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every

aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and
cabinets to detect when milk and your favourite cereal run low, and to then place an
order with your preferred grocer.

 Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks
can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates
these small networks between its system devices.

 Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments
which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system
capable of real-world integration.

 Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens
through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content,
product, or service engagement.

 Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.

IoT − Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some
of the advantages that IoT has to offer:

 Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and

significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely
transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.

 Technology Optimization – The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to
technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.

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 Internet of Things

 Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.

 Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where
humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

IoT − Disadvantages
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges.
Here is a list of some its major issues:

 Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating

over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This
leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.

 Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.

 Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.

 Flexibility – Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or
locked systems.

 Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply
with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.

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 2. IoT − Hardware Internet of Things

The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices for
control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage key tasks and
functions such as system activation, action specifications, security, communication, and
detection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT − Sensors
The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of energy
modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules
manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio
transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.

The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and passive measurement
devices. Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT:

Devices

accelerometers temperature sensors

magnetometers proximity sensors

gyroscopes image sensors

acoustic sensors light sensors

pressure sensors gas RFID sensors

humidity sensors micro flow sensors

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Wearable Electronics
Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.

Smart watches not only help us stay connected, but as a part of an IoT
system, they allow access needed for improved productivity.

Current smart wearable devices include:

 Head – Helmets, glasses


 Neck – Jewellery, collars

 Arm – Watches, wristbands, rings

 Torso – Clothing, backpacks

 Feet – Socks, shoes

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Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and services we value, and
when part of an IoT system, they allow a new approach to productivity.

Standard Devices
The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the command center and
remotes.

 The desktop provides the user with the highest level of control over the system and its
settings.

 The tablet provides access to the key features of the system in a way resembling the
desktop, and also acts as a remote.

 The cellphone allows some essential settings modification and also provides remote
functionality.

Other key connected devices include standard network devices like routers and switches.

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 3. IoT − Software Internet of Things

IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded
systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are
responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and process
extension within the IoT network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g.,
ordering systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.

Data Collection
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data security, and
aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-time,
machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data from multiple devices and distributes it in
accordance with settings. It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The
system eventually transmits all collected data to a central server.

Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create
the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking
between devices. These applications are the defining software technology of the IoT network
because without them, it is not an IoT system. They manage the various applications,
protocols, and limitations of each device to allow communication.

Real-Time Analytics
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into viable actions or
clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information based on various settings and
designs in order to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by industry.

Application and Process Extension

These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a wider, more
effective system. They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such as allowing
certain mobile devices or engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity
and more accurate data collection.

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 4. IoT − Technology and Protocols Internet of Things

IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However, the major
enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy
wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct. These technologies support the
specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform
network of common systems.

NFC and RFID

RFID (radio-frequency identification) and NFC (near-field communication) provide simple, low-
energy, and versatile options for identity and access tokens, connection bootstrapping, and
payments.

 RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tags
associated with objects.

 NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a mobile
device and a standard device.

Low-Energy Bluetooth
This technology supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while exploiting a
standard technology with native support across systems.

Low-Energy Wireless
This technology replaces the most power hungry aspect of an IoT system. Though sensors and
other elements can power down over long periods, communication links (i.e., wireless) must
remain in listening mode. Low-energy wireless not only reduces consumption, but also extends
the life of the device through less use.

Radio Protocols
ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for creating low-rate private area networks.
These technologies are low-power, but offer high throughput unlike many similar options. This
increases the power of small local device networks without the typical costs.

LTE-A
LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology by increasing not
only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and raising its throughput. It gives IoT a
tremendous power through expanding its range, with its most significant applications being
vehicle, UAV, and similar communication.

WiFi-Direct
WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections
with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency. WiFi-Direct eliminates an element of a network
that often bogs it down, and it does not compromise on speed or throughput.

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 5. IoT − Common Uses Internet of Things

IoT has applications across all industries and markets. It spans user groups from those who
want to reduce energy use in their home to large organizations who want to streamline their
operations. It proves not just useful, but nearly critical in many industries as technology
advances and we move towards the advanced automation imagined in the distant future.

Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure

Applications of IoT in these areas include improving production, marketing, service delivery,
and safety. IoT provides a strong means of monitoring various processes; and real
transparency creates greater visibility for improvement opportunities.

The deep level of control afforded by IoT allows rapid and more action on those opportunities,
which include events like obvious customer needs, nonconforming product, malfunctions in
equipment, problems in the distribution network, and more.

Example
Joan runs a manufacturing facility that makes shields for manufacturing equipment. When
regulations change for the composition and function of the shields, the new appropriate
requirements are automatically programmed in production robotics, and engineers are alerted
about their approval of the changes.

Government and Safety

IoT applied to government and safety allows improved law enforcement, defense, city
planning, and economic management. The technology fills in the current gaps, corrects many
current flaws, and expands the reach of these efforts. For example, IoT can help city planners
have a clearer view of the impact of their design, and governments have a better idea of the
local economy.

Example
Joan lives in a small city. She’s heard about a recent spike in crime in her area, and worries
about coming home late at night.

Local law enforcement has been alerted about the new “hot” zone through system flags, and
they’ve increases their presence. Area monitoring devices have detected suspicious behavior,
and law enforcement has investigated these leads to prevent crimes.

Home and Office

In our daily lives, IoT provides a personalized experience from the home to the office to the
organizations we frequently do business with. This improves our overall satisfaction, enhances
productivity, and improves our health and safety. For example, IoT can help us customize our
office space to optimize our work.

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Example
Joan works in advertising. She enters her office, and it recognizes her face. It adjusts the
lighting and temperature to her preference. It turns on her devices and opens applications to
her last working points.

Her office door detected and recognized a colleague visiting her office multiple times before
she arrived. Joan’s system opens this visitor’s messages automatically.

Health and Medicine

IoT pushes us towards our imagined future of medicine which exploits a highly integrated
network of sophisticated medical devices. Today, IoT can dramatically enhance medical
research, devices, care, and emergency care. The integration of all elements provides more
accuracy, more attention to detail, faster reactions to events, and constant improvement while
reducing the typical overhead of medical research and organizations.

Example
Joan is a nurse in an emergency room. A call has come in for a man wounded in an altercation.
The system recognized the patient and pulls his records. On the scene, paramedic equipment
captures critical information automatically sent to the receiving parties at the hospital. The
system analyzes the new data and current records to deliver a guiding solution. The status of
the patient is updated every second in the system during his transport. The system prompts
Joan to approve system actions for medicine distribution and medical equipment preparation.

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 6. IoT − Media, Marketing, & Advertising InernetofThings

The applications of IoT in media and advertising involve a customized experience in which the
system analyzes and responds to the needs and interests of each customer. This includes their
general behaviour patterns, buying habits, preferences, culture, and other characteristics.

Marketing and Content Delivery

IoT functions in a similar and deeper way to current technology, analytics, and big data.
Existing technology collects specific data to produce related metrics and patterns over time,
however, that data often lacks depth and accuracy. IoT improves this by observing more
behaviours and analyzing them differently.

 This leads to more information and detail, which delivers more reliable metrics and
patterns.

 It allows organizations to better analyze and respond to customer needs or preferences.

 It improves business productivity and strategy, and improves the consumer experience
by only delivering relevant content and solutions.

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Improved Advertising
Current advertising suffers from excess and poor targeting. Even with today's analytics,
modern advertising fails. IoT promises different and personalized advertising rather than one-
size-fits-all strategies. It transforms advertising from noise to a practical part of life because
consumers interact with advertising through IoT rather than simply receiving it. This makes
advertising more functional and useful to people searching the marketplace for solutions or
wondering if those solutions exist.

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 7. IoT − Environmental Monitoring Internet of Things

The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad: environmental protection,

extreme weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species protection, commercial
farming, and more. In these applications, sensors detect and measure every type of
environmental change.

Air and Water Pollution

Current monitoring technology for air and water safety primarily uses manual labour along
with advanced instruments, and lab processing. IoT improves on this technology by reducing
the need for human labour, allowing frequent sampling, increasing the range of sampling and
monitoring, allowing sophisticated testing on-site, and binding response efforts to detection
systems. This allows us to prevent substantial contamination and related disasters.

