Effectivity of Sugarcane Extract (Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate Leaves

Extract (Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan Leaves Extract (Pandanus

Amarylifolious) as Mosquito Repellent Candle

A Science Investigatory Project

Presented to the
Faculty of Junior High School
Inarawan National High School

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in Research 10

HARLYN C. DELOS REYES

JEROME D. ORTEGA
REXSTAR JERU V. RAVARA
CHARICE MAY R. TOLENTIMO
Research Proponents

QUEENVIERLYN O. RUPIDO
Research Teacher
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Research Locale 2

Theoretical Framework 3

Conceptual Framework 5

Statement of the Problem 6

Statement of Hypothesis 7

Significance of the Study 8

Scope and Delimitations 8

Definition of Terms 9

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature 10

Related Studies 14

METHODOLOGY

List of Materials 17

Experimental Design 18
Experimental Set-up 19

Research Design 22

Data Gathering Procedure 23

Data Analysis 23

Ethical Consideration 24

Methodology Flow Chart 25

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion 31

Recommendation 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

DOCUMENTATION 38

APPENDICES 41

Curriculum Vitae
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to the people

who in one way or another helped them in conducting the study.

Mrs. Melbeth P. Mendoza, Assistant Principal II, for her approval,

encouragement and support.

Ms Queenvierlyn Rupido,research adviser, for her suggestions,

encouragement and support.

The family, friends, classmates for their support, love, and encouragement and

above all to Almighty God for giving strength and good health while conducting the

study
 ABSTRACT

The study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of Sugarcane (Saccharum

Officinarum L) Kakawate (Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan (Pandanus Amarylifolious)

as mosquito repellent candle. Employing a randomized complete block design, 3

treatments were utilized: Pandan leaves extract only, Kakawate leaves extract only,

combined Pandan and Kakawate leaves extract. Captured mosquitoes and the

mosquito repellent candle in a certain sealed spot such as a big container with tiny

holes; enough for the oxygen to come in but not allowing the mosquitoes to go out in

which the action of mosquitoes will be observed.

Simultaneously, the life span of the candle needed to use a timer to determine

the longetivity of the light of the candle. Through the use of statistical analysis

techniques such as ANOVA and post hoc tests, the collected data were analyzed.

The results showed that the scent of Kakawate and Pandan has the ability to

repel/kill mosquitoes but Sugarcane doesn’t possess the capability to be a candle

wax.

Notably, the combined treatment of Pandan and Kakawate Leaves extract

exhibited the highest effectivity to repel/kill mosquitoes. These findings show the

potential of Pandan and Kakawate leaves extracts as mosquito repellent.

As such, the incorporation of these plant extracts as mosquito repellent is

strongly recommended. The use of sugarcane as candle wax on the other hand is

not advisable as it would only kill the fire of the candle.

 CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Setting

INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes possess a threat to people’s health as it carries nasty diseases

such as the malaria and dengue. There are many species of mosquito feed on the

blood of various hosts and ingest pathogens, meaning their bites can transfer

diseases directly into the blood of hosts. This has made mosquitoes one of the

deadliest animals in the world. (Reuters August 19, 2019)

In the Philippines, mosquitoes are also seen as a dangerous threat to human

lives. It was reported that there are many infectious diseases other than malaria and

dengue borne by mosquitoes that infect a significant number of Filipinos every year.

These diseases include Chinkungunya, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic

filariasis. (Dr. Edsel Salvana, November 14, 2023)

There are researchers that created products such as insect repellent incense,

insecticides, and insect repellent lotions that has been made to repel the mosquitoes

away and keep them safe from the diseases or irritations it may cause. Even though

those products may seem effective, they also come with a great amount of price

most households would think it would be unnecessary to buy.

This study used Sugarcane Extract (Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate

Leaves Extract (Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan Leaves Extract (Pandanus

Amarylifolious) as these were suitable ingredients in making a mosquito repellent

candle that are available in the locality.

 Sugarcane is an agrowaste product and contains considerable amount of

wax. This has a good technoeconomic potential which is good to be an alternative

candle wax.

Meanwhile, Kakawate leaves can be used to repel insects and reduce its

production. Also, Kakawate not only repels the insects but it also can help prevent

the spread of diseases caused by insects. (Paul Icamina, July 12, 2021)

Pandan on the other hand has the capability to give the product a caramel-

like scent. Additionally, pandan could be used as an insect repellent as it's essences

and extracts produce a more reliable repellent effect, as long as their concentrations

of essential oils have been tested and normalized. (G.D. Palmer)

In this study, it tested the effectivity of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L)

Kakawate leaves extract (Gliricidia sepuim Leguminosae), and Pandan leaves

extract (Pandanus Amarylifolious) as mosquito repellent candle. Also, it created a

product that is affordable and safe to use.

