What is embedded systems?

A Systems mainly designed to perform one or few specific tasks. it is Combination of hardware and software
software includes a programme (a set of instructions) embedded into hardware. Hardware is something that exists
physically (electronic, electromechanical, electrical component etc) example automatic washing machine, tv remote
system.

Or

Combo of Hardware and software as well as other components or combo of tools techniques and knowledge from
any /every discipline in electronics and computer science engineering

the characteristics of embedded systems single function

tightly constrained

design matrics

1) functionality
2) cost
3) reliability
4) robustness
5) performance
 speed
 power consumption
 energy

 input units include input device such as sensor keyboard etc which gives some information to the control
unit
 control unit is responsible for fetching, processing and execution
 memory unit consist of Ram and Rom, flash memory etc and useful program intermediate and output data
  output unit includes output device such as led, actuator, display etc

Microprocessor

silicon chips (ic) having only cpu inside it. Need external peripheral such as Ram, Rom timer etc to perform any task.
mainly useful for complex and multi task such as computers, laptop etc. High cost, High power consumption
frequency range in gigahertz. some examples of microprocess are pentium ,i3, i5 ,i7 etc .

Microcontroller

IC that contain a CPU Rom, Ram input/output pins, timer etc inside it. Can process data alone as all components are
available inside it heavily used in embedded systems. Low cost, Low power consumption . frequency range in within
a few megahertz . 8051 ,AVR,PIC are popular examples of microcontroller .

Difference b/w Microprocessor and Microcontroller?

Feature Microcontroller (MCU) Microprocessor (MPU)

Definition A compact integrated circuit with a A processing unit that requires external
CPU, memory, and peripherals. components to function.
components Includes CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, I/O Contains only the CPU; requires external
ports, and sometimes ADC/DAC on a memory, I/O ports, and other peripherals.
single chip.
Usage Used in embedded systems (e.g., Used in complex computing systems (e.g.,
washing machines, ATMs, IoT laptops, desktops, servers).
devices).
Power Low power consumption, optimized Higher power consumption due to separate
consumption for efficiency components.
Performance Handles specific, real-time tasks Designed for high-speed, multi-task processing
efficiently.
Cost Lower cost due to integrated More expensive because of additional external
components components.
Programming Often runs a single dedicated Requires an operating system (Windows, Linux,
&OS program without an OS. etc.).
 Example Arduino,ESP8266,PIC,STM32<ATmega Intel i7 , AMD Ryzen, ARM Cortex- A series
328
Categories of embedded systems

1) stand embedded systems

2) real time system -> a. hardware
b. software

3) network information

4) mobile device

Basic architecture of embedded systems

sensor ADC Processor DAC Actuator

Memory

1) Designing embedded systems

a. Objective
i. multi-objective
ii. offerable
iii. fault tolerant/safe
iv. secure
v. expandable
vi. time strictness
vii. dependency
b. Component
i. Hardware
ii. Software
iii. Control law’s follow
iv. Human friendly
v. Acceptable
c. Life cycle
i. Requirement
ii. Design preparation
iii. Production
iv. Market
v. Logistics
vi. Transportation
vii. Retainment

Design Methologys

 Top down approach

 Bottom-up approach
 Water fall model
  V model
 Spiral model
 Prototype

Top-down Design bottom- up design

Requirement Requirement

specification specification

Architecture Architecture

Components Components

System integration System integration

Water fall model V model

Requirement Requirement System testing

Specification decomposition System integration

preliminary design system specification Performance testing

detailed design pre-design Integration test

system integration detail design Unit test

Acceptance test implementation(code/h.w/s.w)

Prototypes model

Start

requirement

quick design

building prototype design

customer evaluation

refining prototype

product

stop
Spiral model

UML- Unified modelling language

UML was designed to useful at many levels of abstraction in the design process. UML is useful because it is
encouraged designed by successive refinement and progressively adding detail to the design rather than rethinking
the design at each new level of abstraction

Formalism of system design

object orientation design emphasizes two concepts of Importance :-

 it encourages the design to be described as a several interacting objects

 at least some of this object will be corresponding to real pieces of software or hardware in the system

Structural description

it is a basic component of system. The Principal component of an object oriented design is naturally enough the
object

Object

an object includes a set of attributes that define it is internal state. when implement in a programming language
these attributes usually become a variables or constant held in data structure.

Attribute

the attitude is, in this case, an array of pixel that holds the content of the display.
class

a class defines the attitudes that an object may be have. it also define the operation that determines how the object
interacts with the rest of world

The relationship that exist between the object and classes

Association occurs between objects and that communicate with each other but have no ownership relationship
between them.

aggregation describes a complex object made up of smaller object

composite is a type of aggregation in which owner does not allow access the component objects

generalisation allows us to define one glass in the term of another

Derived class it is inherent all the attitude and operations from its base class.

BW_display describes a black and white display. this does not require us to add new attributes or operations but we
can specialise both to the work on 1 bit pixel.

colour_map display use a graphic device known as a colour map to allow the user to select from a large number of
available colors even a small number of bits per pixel.

Both BW_display and colour_map display would inherent all the attributes and operations of display’s base class

Inheritance has two Purposes:-

Multiple inheritance

it is one in which a class is derived from more than one base class. the derived class inherits all the attributes and
operations of both its base classes and display and speakers