Extreme Weather
Though powerful, advanced systems currently in use allow deep monitoring, they suffer from
using broad instruments, such as radar and satellites, rather than more granular solutions.
Their instruments for smaller details lack the same accurate targeting of stronger technology.

New IoT advances promise more fine-grained data, better accuracy, and flexibility. Effective
forecasting requires high detail and flexibility in range, instrument type, and deployment. This
allows early detection and early responses to prevent loss of life and property.

Commercial Farming
Today's sophisticated commercial farms have exploited advanced technology and biotechnology for
quite some time, however, IoT introduces more access to deeper automation and analysis.

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Much of commercial farming, like weather monitoring, suffers from a lack of precision and
requires human labour in the area of monitoring. Its automation also remains limited.

IoT allows operations to remove much of the human intervention in system function, farming
analysis, and monitoring. Systems detect changes to crops, soil, environment, and more. They
optimize standard processes through analysis of large, rich data collections. They also prevent
health hazards (e.g., e. coli) from happening and allow better control.

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 8. IoT − Manufacturing Applications Interet of Things

Manufacturing technology currently in use exploits standard technology along with modern
distribution and analytics. IoT introduces deeper integration and more powerful analytics. This
opens the world of manufacturing in a way never seen before, as organizations become fully-
developed for product delivery rather than a global network of suppliers, makers, and
distributors loosely tied together.

Intelligent Product Enhancements

Much like IoT in content delivery, IoT in manufacturing allows richer insight in real-time. This
dramatically reduces the time and resources devoted to this one area, which traditionally
requires heavy market research before, during, and well after the products hit the market.

IoT also reduces the risks associated with launching new or modified products because it
provides more reliable and detailed information. The information comes directly from market
use and buyers rather than assorted sources of varied credibility.

Dynamic Response to Market Demands

Supplying the market requires maintaining a certain balance impacted by a number of factors
such as economy state, sales performance, season, supplier status, manufacturing facility
status, distribution status, and more. The expenses associated with supply present unique
challenges given today's global partners. The associated potential or real losses can
dramatically impact business and future decisions.

IoT manages these areas through ensuring fine details are managed more at the system level
rather than through human evaluations and decisions. An IoT system can better assess and
control the supply chain (with most products), whether demands are high or low.

Lower Costs, Optimized Resource Use, and Waste Reduction

IoT offers a replacement for traditional labour and tools in a production facility and in the
overall chain which cuts many previously unavoidable costs; for example, maintenance checks
or tests traditionally requiring human labour can be performed remotely with instruments and
sensors of an IoT system.

IoT also enhances operation analytics to optimize resource use and labor, and eliminate
various types of waste, e.g., energy and materials. It analyzes the entire process from the
source point to its end, not just the process at one point in a particular facility, which allows
improvement to have a more substantial impact. It essentially reduces waste throughout the
network, and returns those savings throughout.

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This XRS relay box connects all truck devices (e.g., diagnostics and driver cell) to the XRS
fleet management supporting software, which allows data collection.

Improved Facility Safety

A typical facility suffers from a number of health and safety hazards due to risks posed by
processes, equipment, and product handling. IoT aids in better control and visibility. Its
monitoring extends throughout the network of devices for not only performance, but for
dangerous malfunctions and usage. It aids (or performs) analysis and repair, or correction, of
critical flaws.

Product Safety
Even the most sophisticated system cannot avoid malfunctions, nonconforming product, and
other hazards finding their way to market. Sometimes these incidents have nothing to do with
the manufacturing process, and result from unknown conflicts.

In manufacturing, IoT helps in avoiding recalls and controlling nonconforming or dangerous

product distribution. Its high level of visibility, control, and integration can better contain any
issues that appear.

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 9. IoT − Energy Applications Internet of Things

The optimization qualities of IoT in manufacturing also apply to energy consumption. IoT
allows a wide variety of energy control and monitoring functions, with applications in devices,
commercial and residential energy use, and the energy source. Optimization results from the
detailed analysis previously unavailable to most organizations and individuals.