Research Locale

The study was be conducted at Inarawan National High School in Inarawan,

Naujan, Oriental Mindoro. Whereas, the researchers were currently enrolled and

studying.

Inarawan National High School has an exclusive Science Laboratory with the

equipment necessary for the conduct of experimental set-ups.

The researcher collected mosquitoes by using a bottle trap. It was be

preserved in a container with small holes, to be used in the experiment.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the following theories which serve as the basis of

the present research.

The Theory of Olfaction and of the Action of Mosquito Repellents states that

to produce an odor sensation, a substance must be volatile and its molecules must

come into contact with the olfactory end organ, which may require some measure of

liquid solubility.

The present study is connected to the Theory of Olfaction and of the Action of

Mosquito Repellents for it aims to create a mosquito repellent candle that would

effectively repel mosquitoes. The theory stated an information that will be needed for

the study to come into success. With the help of the theory, the study’s capability to

repel mosquitoes will be easier to be done.

In addition, the Synergistic Effects of Plant Extracts Theory suggests that the

combination of plant extracts may have synergistic effects that enhance their

efficacy. This phenomenon is known as synergy, and it occur because the chemical

compounds in each extract can interact with each other to enhance their overall

effects.

In significance to our study, studying the synergistic effects of plant extract

will be needed for developing an effective insect repellent candle as it would help the

researchers to know how the combination of the ingredients would affect each

other’s efficacy. This theory will be a helping hand for the researchers to have a

deeper understanding towards the possible results of the combinations of the

ingredients that will be used.

 Lastly, the Mosquito Control theory states that many different methods of

manipulating a mosquito’s behavior and population are used and new methods are

evolving to control nuisance and vector mosquito populations across the world.

Implementation of such control methods at the optimal time has been identified as

critical to maintaining the populations below unacceptable levels.

The Mosquito Control theory is related to the current since the study yearns to

determine the effectiveness of the product as a mosquito repellent candle. This

theory shall be a support for the study as it is about manipulating the mosquitoes’

action and population which is the main goal of the study hence, this theory will be

helpful.

Overall, the three theories presented provide evidence that plant-based

extracts have the potential to be an effective ingredient for insect repellent candles.

This provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential of extract-based

ingredients to effectively repel insects and increase candle efficacy.

Conceptual Framework

This shows the conceptual framework of the researcher’s study. This

embodies the topic Effectivity of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate

(Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan (Pandanus Amarylifolious) as mosquito repellent

candle.

IV DV

Sugarcane (Saccharum O

Effectivity of Sugarcane Extract

Effectivity of Sugarcane (Saccharum
(Saccharum Officinarum L.),
Officinarum L) Kakawate Leaves
Kakawate Extract (Gliricidia sepium
Extract (Gliricidia sepium
Leguminosae), and Pandan Leaves
Leguminosae), and Pandan Leaves
Extract (Pandanus amarylifolious) in
Extract (Pandanus amarylifolious) as
terms of:
a mosquito repellent candle in terms

a) Amount of Kakawate leaves of:

extract;
a) Number of killed mosquito
b) Amount of Sugarcane extract
over a specific period of time
c) Amount of Pandan leaves
b) Life span of the candle; and
extract; and

d) Amount of Kakawate Leaves, c) Time it takes to kill a mosquito

Sugarcane and Pandan

Leaves extract
Figure 1: Hypothesized relationship among the variables of the study

This figure above shows the conceptual framework of the study.

The left box shows the effectivity of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L)

Kakawate (Gliricidia sepuim Leguminosae), and Pandan (Pandanus Amarylifolious)

in terms of amount of Kakawate extract, amount of Sugarcane extract, amount of

Pandan extract, and amount of the Kakawate, Sugarcane, and Pandan extract.

However, the right box shows the effectivity of Sugarcane (Saccharum

Officinarum L) Kakawate Leaves Extract (Gliricidia sepuimand Pandan Leaves

Extract (Pandanus amarylifolious) as Mosquito Repellent Candle in terms of; number

of killed mosquito over specific time, time a candle will last, and time takes to killed

mosquito.

The single headed arrow indicates the hypothesized relationship between the

Independent and Dependent Variables.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the effectivity of Kakawate Leaves Extract

(Gliricidia sepuim) Sugarcane Extract (Saccharum officinarum L) and Pandan

Leaves Extract (Pandanus amarylifolious) as Mosquito Repellent Candle.