Residential Energy
The rise of technology has driven energy costs up. Consumers search for ways to reduce or
control consumption. IoT offers a sophisticated way to analyze and optimize use not only at
device level, but throughout the entire system of the home. This can mean simple switching off
or dimming of lights, or changing device settings and modifying multiple home settings to
optimize energy use.

IoT can also discover problematic consumption from issues like older appliances, damaged
appliances, or faulty system components. Traditionally, finding such problems required the use
of often multiple professionals.

Commercial Energy
Energy waste can easily and quietly impact business in a major way, given the tremendous
energy needs of even small organizations. Smaller organizations wrestle with balancing costs
of business while delivering a product with typically smaller margins, and working with limited
funding and technology. Larger organizations must monitor a massive, complex ecosystem of
energy use that offers few simple, effective solutions for energy use management.

A smart-meter still requires a reader to

visit the site. This automated meter reader
makes visits unnecessary, and also allows
energy companies to bill based on real-time
data instead of estimates over time.

IoT simplifies the process of energy monitoring and management while maintaining a low cost
and high level of precision. It addresses all points of an organization's consumption across
devices. Its depth of analysis and control provides organizations with a strong means of
managing their consumption for cost shaving and output optimization. IoT systems discover

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energy issues in the same way as functional issues in a complex business network, and provide
solutions.

Reliability
The analytics and action delivered by IoT also help to ensure system reliability. Beyond
consumption, IoT prevents system overloads or throttling. It also detects threats to system
performance and stability, which protects against losses such as downtime, damaged
equipment, and injuries.

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 10. IoT − Healthcare Applications Internet of Things

IoT systems applied to healthcare enhance existing technology, and the general practice of
medicine. They expand the reach of professionals within a facility and far beyond it. They
increase both the accuracy and size of medical data through diverse data collection from large
sets of real-world cases. They also improve the precision of medical care delivery through
more sophisticated integration of the healthcare system.

Research
Much of current medical research relies on resources lacking critical real-world information. It
uses controlled environments, volunteers, and essentially leftovers for medical examination.
IoT opens the door to a wealth of valuable information through real-time field data, analysis,
and testing.

IoT can deliver relevant data superior to standard analytics through integrated instruments
capable of performing viable research. It also integrates into actual practice to provide more
key information. This aids in healthcare by providing more reliable and practical data, and
better leads; which yields better solutions and discovery of previously unknown issues.

It also allows researchers to avoid risks by gathering data without manufactured scenarios and
human testing.

Devices
Current devices are rapidly improving in precision, power, and availability; however, they still
offer less of these qualities than an IoT system integrating the right system effectively. IoT
unlocks the potential of existing technology, and leads us toward new and better medical
device solutions.

IoT closes gaps between equipment and the way we deliver healthcare by creating a logical
system rather than a collection of tools. It then reveals patterns and missing elements in
healthcare such as obvious necessary improvements or huge flaws.

The ClearProbe portable connected ultrasound device can use any

computer anywhere as a supporting machine. The device sends all
imaging records to the master system.

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Care
Perhaps the greatest improvement IoT brings to healthcare is in the actual practice of medicine
because it empowers healthcare professionals to better use their training and knowledge to
solve problems. They utilize far better data and equipment, which gives them a window into
blind spots and supports more swift, precise actions. Their decision-making is no longer limited
by the disconnects of current systems, and bad data.

IoT also improves their professional development because they actually exercise their talent
rather than spending too much time on administrative or manual tasks. Their organizational
decisions also improve because technology provides a better vantage point.

Medical Information Distribution

One of the challenges of medical care is the distribution of accurate and current information to
patients. Healthcare also struggles with guidance given the complexity of following guidance.
IoT devices not only improve facilities and professional practice, but also health in the daily
lives of individuals.

IoT devices give direct, 24/7 access to the patient in a less intrusive way than other options.
They take healthcare out of facilities and into the home, office, or social space. They empower
individuals in attending to their own health, and allow providers to deliver better and more
granular care to patients. This results in fewer accidents from miscommunication, improved
patient satisfaction, and better preventive care.