1) What is the level of effectiveness of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L)

Kakawate leaves (Gliricidia sepuim), and Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius)

extract as mosquito repellent candles in terms of:

 a. Kakawate leaves extract only

b. Sugarcane extract only

c. Pandan leaves extract only; and

d. Kakawate leaves extract, sugarcane extract and pandan leaves extract only

2) Is there a significant relationship between the level of effectiveness of Sugarcane

(Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate (Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan (Pandanus

Amarylifolious) as mosquito repellent candle and:

a. Number of mosquitos killed over a

specific time

b. Life span of the candle

3) Is there a significance relationship between the amount of concentration of

Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate leaves (Gliricidia sepui), and

Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and its effectiveness as mosquito repellent

candle.

Statement of Hypothesis

These statements of hypothesis depict that:

1) There is no significant relationship between the different concentration and the

level of effectiveness of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L) kakawate leaves

(Gliricidia sepuim), and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) extract as mosquito

repellent candles.
2) There is no significant relationship between the level of effectiveness of

iSugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L) kakawate leaves (Gliricidia sepuim), and

pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) in terms of:

a. Number of mosquitos killed over a

specific time

b. Life span of the candle

3) There is no significance relationship between the different concentration of

Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate leaves (Gliricidia sepui), and

Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and its effectiveness as mosquito repellent

candle.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

Households- This study will mainly benefit the households as this can help

them save money by being their alternative candle and mosquito repellent house at

the same time.

Community- The study has the potential to make a significant impact on the

community and to provide a more efficient and sustainable option for people looking

for mosquito repellent candles.

Future Researchers- This study could serve as their guide and helping in

conducting the same framework.

Scope and Delimitations

 This study mainly focused by the determining the effective Sugarcane

(Saccharum Officinarum L) Kakawate Leaves Extract (Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan

Leaves Extract (Pandanus amarylifolious) as mosquito repellent candle. This study

yearns to identify the product’s effectiveness by surveying at least 5-8 houses at

Inarawan Naujan.

Definition of Terms

Mortality Rate- part of overall death statistics that will help our study to indicate the

efficacy of the research product.

Olfaction- the ability to detect or recognize odors through nose which will be used to

define how strong and effective the candle’s ability to repel/kill mosquitoes in the

study.

Synergistic Effects- the interaction between different substances that will guide us

through our research as we mix our chosen ingredients.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter represents the literature and studies that have bearing on the

conducted study. Related literature and studies are represented thematically.

Related Literature

In the study that delved into the realm of mosquito control in rural areas of the

Philippines. The researchers aimed to shed light on the effectiveness of Eucalyptus

citriodora oil-containing candles as a means to ward off those pesky bloodsuckers.

They embarked on this endeavor with the noble intention of offering a practical

solution to the age-old problem of mosquito-borne diseases. (Maldonado and

Santos, 2019)

Their methodology, as one would expect from diligent scientists, involved

rigorous field experiments. Picture this: brave researchers venturing into the heart of

rural Philippines armed not with swords and shields, but with candles infused with

the essence of Eucalyptus citriodora oil. Then, armed with clipboards and scientific
curiosity, they meticulously observed and recorded the reactions of mosquitoes to

these aromatic candles.

Furthermore, their scientific journey didn't stop there. They didn't just sit back

and watch the candles burn. They delved deeper, considering various factors that

could influence the efficacy of their mosquito-repelling marvels. They likely pondered

upon the diverse species of mosquitoes lurking in the shadows, waiting to strike

unsuspecting victims. They probably also took into account the density of the

mosquito population and the ever-changing environmental conditions.

Overall, the findings of Maldonado and Santos' study promised to be nothing

short of revolutionary. Armed with data and scientific insights, they aimed to arm

rural communities with an effective tool in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases.

Their research not only had the potential to save lives but also to empower

communities to take control of their own health and well-being. Truly, Maldonado and

Santos were the unsung heroes in the battle against the tiny yet formidable foes that

plagued the Philippine countryside.

In the study conducted at the field evaluations to assess the effectiveness of

mosquito repellent candles across various geographical locations. The findings

provide valuable insights into the practical utility of these candles as a potential

measure for mosquito control strategies. (Lee et al,.2019)

Lee and Garcia conducted a study to investigate the effectiveness of

mosquito repellent candles in different geographical locations. First, they selected

various areas with different climates and environments, such as tropical regions and

temperate zones. Then, they placed mosquito repellent candles in these locations

and observed whether they effectively repelled mosquitoes.

 Their findings revealed that in some places, such as areas with moderate

temperatures and low humidity, the candles were highly effective in keeping

mosquitoes away. However, in regions with high humidity or heavy mosquito

populations, the candles were less effective. Furthermore, they noticed variations in

the duration of protection provided by the candles, with some locations requiring

more frequent candle replacement to maintain repellency.

Overall, Lee and Garcia's study highlights the importance of considering

environmental factors when using mosquito repellent candles. Their research

suggests that while these candles can be an effective mosquito control measure in

certain conditions, their efficacy may vary depending on the specific geographical

location and environmental conditions.

Meanwhile, according to the study entitled "Evaluation of Pandan (Pandanus

amaryllifolius Roxb.) Leaves Extract as a Mosquito Repellent Candle," pandan

leaves extract emerged as a promising solution in the realm of mosquito control. This

research explored the efficacy of pandan extract when incorporated into candle

formulations aimed at repelling mosquitoes. (Smith et al., 2020)

Firstly, the researchers meticulously extracted pandan leaves and formulated

them into candles, examining their effectiveness in deterring mosquitoes. Through a

series of experiments, they observed a significant reduction in mosquito attraction

and bites in areas where the pandan-based candles were burned. This initial finding

sparked curiosity and further investigation into the potential of pandan as a natural

mosquito repellent.

Then, delving deeper into the study, the researchers sought to understand the

mechanisms behind pandan's repellent properties. They analyzed the chemical

composition of pandan leaves extract and identified key compounds responsible for
repelling mosquitoes. Furthermore, they conducted behavioral studies on

mosquitoes to observe their response to pandan scent, shedding light on the

repellent action of the extract.

Furthermore, the researchers explored the ecological implications of using

pandan-based repellents compared to synthetic alternatives. They considered

factors such as environmental impact, sustainability, and safety, highlighting the eco-

friendly nature of pandan extract as a renewable resource with minimal harm to the

ecosystem.

Overall, the study by Smith, Johnson, and Lee underscores the potential of

pandan leaves extract as a natural and effective mosquito repellent. Their findings

not only contribute to the field of entomology but also hold practical significance for

communities grappling with mosquito-borne diseases. As we delve deeper into the

realm of natural solutions for pest control, pandan emerges as a beacon of hope,

offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic repellents.

On the other hand, the study published in the Philippine Journal of Science in

2019, which is all about exploring whether an extract from a plant called Madre de

Cacao can be a good replacement for the mosquito repellents we usually use. Madre

de Cacao, or Gliricidia sepium, is a plant found in the Philippines known for its many

uses, including its medicinal properties. (Santos and Reyes, 2019)

The researchers wanted to find out if this plant extract could be as effective as

the mosquito repellents we buy from stores. They did this by testing how well the

Madre de Cacao extract could keep mosquitoes away. Their goal was to see if it

could be a natural and safer option for controlling mosquitoes, especially since some

people might prefer not to use chemical repellents.

 In the experimental study to evaluate the efficacy of sugarcane extract as a

mosquito repellent, focusing on its effectiveness against Aedes aegypti, the primary

vector of dengue fever. The study employed standard laboratory procedures to

assess the repellent properties of sugarcane extract through controlled experiments.

(Briones et al., 2019)

The findings of the study revealed promising results, indicating that sugarcane

extract possesses repellent properties against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes showed reduced attraction and biting behavior in the presence of

sugarcane extract, suggesting its potential as an alternative mosquito repellent.

Moreover, the study highlighted the eco-friendly nature of sugarcane extract,

making it a sustainable option for mosquito control. Unlike synthetic repellents,

sugarcane extract offers a natural solution that minimizes environmental impact and

promotes sustainability.

In conclusion, the research conducted by Briones and colleagues’ sheds light

on the potential of sugarcane extract as an effective mosquito repellent, particularly

against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These natural alternative holds promise not only

in combating mosquito-borne diseases but also in promoting environmental

sustainability. Further studies and field trials are warranted to explore its practical

applications and efficacy in real-world settings.

Related Studies

The study about “Plant-based Bioinsecticides for Mosquito Control: Impact on

insecticide resistance and disease transmission”, natural compounds from plants

have been efficiently used to fight insect pests for a long time. The results of their
study showed that plant-based bioinsecticides are now considered a much safer and

less toxic alternative to synthetic compounds. Their review improves our knowledge

on plant-based bioinsecticides and the potential for the development of mosquito

control strategies. (Demirak et al., 2022)

In significance to the current study, their discovery provides evidence of the

effectiveness of plant-based ingredients as a mosquito repellent. The study shows

that the ingredients for the current study is considered a much safer and less toxic

alternative. The review of their study also improves our knowledge for a better

understanding towards mosquito control.

Moreover, the study published in the Philippine Journal of Science, the

Philippines have tested the effectiveness of Madre de Cacao extract as a mosquito

repellent. The plant, known for its medicinal properties, was used to observe and

record mosquitoes’ behavior. The results showed that the extract had promise as a

mosquito repellent, but more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness

and safety compared to traditional repellents. This study provides valuable

information about a natural alternative to chemical mosquito repellents, potentially

helping those seeking safer ways to keep mosquitoes away. (Santos and

Reyes,2019)

In conclusion, the study by Santos and Reyes in 2019 serves as a key

reference for the current study, validating the use of Kakawate in natural mosquito

repellent formulations and paving the way for further research into multi-ingredient,

natural repellent products.