Emergency Care
The advanced automation and analytics of IoT allows more powerful emergency support
services, which typically suffer from their limited resources and disconnect with the base
facility. It provides a way to analyze an emergency in a more complete way from miles away.
It also gives more providers access to the patient prior to their arrival. IoT gives providers
critical information for delivering essential care on arrival. It also raises the level of care
available to a patient received by emergency professionals. This reduces the associated losses,
and improves emergency healthcare.

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 11. IoT − Building/Housing Applications InternetofThings

IoT applied to buildings and various structures allows us to automate routine residential and
commercial tasks and needs in a way that dramatically improves living and working
environments. This, as seen with manufacturing and energy applications, reduces costs,
enhances safety, improves individual productivity, and enhances quality of life.

Environment and Conditioning

One of the greatest challenges in the engineering of buildings remains management of
environment and conditions due to many factors at work. These factors include building
materials, climate, building use, and more. Managing energy costs receives the most attention,
but conditioning also impacts the durability and state of the structure.

IoT aids in improving structure design and managing existing structures through more
accurate and complete data on buildings. It provides important engineering information such
as how well a material performs as insulation in a particular design and environment.

Health and Safety

Buildings, even when constructed with care, can suffer from certain health and safety issues.
These issues include poor performing materials, flaws that leave the building vulnerable to
extreme weather, poor foundations, and more.

The Boss 220 smart plug allows the user to monitor, control, optimize,
and automate all plug-in devices. Users employ their mobile device or
desktop to view performance information and control devices from
anywhere.

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Current solutions lack the sophistication needed to detect minor issues before they become
major issues, or emergencies. IoT offers a more reliable and complete solution by observing
issues in a fine-grained way to control dangers and aid in preventing them; for example, it can
measure changes in a system's state impacting fire safety rather than simply detecting smoke.

Productivity and Quality of Life

Beyond safety or energy concerns, most people desire certain comforts from housing or
commercial spaces like specific lighting and temperature. IoT enhances these comforts by
allowing faster and easier customizing.

Adjustments also apply to the area of productivity. They personalize spaces to create an
optimized environment such as a smart office or kitchen prepared for a specific individual.

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 12. IoT − Transportation Applications Inernetof Things

At every layer of transportation, IoT provides improved communication, control, and data
distribution. These applications include personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs,
and other equipment. It extends throughout the entire system of all transportation elements
such as traffic control, parking, fuel consumption, and more.

Rails and Mass Transit

Current systems deliver sophisticated integration and performance, however, they employ
older technology and approaches to MRT. The improvements brought by IoT deliver more
complete control and monitoring. This results in better management of overall performance,
maintenance issues, maintenance, and improvements.

Mass transit options beyond standard MRT suffer from a lack of the integration necessary to
transform them from an option to a dedicated service. IoT provides an inexpensive and advanced
way to optimize performance and bring qualities of MRT to other transportation options like buses.
This improves services and service delivery in the areas of scheduling, optimizing transport times,
reliability, managing equipment issues, and responding to customer needs.

Road
The primary concerns of traffic are managing congestion, reducing accidents, and parking. IoT
allows us to better observe and analyze the flow of traffic through devices at all traffic
observation points. It aids in parking by making storage flow transparent when current
methods offer little if any data.

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This smart road sign receives data and modifications to better inform
drivers and prevent congestion or accidents.

Accidents typically result from a number of factors, however, traffic management impacts their
frequency. Construction sites, poor rerouting, and a lack of information about traffic status are
all issues that lead to incidents. IoT provides solutions in the form of better information sharing
with the public, and between various parties directly affecting road traffic.

Automobile
Many in the automotive industry envision a future for cars in which IoT technology makes cars
“smart,” attractive options equal to MRT. IoT offers few significant improvements to personal
vehicles. Most benefits come from better control over related infrastructure and the inherent flaws
in automobile transport; however, IoT does improve personal vehicles as personal spaces. IoT
brings the same improvements and customization to a vehicle as those in the home.