Additionally, the study from the Journal of Botanical Sciences conducted

concentration studies to determine the effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaves as a

mosquito repellent. The leaves were found to possess various properties such as

antimicrobial, anti-scabies, nematicidal, insecticidal, antiviral, and acaricidal effects,

making them potentially effective in repelling mosquitoes. Since mosquitoes pose a

threat to both animals and humans, the aim of the study was to create an eco-

friendly and effective mosquito repellent using plants. (Sasan et al., 2021)

In relation to the current study, the efficacy of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium)

candles as insect repellents was investigated. The importance of considering plant-

based alternatives for creating ecological insect repellents is emphasized by both

researches. Antifungal and antibacterial properties of Madre de Cacao leaves have

also been discovered, lending credence to their potential as a natural mosquito

repellent

On the other hand, in the study conducted published in the Journal of the

American Mosquito Control Association entitled “Efficacy of Pandanus amaryllifolius

(Pandan) Leaves Extract Against Mosquitoes.”. The researchers tested the repellent

and larvicidal properties of pandan leaf extract against adult mosquitoes and

mosquito larvae, providing insights into its potential as a natural mosquito control

agent and reducing mosquito-borne diseases. (Tan SP et al. 2019)

Therefore, this study 2019 study serves as a critical reference point,

demonstrating the effectiveness of pandan as a mosquito repellent, which the

current study seeks to enhance with the addition of Kakawate and Sugarcane. This

connection can potentially lead to the development of more effective, natural insect

repellent products.

Similarly, the study conducted about the effectiveness of pandan leaf extract

as an insecticide, pandan’s fragrant has the capability to repel or even kill house
flies. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of fragrant pandan

leaf extract as an insecticide against house flies. The results shows that the fragrant

pandan leaf extract is toxic to house flies. (Putri et al., 2023)

In relation to the current study, this study provides evidence to the effectivity of

pandan as a mosquito repellent. The study shows that pandan contain compounds

that will help to repel or kill mosquitoes.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents materials, methods, data gathering procedure and

statistical treatment of data.

Materials and Equipment

This study required the use of the following materials and equipment: 100

pieces of Kakawate Leaves, 100 pieces of Pandan Leaves, 5 feet tall Sugarcane

Pole, 3 cups of water, a candle string, blender, microwave oven, thin cloth, 3

containers, molder, and a timer.

Preparation of Materials and Substances

The researchers prepared a sufficient amount of pandan leaves

extract,kakawate leaves extract and sugarcane,in the preparation also includes other

equipment to be used in making an insect repellent candle. The leaves of pandan

and kakawate was collected in the backyard of Rextar’s house while the sugarcane
was obtained in the backyard of Harlyn’s cousin. The molder and strings of the

candle was bought from the Arquintillo's shop. The other materials and equipment

such as blender, water, thin cloth, microwave oven, containers, timer, was provided

by the researchers.

On the other hand, the researchers gathered enough Pandanus amaryllifolius

leaves for all the set-ups they were going to conduct. This also included the

acquisition of another necessary ingredient, such as Kakawate (Gliricidia Sepium,

Leguminosae) and Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.).

For the extraction procedures, to get the pandan extract first, the leaves was

washed into the clean water and cut into small parts and placed in a blender to crush

and get its extract, and then placed in a thin cloth to filter the leftover pandan leaves.

And as for getting the extract of the kakawate leaves, then cut it into small pieces.

Experimental Design

This study utilized a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) to determine

the effectiveness of sugarcane, kakawate leaves and pandan leaves extract as

insect repellent candle in terms of numbers of killed mosquito over a specific period

of time, life span of candle and time take to kill a mosquito.

The treatments are as follows:

A(Treatment 1)- formulation using Kakawate leaves only

-50 pieces of fresh kakawate leaves, pestle blender, thin cloth or

Clean cloth, strainer, Container for storing the Extract

B(Treatment 2)- formulation using Pandan leaves extract only

 50 Pieces of fresh pandan leaves
Pestle, blender, thin cloth or thin cloth, strainer,

Container for storing the extract

C(Treatment 3)- formulation using the Combination of sugarcane,

Kakawate leaves and Pandan leaves extract,

50 pieces of kakawate Leaves, and 50 pieces of

Pandan leaves, pestle, blender, thin cloth, strainer,

Container for storing the extract, microwave.