Commercial Transportation
Transportation benefits extend to business and manufacturing by optimizing the transport arm
of organizations. It reduces and eliminates problems related to poor fleet management through
better analytics and control such as monitoring idling, fuel consumption, travel conditions, and
travel time between points. This results in product transportation operating more like an
aligned service and less like a collection of contracted services.

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 13. IoT − Education Applications Internet of Things

IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery, business, and
healthcare. It customizes and enhances education by allowing optimization of all content and
forms of delivery. It enables educators to give focus to individuals and their method. It also
reduces costs and labor of education through automation of common tasks outside of the
actual education process.

Education Organizations
Education organizations typically suffer from limited funding, labour issues, and poor attention
to actual education. They, unlike other organizations, commonly lack or avoid analytics due to
their funding issues and the belief that analytics do not apply to their industry.

IoT not only provides valuable insight, but it also democratizes that information through low-
cost, low-power small devices, which still offer high performance. This technology aids in
managing costs, improving the quality of education, professional development, and facility
management improvement through rich examinations of key areas:

 Student response, performance, and behaviour


 Instructor response, performance, and behaviour

 Facility monitoring and maintenance

 Data from other facilities

Data informs them about ineffective strategies and actions, whether educational efforts or
facility qualities. Removing these roadblocks makes them more effective.

Educators
Information provided by IoT empowers educators to deliver improved education. They have a
window into the success of their strategies, their students' perspective, and other aspects of
their performance. IoT relieves them of administrative and management duties, so they can
focus on their mission. It automates manual and clerical labor, and facilitates supervising
through features like system flags or controls to ensure students remain engaged.

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A school in Richmond, California, embeds RFID chips in ID cards to track the

presence of students. Even if students are not present for check-in, the system
will track and log their presence on campus.

IoT provides instructors with easy access to powerful educational tools. Educators can use IoT
to perform as a one-on-one instructor providing specific instructional designs for each pupil;
for example, using data to determine the most effective supplements for each student, and
auto-generating content from lesson materials on-demand for any student.

The application of technology improves the professional development of educators because

they truly see what works, and learn to devise better strategies, rather than simply repeating
old or ineffective methods.

IoT also enhances the knowledge base used to devise education standards and practices.
Education research suffers from accuracy issues and a general lack of data. IoT introduces
large high quality, real-world datasets into the foundation of educational design. This comes
from IoT's unique ability to collect enormous amounts of varied data anywhere.

Personalized Education
IoT facilitates the customization of education to give every student access to what they need.
Each student can control their experience and participate in instructional design, and much of
this happens passively. The student simply utilizes the system, and performance data primarily
shapes their design. This combined with organizational and educator optimization delivers
highly effective education while reducing costs.

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 14. IoT − Government Applications Interetof Things

IoT supports the development of smart nations and smart cities. This includes enhancement of
infrastructure previously discussed (e.g., healthcare, energy, transportation, etc.), defence,
and also the engineering and maintenance of communities.

City Planning and Management

Governing bodies and engineers can use IoT to analyze the often complex aspects of city
planning and management. IoT simplifies examining various factors such as population
growth, zoning, mapping, water supply, transportation patterns, food supply, social services,
and land use. It gathers detailed data in these areas and produces more valuable and accurate
information than current analytics given its ability to actually “live” with people in a city.

Smart trashcans in New York tell garbage collectors when they need to be
emptied. They optimize trash service by ensuring drivers only make
necessary stops, and drivers modify their route to reduce fuel consumption.

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 Internet of Things

In the area of management, IoT supports cities through its implementation in major services
and infrastructure such as transportation and healthcare. It also aids in other key areas like
water control, waste management, and emergency management. Its real-time and detailed
information facilitate more prompt decisions in contrast to the traditional process plagued by
information lag, which can be critical in emergency management.

Standard states services are also improved by IoT, which can automate otherwise slow
processes and trim unnecessary state expenses; for example, it can automate motor vehicle
services for testing, permits, and licensing.

IoT also aids in urban improvement by skipping tests or poor research, and providing functional
data for how the city can be optimized. This leads to faster and more meaningful changes.