Table 1. Treatments and control groups among the effectivity as mosquito repellent

of each formulation in Completely Randomized Design

Treatments 1 2 3 4
Kakawate leaves extract A1 A2 A3 A4
only (treatment b)

Pandan leaves extract only B1 B2 B3 B4

(treatment C)

Sugarcane, Kakawate C1 C2 C3 C4
leaves and Pandan leaves
extract (treatment D)

Preparation of Materials and Substances

For the extraction procedures, to get the pandan extract, first wash the leaves

into the clean water and cut into small parts and placed in a blender to crush and get

its extract, and then placed in a cheesecloth to filter the leftover pandan leaves. And

as for getting the extract of the Kakawate leaves cut it into small pieces and blended
it using a blender, make sure it is crushed, and put it in a thin cloth to filter the

remaining small parts to get its extract and for the extract of sugarcane, chop it into

small pieces and blended it using the blender and put it in a thin cloth to filter the

remaining small parts.

Preparation for Treatment A

For the extraction procedures, get the 50 pieces Kakawate leaves extract,

then wash the leaves into the clean water and cut into small parts and placed in a

blender to crush and get its extract, and then placed in a cheesecloth to filter the

leftover pandan leaves. And as for getting the extract of the Kakawate leaves cut it

into small pieces and blended it using a blender, make sure it is crushed, and put it

in a thin cloth to filter the remaining small parts to get its extract and for the extract of

sugarcane, chop it into small pieces and blended it using the blender and put it in a

thin cloth to filter the remaining small parts.

For the extraction of mixtures, the researcher put 4 feet of Saccharum

officinarum 50 leaves of Gliricidia Sepium, Leguminosae leaves. Then add 120 ml of

water to form a mixture.

For heating of mixtures, the researcher cooked the extract of sugarcane using

the microwave oven with high temperature for 5 minutes to turn into wax. Then, the
extract of Kakawate will be added into the wax. After that, it will be placed into a safe

place and was remained unmoved for at least 7 days to let it harden.

Preparation for Treatment B

For the extraction procedures, get the 50 pieces Pandan extract, then wash

the leaves into the clean water and cut into small parts and placed in a blender to

crush and get its extract, and then placed in a cheesecloth to filter the leftover

pandan leaves. And as for getting the extract of the Pandan leaves cut it into small

pieces and blended it using a blender, make sure it is crushed, and put it in a thin

cloth to filter the remaining small parts to get its extract and for the extract of

sugarcane, chop it into small pieces and blended it using the blender and put it in a

thin cloth to filter the remaining small parts.

For the extraction of mixtures, the researcher put 4 feet of Saccharum

officinarum 50 leaves of Gliricidia Sepium, Leguminosae leaves. Then add 120 ml of

water to form a mixture.

For heating of mixtures, the researcher cooked the extract of sugarcane using

the microwave oven with high temperature for 5 minutes to turn into wax. Then, the

extract of Kakawate will be added into the wax. After that, it will be placed into a safe

place and was remained unmoved for at least 7 days to let it harden.

Preparation for Treatment C

For the extraction procedures, get the 25 pieces Kakawate Leaves extract

and 25 Pandan Leaves extract, then wash the leaves into the clean water and cut
into small parts and placed in a blender to crush and get its extract, and then placed

in a cheesecloth to filter the leftover pandan leaves. And as for getting the extract of

the Kakawate and Pandan leaves, cut it into small pieces and blended it using a

blender, make sure it is crushed, and put it in a thin cloth to filter the remaining small

parts to get its extract and for the extract of sugarcane, chop it into small pieces and

blended it using the blender and put it in a cheesecloth to filter the remaining small

parts.

For the extraction of mixtures, the researcher put 4 feet of Saccharum

officinarum 25leaves of Gliricidia Sepium, Leguminosae leaves. Then add 120 ml of

water to form a mixture.

For heating of mixtures, the researcher cooked the extract of sugarcane using

the microwave oven with high temperature for 5 minutes to turn into wax. Then, the

extract of Kakawate and Pandan leaves will be added into the wax. After that, it will

be placed into a safe place and was remained unmoved for at least 7 days to let it

harden.

. Research Design

This study utilized an experimental research design to determine the

effectiveness of Pandanus Amaryllifolious, Gliricidia Sepium, Leguminosae and

Saccharum officinarum L.

Descriptive-experimental design is a research methodology that aims to

describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon through controlled

experimentation. According to Patten and Newhart (2017), this type of research

design involves manipulating one or more independent variables while holding all
other variables constant to observe and measure their effects on one or more

dependent variables.

Moreover, in a descriptive-experimental research design, the researcher first

conducted an observational study to gather information about the phenomenon of

interest. This may involve the use of surveys or other methods to collect data from

participants.

The researcher gathered data as the research was being conducted to

examine the impact of the changed factors. To ascertain whether there was a

substantial difference between the groups being researched, this data was then

statistically assessed.

In general, gaining a better grasp of the link between various variables and

the phenomenon being examined was the aim of descriptive experimental study

design. This kind of research design helped establish the causal links between

variables and offered proof of an interventions or treatment’s efficacy.

Data Gathering

Life Span

To test the life span of the candle, it needed to use a timer to determine the

longetivity of the light of the candle.

Effectivity to Repel/Kill Mosquitoes

To test the effectivity of the mosquito repellent candle, the researchers

needed to catch a certain number of mosquitoes then place the captured mosquitoes

and the mosquito repellent candle in a certain sealed spot such as a big container
with tiny holes; enough for the oxygen to come in but not allowing the mosquitoes to

go out. After that, the researchers observed the action of the mosquito as the candle

lit up.

Data Analysis

Data was collected and analyzed using ANOVA, a statistical method used to

test whether the means of three or more groups are equal or not. ANOVA is a

parametric method that assumes the data is normally distributed and the variances

of the group are equal.

ANOVA involved partitioning the total variation in the data into different

components, including the variation due to the differences between the

69

Groups (the between-group variation) and the due to differences within the

groups (the within-groups variation). The test statistic for ANOVA is F- statistic,

which compared the ratio of the between group variation to the within group

variation.

Analysis of Variance was a statistical formula used to compare variances

across the means (or average) of different groups. It was used in various scenarios

to determine if there were any difference between the means of different groups.

ANOVA was a test that allowed the comparison of more than two groups at

the same time to determine whether a relationship existed between them.

Ethical Consideration
 The ethical guidelines for conducting research involving living organisms vary

depending on the type of organism being studied, the purpose of the research, and

the potential risks and benefits of the study.

In conducting this experimental research, ethical considerations were carefully

considered to ensure that the rights and well-being of the samples. These

considerations are as follows:

Respect for the welfare of the organism

Researchers must ensure that the welfare of the organism is respected and

that the study does not unnecessary harm or suffering.

Informed consent

If the organism is capable of experiencing pain. Distress, researchers must

obtain informed consent from the organism (possible) or from a guardian or

representative minimize any harm or suffering that may be caused by the study

Minimization of Harm

Measures will be taken to minimize any potential harm or discomfort to

researcher. Safe and non-toxic ingredients will be used in the insect repellent candle,

and a risk assessment will be conducted to identify and mitigate any potential

hazards.

Appropriate training and expertise

Researchers must have appropriate training and expertise studied the care

and use of the organism being studied

Compliance with laws and regulations

 Researchers must comply with all relevant laws and regulations governing the

use of living organisms in research, such as obtaining permits approval from ethics

committees.

METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

Preparation of materials

Measurement of materials needed

Preparation of the set-up

Preparation of the extracts

Preparation of the mixtures

Heating of the Sugarcane extract

 CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

After the analysis on the conduct of the study entitled Effectivity of Sugarcane

(Saccharum Officinarum L), Kakawate Leaves (Gliricidia sepuim) and Pandan

Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) as a Mosquito Repellent Candle.

1) What is the level of effectiveness of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L)

Kakawate leaves (Gliricidia sepuim), and Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius)

extract as mosquito repellent candles in terms of:

a. Kakawate leaves extract only

b. Pandan leaves extract only; and

c. Kakawate leaves extract, sugarcane extract and pandan leaves extract

Treatment

T1- Kakawate leaves

T2- Pandan Leaves

T3- Sugarcane, Kakawate leaves and Pandan Leaves

Table 1. Level of effectiveness of the treatments as a mosquito repellent

R1 R2 R3 R4

T1 2 2 1 1

T2 1 1 2 1

T3 1 2 3 3

Average

1.5

1.25

2.25

Table 1 shows that the Kakawate leaves extract, sugarcane extract and

pandan leaves extract has the level of effectiveness among the three trials or

replication.

It can be concluded that among the three trials, T4- Sugarcane, Kakawate

leaves and Pandan Leaves extract obtained the highest average of killed mosquito

which has
2.25 average, followed by the T2- Kakawate Leaves and T3- Pandan Leaves had the

lowest average of killed insect which obtained a total average of 1.5.