Creating Jobs
IoT offers thorough economic analysis. It makes previous blind spots visible and supports
better economic monitoring and modelling. It analyzes industry and the marketplace to spot
opportunities for growth and barriers.

National Defence
National threats prove diverse and complicated. IoT augments armed forces systems and
services, and offers the sophistication necessary to manage the landscape of national defence.
It supports better protection of borders through inexpensive, high performance devices for rich
control and observation.

IoT automates the protection tasks typically spread across several departments and countless
individuals. It achieves this while improving accuracy and speed.

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 15. IoT − Law Enforcement Applications InternetofThings

IoT enhances law enforcement organizations and practice, and improves the justice system.
The technology boosts transparency, distributes critical data, and removes human intervention
where it proves unnecessary.

Policing
Law enforcement can be challenging. IoT acts as an instrument of law enforcement which
reduces manual labour and subjective decisions through better data, information sharing, and
advanced automation. IoT systems shave costs by reducing human labour in certain areas
such as certain traffic violations.

IoT aids in creating better solutions to problems by using technology in the place of force; for
example, light in-person investigations of suspicious activities can be replaced with remote
observation, logged footage of violations, and electronic ticketing. It also reduces corruption
by removing human control and opinion for some violations.

This dart planted in a truck gate prevents dangerous car chases. A patrol car launches the tracking
dart which pierces the vehicle. Then the main system receives all data needed to locate the vehicle.

Court System
Current court systems utilize traditional technology and resources. They generally do not exploit
modern analytics or automation outside of minor legal tasks. IoT brings superior analytics, better
evidence, and optimized processes to court systems which accelerate processes, eliminate
excessive procedures, manage corruption, reduce costs, and improve satisfaction.

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In the criminal court system, this can result in a more effective and fair system. In routine
court services, it introduces automation similar to that of common government office services;
for example, IoT can automate forming an LLC.

IoT combined with new regulations can remove lawyers from many common legal tasks or
reduce the need for their involvement. This reduces costs and accelerates many processes
which often require months of traversing legal procedures and bureaucracy.

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 16. IoT − Consumer Applications Internet of Things

Consumers benefit personally and professionally from the optimization and data analysis of
IoT. IoT technology behaves like a team of personal assistants, advisors, and security. It
enhances the way we live, work, and play.

Home
IoT takes the place of a full staff:

 Butler – IoT waits for you to return home, and ensures your home remains fully
prepared. It monitors your supplies, family, and the state of your home. It takes
actions to resolve any issues that appear.

 Chef – An IoT kitchen prepares meals or simply aids you in preparing them.

 Nanny – IoT can somewhat act as a guardian by controlling access, providing supplies,
and alerting the proper individuals in an emergency.

 Gardner – The same IoT systems of a farm easily work for home landscaping.

 Repairman – Smart systems perform key maintenance and repairs, and also request
them.

 Security Guard – IoT watches over you 24/7. It can observe suspicious individuals
miles away, and recognize the potential of minor equipment problems to become
disasters well before they do.

This smart, connected stove from Whirlpool allows two different heat settings on the same
surface, remote monitoring, and remote control.

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 Internet of Things

Work
A smart office or other workspace combines customization of the work environment with smart tools. IoT
learns about you, your job, and the way you work to deliver an optimized environment. This results in
practical accommodations like adjusting the room temperature, but also more advanced benefits like
modifying your schedule and the tools you use to increase your output and reduce your work time. IoT acts
as a manager and consultant capable of seeing what you cannot.

Play
IoT learns as much about you personally as it does professionally. This enables the technology to support
leisure:

 Culture and Night Life – IoT can analyze your real-world activities and response to guide you in
finding more of the things and places you enjoy such as recommending restaurants and events based
on your preferences and experiences.

 Vacations – Planning and saving for vacations proves difficult for some, and many utilize agencies,
which can be replaced by IoT.

 Products and Services – IoT offers better analysis of the products you like and need than current
analytics based on its deeper access. It integrates with key information like your finances to
recommend great solutions.