Result revealed that among 4 treatments, Combination of sugarcane, Kakawate

leaves and Pandan leaves extract is more effective treatment compared to the rest

of treatments because it obtained the highest average mean in terms of killed

mosquito over a specific period of time

2. What is the level of effectiveness of kakawate, sugarcane and pandan leaves

extract in terms of:

a. Number of mosquitos killed over a

specific time

Table 1. Level of effectiveness of kakawate, sugarcane and pandan leaves extract in

terms of number of mosquitos killed over a specific time

Treatment

T1- Kakawate leaves

T2- Pandan Leaves

T3- Sugarcane, Kakawate leaves and Pandan Leaves

A. Number of mosquitoes killed over a specific time

R1 R2 R3 R4

T1 2 2 1 1

T2 1 1 2 1

T3 1 2 3 3

Average
1.5

1.25

2.25

Table 1 show the level of effectiveness of sugarcane, kakawate leaves and

pandan leaves extract in terms of numbers of killed mosquito over a specific period

of time and it took to break in three (3) different treatments, T1- Kakawate leaves,

T2- Pandan Leaves and T3- Sugarcane, Kakawate leaves and Pandan Leaves in

each of the four (4) trials or replication.

It can be gleaned that among the four treatments, T4- Sugarcane, Kakawate

leaves and Pandan Leaves extract obtained the highest average of killed mosquito

which has 2.25 average, followed by the T1- Kakawate Leaves having an average of

1.5 and T2- Pandan Leaves which obtained a total average of and 1.25 killed

mosquito.

Result revealed that among 4 treatments, Combination of sugarcane,

kakawate leaves and pandan leaves extract is more effective treatment compared to

the rest of treatments because it obtained the highest average mean in terms of

killed mosquito over a specific period of time

 CHAPTER V

Conclusions

Based on the results of the study, the researchers conclude the following:

1. Sugarcane, Kakawate leaves and Pandan leaves extract is most effective in

eliminating and killing mosquitos because it killed a highest number of
mosquitoes in a specific period of time.
2. There is no significant relationship between the different concentration and
the level of effectiveness of Sugarcane, Kakawate leaves, and Pandan leaves
extract as mosquito repellent candies.

3. There is a significant relationship between the level of effectiveness of

Sugarcane, Kakawate leaves and Pandan leaves extract in terms of number
of killed mosquito over a specific time and life span of the candle.

4. Sugarcane has a strong smell among other treatments, but it is not effective
to be a candle wax.

Recommendations

Based from the drawn conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:
 1. Try to use or test other plants, fruits, or leaves in making a candle wax since a

sugarcane wax is not compatible as a wax for candles.

2. Conduct more reliable tests using Pandan and Kakawate as mosquito repellent.

3.If these ingredients will be used again to be combined as one, the use

sugarcane will be a reliable ingredient that will maximize the product’s ability to be

smelled.

4.Utilize the ability of Kakawate Leaves Extract and Pandan Leaves Extract as a

mosquito repellent.

5.Have a laboratory testing for the chemical content of the extracts for their

pesticidal and repellent properties in order to ensure that the extracts can be used as

natural and reliable pest control.

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DOCUMENTATION

Preparation of Materials and Substances

Extraction
Heating

MIXING

Evaluation/ Testing of the Product

Appendices

Appendix A

CURRICULUM VITAE

Harlyn C. Delos Reyes

Mahabang Parang, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro

Personal Information

Birthday: October 08, 2008

Birthplace: Mahabang Parang, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
Age: 15 years old
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christianity, Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Rhenier C. Delos Reyes
Occupation: Farmer
Mother’s Name: Jocelyn C. Delos Reyes
Occupation: House Wife

Educational Background

Secondary: Inarawan National High School

Inarawan, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2020-2024

Primary: Mahabang Parang Elementary School

Mahabang Parang, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2013-2020
 Appendix B

CURRICULUM VITAE

Jerome D. Ortega
Mahabang Parang, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro

Personal Information

Birthday:
Birthplace: Mahabang Parang, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
Age: 16 years old
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christianity, Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name:
Occupation:
Mother’s Name:
Occupation:

Educational Background

Secondary: Inarawan National High School

Inarawan, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2020-2024

Primary: Mahabang Parang Elementary School

Mahabang Parang, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2013-2020
 Appendix C

CURRICULUM VITAE

REXSTAR JERU V. RAVARA

Inarawan, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro

Personal Information

Birthday: January 22, 2008

Birthplace: Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
Age: 16 years old
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christianity, Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Michael S. Ravara
Occupation: Civil Engineer
Mother’s Name: Cherie Jean V. Ravara
Occupation: Nurse

Educational Background

Secondary: Inarawan National High School

Inarawan, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2020-2024

Primary: Inarawan Elementary School

Inarawan, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2013-2020
 Appendix D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Charice May R. Tolentino

Tagumpay, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro

Personal Information

Birthday: May 21, 2008

Birthplace: Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
Age: 16 years old
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christianity, Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Feliciano V. Tolentino
Occupation: Farmer
Mother’s Name: Luningning R. Tolentino
Occupation: House Wife

Educational Background

Secondary: Inarawan National High School

Inarawan, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2020-2024

Primary: Tagumpay Elementary School

Tagumpay, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
S.Y. 2013-2020